Revista de Protección Vegetal

Introductory letter to the Special Number

**Molecular evidence of the presence of whitefly species different from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Cuba**

Validation of quality indicators for the mass rearing of Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Cuba

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los indicadores de calidad de la cría de Tamarixia radiata Waterston en condiciones de laboratorio. A partir de los indicadores de calidad ya establecidos, se procedió a evaluar el comportamiento de los parámetros para el control de la calidad de Tamarixia radiata sobre Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Se analizaron la talla y la longitud de la tibia media, el porcentaje de emergencia, longevidad del adulto con y sin alimento, las deformaciones, el porcentaje de parasitoidismo y la relación de sexos en el 10% de las poblaciones obtenidas en los lotes durante el proceso de cría. Con la información obtenida se construyeron los gráficos de Shewart. En todas las generaciones evaluadas la relación de sexos fue favorable a las hembras, con una media de 0,90±0,39. El análisis de los sexos evidenció que en todos los casos la hembra alcanzó un mayor tamaño que los machos. No se observaron deformaciones en las alas de los individuos. La sobrevivencia promedio para las hembras fue de 2,47 días y de 1,98 días para los machos. La media de parasitoidismo fue de 62,58% y la emergencia osciló entre 74,56 y 80,2%. Los indicadores estuvieron dentro de los valores de aceptación, por lo que se demostró que el proceso de producción estaba bajo control. El promedio de adultos de T. radiata en los 10 lotes evaluados fue 340, valor que se encuentra dentro del esperado; lo anterior evidenció la eficiencia en el proceso de cría bajo las condiciones impuestas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality indicators for the mass rearing of Tamarixia radiate Waterston under laboratory conditions. From established quality indicators, the behaviour of the routine parameters for the quality control of Tamarixia radiate on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama was evaluated. Size and length of the middle tibia, emergency percentage, longevity of adults with and without food, deformations, parasitism percentage, and sex ratio were analyzed in 10% of the populations obtained per batch during the rearing process Shewart graphics were constructed with the information obtained. In all generations evaluated, the sex ratio was favorable to females, with a mean of 0.90 ± 0.39. In all cases, the gender analysis showed the female to reach a larger size than the males. No deformations were observed on the wings of the specimens. The mean survival was 2.47 days for females and 1.98 days for males. The parasitism average was 62.58% and the emergency ranged between 74.56 and 80.2%. The indicators were within acceptance values, demonstrating that the production process was under control. The adult average of T. radiata in the ten batches tested was of 340 parasitoids, a value which is within the expected ones, which showed the efficiency of the rearing process under the conditions imposed.

Polyphasic taxonomy and variability in the genus Trichoderma

El objetivo del trabajo fue resumir aspectos teóricos vitales para la identificación de especies y aislados de Trichoderma, así como algunos elementos a tener en cuenta para el estudio de la variabilidad inter e intraespecífica del género. En la actualidad, aún se utilizan aspectos morfológicos para la ubicación taxonómica de las especies, pero estos resultan insuficientes y se recurre al uso de otras técnicas como son los estudios fisiológicos, de compatibilidad vegetativa y de herramientas moleculares, los cuales contribuyen a la identificación específica y certera. En los estudios de variabilidad se indica tener en cuenta aspectos fisiológicos y ecológicos, incluyendo los modos de acción de este agente de control biológico, así como la variabilidad a nivel de ADN. Ambos temas tributan directamente al conocimiento necesario para realizar una adecuada selección de las cepas que resulten promisorias, su protección como ingrediente activo de productos comerciales, monitoreo, registro y comercialización.

The objective was to summarize essential theoretical aspects for the identification of Trichoderma species and isolates, as well as some aspects to be considered for studying the inter and intraspecific variability in the genus. Although the morphological aspects are currently used for the taxonomic status of the species, they are insufficient. Thus, the use of molecular techniques and other vegetative compatibility and physiological studies are important. Such techniques contribute to a specific and accurate identification. Physiological and ecological aspects, including the modes of action of this biological control agent, and the variability at the DNA level as well, must be considered in studies of variability. Both issues point directly at the necessary knowledge for the appropriate selection of promising strains, their protection as active ingredient of commercial products, monitoring, register, and marketing.

Insecticide activity of six ethanolic plant extracts against whitefly

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la actividad insecticida de los extractos etanólicos de nim (Azadirachta indica L.), vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus L.), ruda (Ruta graveolens L.), trinitaria (Bougainvillea glabra Choisy), cariaquito (Lantana camara L.) y yuquilla (Ruellia tuberosa L.) sobre los adultos de mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) en condiciones de laboratorio. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con 7 tratamientos (seis extractos y un testigo) a concentraciones de 250, 500, 750 y 1000 ppm para cada extracto. Los extractos de ruda y nim causaron una mortalidad de 99,1 y 95,6% a las 72 h, respectivamente, diferentes estadísticamente a los tratamientos con vinca, trinitaria y yuquilla. El extracto de cariaquito presentó mortalidad intermedia con 78,1 %. Los extractos de nim y ruda se sugieren por su eficacia en laboratorio como candidatos para brindar a los productores otras alternativas en los programas de manejo integrado de mosca blanca.

