Original article

Illegal capture and trade of wild birds in the town "Finca Pedregal Dagame" Artemisa municipality, Artemisa province

0000-0002-6140-8398Fernando R. Hernández Martínez^{1  *}  , 0000-0002-1273-6002Yatsunaris Alonso Torrens¹ 

¹Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Pinar del Río, Cuba.

ABSTRACT

The research was carried out in the municipality of Artemisa, province of Artemisa in the town "Finca Pedregal Dagame" with the objective of evaluating the behavior of the illegal capture and trade of wild birds in said place, in the period between October 2020 and January 2021. To this end, a survey was applied to 21 people who are dedicated to poaching and illegal trade in wild birds for various purposes, identifying a total of ten species belonging to three orders and seven families. Social, economic and environmental indicators were evaluated, with the majority of respondents being pre -university. It was proven that 70 % of the species are used as pets and for sale, 20 % are used for pets, for sale and other functions, while 10 % are used for sale and other functions; As for the sales prices, they range from 10 to 400 pesos in national currency, with the most commercially in demand being Passerina ciris , Passerina caerulea and Pheucticus lidovicianus. Of the bird species identified for illegal trade, 50 % are permanent residents (PR), 40 % are winter residents (RI) and 10% are bimodal residents (RB) and according to their degree of threat, five species are least concern (LC) and vulnerable (V).

Key words: poaching; illegal trade; wild birds

INTRODUCTION

The illegal trafficking of species, although it is a problem worldwide, for Cuba it is particularly serious, if one takes into account that within the Caribbean region it is the largest island, which, together with its proximity to the continent, Diversity of ecosystems and biogeographic history makes it a key nucleus for the conservation of biodiversity in the insular Caribbean. The Cuban archipelago is home to the largest number of plant and vertebrate species in the Antilles and is home to a high percentage of exclusive species ^{(Mancina et al. 2017)}. According to ^{Carmona and Arango (2011)}, one of the greatest implications of this problem consists of the loss of diversity generated by a strong pressure towards the extinction of species. This, together with the deterioration of the habitat due to breaks in the food chains, has implications that are can be considered catastrophic not only at a local level, but in a broader sense, at a global level. The protection of wildlife and natural heritage must be a basic ethical principle of any society that contemplates the sustainable use of natural resources, particularly biodiversity, in its development and economic model ^{(Alonso et al., 2020)}.

The wildlife trade is considered the third largest illegal market in the world, after drug and weapons trafficking ^{Wyler y Sheikh, 2008}; ^{Barber-Meyer, 2010)}, and is valued at ten trillion dollars year^{-1(Wilson-Wilde, 2010)}. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, nearly 100 species disappear from the planet daily due to habitat destruction, indiscriminate hunting and illegal trade ^{(Nassar et al., 2000)}. About a third of bird species are captured for the pet market ^{(Harris et al., 2016)}. This trade stands out as a major threat to many endangered species (BirdLife International, 2000), but the studies carried out are not sufficient to evaluate its real impact ^{(Wright et al., 2001)}. Surprisingly, there is no intense and sustained monitoring program to evaluate the effects of the trade on wild bird populations or to find ways to make it sustainable ^{(Gilardi 2006)}.

The illegal trafficking of wild birds causes direct impacts on biodiversity, and reduces many populations to near extinction (TRAFFIC 2016); The extraction of birds from their natural habitats could also affect plant species, of which they are their main seed dispersers. When a species is endangered, harvested to supply the illegal trade, it can easily reach unsustainable levels ^{(Sodhi et al., 2004)}; The demand for attractive individuals tends to remove those with the best reproductive performance, and this reduces this parameter in subsequent generations ^{(Paquette and Lapointe, 2007)}. Furthermore, this trade implies a threat to humans, native species and farmed animals ^{(Gómez and Aguirre, 2008}; ^{Daut et al., 2016)}; For example, the illegal transport of large quantities of live animals could facilitate the movement of pathogens to new regions ^{(Smith et al., 2009)}. In urban areas, escapes of caged birds are frequent ^{(Roll, Dayan and Sim-Berloff 2008}; ^{Plasencia and Escalona (2012)} and can displace or exterminate them ^{(MacGregor et al., 2011)}. Likewise, they cause damage to the economy ^{(Romero et al., 2006)}.

On the other hand, trade conditions are degrading and those species that can establish themselves become successful colonizers (e.g. Myiopsitta monachus -^{Batllori and Nos, 1985)} and/or invasive that threaten biodiversity ^{(Wilcove et al., 1998)}, since they compete with native species: the animals are massively caged, without water or food, they suffer from stress, fight, mutilate themselves and die (TRAFFIC 2016), and those that survive suffer from abuse with drastic consequences such as reducing their life expectancy ^{(Vanstreels et al. 2010)}.

Birds occupy third place in pet preferences worldwide and it is estimated that their trafficking could reach three million specimens per year, of which almost 80,000 come from the Caribbean (CITES 2016). The insular Caribbean is one of the 25 most important sites in the world in terms of biodiversity conservation ^{(Myers et al., 2000)}. This region provides habitat for many species of resident and migratory birds ^{(Wiancko et al., 2011)}.

Captive bird maintenance activities are common throughout Cuba in rural and urban environments; These birds rarely come from legal breeders, and are mostly captured from the environment. For example, psittacine chicks are removed from nesting habitat for sale ^{(Wright et al., 2001}; Cañizares et al., 2006). Most bird species are traded as pets and a few species are used as food ^{(Mugica et al., 2006)}. Although there are laws prohibiting wildlife trade in Cuba, they appear to be little known and not adequately enforced, despite the presence of institutions responsible for wildlife such as the Environmental Inspection and Control Center, the Forest Ranger Corps and the National Company for the Protection of Flora and Fauna. The local bird trade could have a substantial impact on population conservation, but remains unquantified in Cuba; Furthermore, without detailed information on the species traded and the number of specimens involved, it is impossible to accurately judge the impact of this trade.

There are numerous examples that reveal the illegal capture and commercialization of several species of songbirds and ornamental birds throughout the country, many of which are endemic and a certain number of them are found in some of the categories. of threat, among them can be mention: García et al. (2011), ^{González et al. (2012)}, ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)}, ^{Mancina et al. (2017)}, ^{Izquierdo et al. (2020)}, ^{González et al. (2020)}, ^{Gómez et al. (2022)} y ^{Hernández et al. (2022)}. For these reasons, this study aim was to evaluate the behavior of the illegal capture and trade of wild birds in the town "Finca Pedregal Dagame" in the municipality of Artemisa, province of Artemisa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Location of the research area

The investigation was carried out from November 2020 to May 2021 in the town "Finca El Pedregal Dagame" 13 km away. south of the province of Artemisa.

Methods

Application of surveys

An anonymous survey was applied to people residing in the town "Finca el Pedregal Dagame" who participate in the capture and commercialization of songbirds and ornamental birds, evaluating the following indicators: economic, social, environmental and illegal trade.

To collect this information, an anonymous questionnaire was used as a fundamental tool, carried out with residents who illegally trade birds in the municipality (hunters), to find out the main problems and proposals for alternatives to minimize illegal trade, asking different questions:

Open: they allowed the respondent to freely express their considerations and information.

Closed: included the possible answers that