The objective of this work was to determine the insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica L.), vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus L.), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), trinitaria (Bougainvillea glabra Choisy), cariaquito (Lantana camara L.), and yuquilla (Ruellia tuberosa L.) against adults of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized design was used, with 7 treatments (6 extracts and the control) at concentrations of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm for each extract. Rue and neem extracts caused a mortality of 99,1 and 95,6% at 72 hours, respectively, statistically different to treatments with yuquilla, trinitaria, and vinca. The cariaquito extract showed a mortality of 78,1%. Because of their efficacy at the laboratory, the neem and ruda extracts are recommended as candidates for offering the farmers other alternatives for the integrated pest management of whitefly.

Commercial opportunities for botanical insecticides in a challenging regulatory landscape

Biopesticides: biotechnology and natural products chemistry

Towards the development of botanical fungicides based on essential oils from Uruguayan native plants

Chemical composition and bioactivity of Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata peel oils and enantiomers of their major constituents against Sitophilus zeamais

Optimising pesticidal plants in Africa: technology innovation, outreach and networks

Evaluation of pesticidal plants for smallholder grain protection

Plant extracts: a growing industry based on innovation

Botanical secondary metabolites as alternatives for pest management in Cuba

New natural crop protectants from aromatic plants and horticultural crop wastes

Activity of Eugenia winzerlingii Standl extracts on Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Insecticidal activity of Melaleuca leucadendron and Citrus reticulata essential oils against larvae of Plutella xylostella

**Acute toxicity of Pimienta dioica (L) Merr essential oil against Cosmopolites sordidus Germ and Metamasius hemipterus Oliv**

**Natural products in the control of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) in chickpea under laboratory conditions**

**Technical effectiveness of Melaleuca quinquenervia Cav essential oil in the control of Lasioderma serricorne and effects on characteristics of post-harvest tobacco**

Evaluation of plant extracts with biocide properties in post-harvest tobacco

**Effectiveness of formulations based on Azadirachta indica Juss., Melia azedarach L. and Eucalyptus sp. for the control of three warehouse pests**

In vitro **antifungal action of plant extracts for controlling seed- borne pathogens of Switenia macrophylla King (honduran mahogany)**

**Use of natural pesticides in the management of the black sigatoka ((Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet.) in banana plantations**

**Fungicide activity of Melaleuca quinquenervia L. essential oil**

**Evaluation of two propolis ethanolic extracts against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., anthracnose control and fruit quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) `Tommy Atkins'**

**Phytochemistry and biological activity of Agavaceae species from the mountainous area Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa**

Essential oils, components and their biotransformed analogues with biological activity

Phytochemical and biological activity of Euphorbiaceae species from the mountainous area Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa

**Induction of defence mechanisms in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Amalia) plants by essential oils**

Addressing emerging plant viruses in Florida

Variability and genetic structure of emerging viruses in tomato crop in Cuba

Evaluation of the incidence and diversity of begomoviruses in Costa Rica

**Emerging viral diseases infesting the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum M.) crop.: Useful knowledge for the phytosanitary surveillance in Cuba**

Coexistence of «Candidatus Phytoplasmas asteris» and begomoviruses in Cuba: Case studies in Fabaceous crops

A new threat for Cuban agriculture: phytoplasma diseases and their vectors

**Effect of mixed infections of Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) and Potato Virus Y (PVY) in commercial varieties of black tobacco in Cuba**

Tarophagus colocasiae Matzumura (Auchenorhincha; Delphacidae): **a new pest for Colocasia esculenta Schott. in Cuba**

Diaphorina citri Kuw. (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in the Cuban citriculture

**Evidence of molecular variability of begomoviruses affecting bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops in Cuba**

Incidence of trips in grain, vegetable, root and tuber crops

**Dynamics of aphyd populations in papaya (Carica papaya L.)**

**Relationships aphids-potyviruses associated with the pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) in Cuba**

Challenges and perspectives for the biological control implementation in the neotropical region

**Phytophagous and predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) associated with backyard citrus in Michoacan, Mexico**

The Stigmaeidae family (Acari: Trombidiformes) in Cuba

**Molecular identification of two strains of Trichoderma and their in vitro antagonistic activity against Fusarium spp.**

Identification of fungal endophytes of cacao and their antagonism against six fungal pathogens of the same host

Molecular markers for the research and development of biological control agents

Trichoderma strain selection, an important component for a bio-product conception: Case studies

In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum strains as antagonist of Alternaria solani

**Screening of actinomycete strains for Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid control in common beans**

Bacillus subtilis **as biocontrol of sofrot (Erwinia carotovora) in cartridge crops (Zantedeschia aethiopica L.)**

**Effectiveness of native isolates and a commercial strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin in the control of Mahanarva andigena Jacobi in sugarcane in Pastaza, Ecuador**

**Evaluation of the biocontrol Trichoderma for managing Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, causal agent of black shack disease in tobacco**

**Effect of some pesticides on growth and sporulation of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg**

Production of a bioinsecticide from the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum to control the leaf cutting ant Atta cephalotes

Encapsulation of Trichoderma into alginate microparticles to control cacao pathogens

Evolution and perspectives of biological control as a tool for the sustainable development of the tropical agroecosystems: Study of case in Panama

Development of biological control agents for regulating economically important pests

Tamarixia radiata **Waterson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): biological control agent for the regulation of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)**

**Role of the predatory mite Amblyseius largoensis Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the seasonal behavior of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on plantain**

**Combining Trichoderma asperellum with Streptomyces griseoviridis and Pseudomonas fluorescens results in root protection in hydroponic growing systems**

Incorporation of beneficial microorganisms in the production of watermelon and melon in Costa Rica

Trichoderma asperellum **in the management of phytopatogenic fungi of rice (Oryza sativa L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and soybean**

**Use of the cibe-biol in the control of Moniliophthora sp. in the fine aroma cocoa in Ecuador**

**Advances in the use of Trichoderma atroviride as a biocontrol of fungal diseases and plant growth stimulant**

**Does the ability of Blattisocius species to prey on mites and insects vary according to the relative length of the cheliceral digits?**

**Effect of three entomopathogenic microorganisms on larvae of Chrysopa exterior Navas under laboratory conditions**

Effect of different culture factors on obtaining Trichoderma harzianum filtrates with antigungal activity on Magnaporthe grisea

Potencial of Bacillus pumilus (CCIBP-C5) against Mycosphaerella fijiensis

**Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents of Lincus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)**

Promisory Lecanicillium lecanii strains for the biological control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

**Antagonistic potential of native isolates of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp. for the control of pathogens in horticultural crops**

**Evaluation of isolates of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria spp. with pathogenic activity against Cylas formicarius Fabricius in Cuba**

**Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on the rice blight causal agent Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr**

**Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strain lbt-3 with the biofertilizer Rhizobium spp. under in vitro condtions in Ciego de Ávila, Cuba**

**Evaluation of the biphasic technology for the production of the strain VL 01 of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Zare & Gams**

Use of biological means in the protected cropping technology in Cuba

Behavior of bioregulatory arthropods in an Annonaceae collection in Artemisa, Cuba

**Feasilibity of using the biophasic method to obtain conidia from autoctonous isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bálsamo) Vuillemin**

**Evaluation of THURISAVE-24 in the control of the common leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Burgess in garlic (Allium sativum L.)**

**Replacing of the wheat bran by sugarcane bagasse in the diet for Galleria mellonella (L.), artificial host for Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) reproduction**

**Inoculation-release technique for the artificial reproduction of Lixophaga diatraeae (Towns.)**

Occurrence of pest artropods, biorregulators and their interaction in agroecological fruit production scenarios in Cuba

**Biological regulation of pests in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop in Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba**

Bioirrigation: **an alternative for pest regulation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Ciego de Avila province, Cuba**

Assays of certainty in beneficial insects: A contribution to the sustainable development

Biosecurity at banana farm level: the future way for reducing exotic disease risks

**Pathogenicity of agents associated with the bud rot in the oil palm hybrid Coari x La Mé (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis) in San Lorenzo, Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador**

**Fungi associated with Phaseolus vulgaris seeds cultivated in Cuba**

Use of histology and confocal microscopy for spore characterization of phytopathogenic fungi: Case Thecaphora solani

Situation nowadays and perspectives of the main mites species affecting fruit tree development in Cuba

Heliothis tergeminus (Felder and Rogenhofer), a new pest species in the tobacco crop in Cuba

Mangifera indica (L.), diversity of pest insects and mites and natural enemies in eight localities in Cuba

**Incidence of Raoiella indica Hirst and Tetranychus tumidus Banks in different genotypes of plantain (Musa spp.)**

**Influence of the nitrogen, potassium and silicon interaction on the absortion of these elements and the damages of Spodoptera frugiperda Smith in sweet corn**

**Population fluctuation of Olygonichus perseae (Hirst) and Olygonichus punicae Tutle (Acari: Tetranychidae) in five avocado orchards in Michoacan, Mexico**

Leaf scald in sugarcane plantations for ethanol production in Venezuela

**Methodology for the early detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli on the common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Mayabeque Province, Cuba**

**Diagnosis and genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum isolates**

**Cultural practices of dasheen (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) and their relationships with the dry rot incidence**

Pathogenicity of fungal species occurring on rhyzomes of dasheen (genera Xanthosoma and Colocasia)

**Differential response of Musa plants incoulated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis in the presence of culture filtrate of Bacillus pumilus CCIBP-C5**

Incidence of fungal diseases in cocoa plantations of Cuban western provinces

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst.f.sp. spathodense (new specialization): **causal agent of wilt in Spathodea campanulata Beauv. in Cuba**

Characterization and selection of test areas for resistance to sugar canebrown rust disease under Cuban conditions

**Identification of phytopathogenic fungi on stored seeds of four varieties of Morus alba (L.)**

**Extracts of rice plants (variety J-104) that express a plant defensin inhibiting in vitro growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Sarocladium oryzae Sawa**

Severity of the orange rust in sugarcane cultivars in Villa Clara Province

Effect of phytohormones in banana resistance to black leaf streak disease

Morphological variations of orange rust in sugarcane cultivars in Cuba

Symptomatology characterization and assesment of incidence and severity of the oil palm bud rot complex in San Lorenzo, Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador

**Food consumption by Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) in the protected production of tomato**

**Relationship between preferences of Pseudacysta perseae (Heid.) and morphoagronomic characters in avocado varieties**

**Life cycle of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say.) on black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under laboratory conditions**

Incidence of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in the maize crop: Regulation by biological media in the Basic Unit Of Cooperative Production Jesus Menendez Larrondo, Ciego De Avila, Cuba

**Bioecological aspects and management alternatives of Davara caricae Dyar (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Carica papaya L.**

**Geographical distribution of Bruggmanniella perseae (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) in the avocao fringe of Michoacan, Mexico**

Development of Moneilema blapsides on Agave salmiana

**Reinforcement of the phytosanitary surveillance of the fruit fly Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the context of the new scenario of the Cuban fruticulture**

**Diagnosis of the behavior of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) on the pineapple (Ananas comosus) (L) Merr), hybrid MD-2 in theprovince of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba**

**Population behavior of insects and phytophagous mites on three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) varieties**

**Behavior of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop at the enterprise of varied crops el Mambi, Ciego de Avila, Cuba**

**Host plants of Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Baracoa municipality, Guantánamo, with the report of seven new hosts for Cuba**

**Evaluation of pesticide use in the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed and the level of Pb and Cd in the seed and soil**

Sugar cane sanity in Cuba: Results of 50 years

**Effect of Celest Top 312 FS on the garlic (Allium sativum L.) plant vigor**

Plant space diversity in a temperate forest in Michoacan, determinant patterns and factors

Resistance to sugarcane diseases in Cuba: Criteria and strategies

**Diagnostic by qPCR of the races 1, 2, and tropical 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubensis, causal agent of Panama disease of musa**

Genetic variability of maize (Zea mays L.) in mountain areas of Cuba

Computer systems as tools in support of plant health

Expression of related to defense genes in tomato plants during the pre-symbiotic phase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Agricultural universities and sustainable local development, experimental program «Extensionista rural universitario»

Safety of homemade cheeses produced by family farmers-a challenge for rural sustainability in Brazil

A local coordination pilot model of the dairy sector from the perspective of its own protagonists

Effect of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Piralidae) on production of two tomato varieties under four management systems in Namibe, Angola

Agroecological innovations in family farms as tools to mitigate climate change

Progress in the conversion to agroecological agriculture in the family farm «El Mulato» CCSF «Orlando Cuellar»

**Adoption of practices for the agroecological pest management in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in the region of Azuero, Panama**

Shared learnings in «Integrated farm mangement in harmony with the environment»: Methodological tools

Weed diversity of maize agroecosystems of Cuba, Angola, and Mexico

Contribution of the family agriculture

Family farming and its contribution in biological diversity and farm resilience

The family associative-agricultural enterprise: an innovative experience in Panama

**Agroecological management of harmful organisms of beans (Phaseoulus vulgaris L.) at the cooperative of credits and services: «Nelson Fernandez», San Jose de las Lajas municipality**

Productive diversification as a key element in the economic performance of the small cocoa farmers in Ecuador: A study case from the food sovereingnty perspective

Complexity of the design and management of a system of urban agricultural production and its relationship with the arthropod fauna

Multi-actor management platforms: a contribution in achieving an inclusive and participative rural agricultural sustainable development in Jesus Menendez municipality (Cuba)

Participatory local options for the control of the gastrointestinal estrongilosis of small ruminants

Design of systems for the sustainable rabbit production

Estimation of the water footprint of livestock consumption in the Naranjo river watershed. Las Tunas province, Cuba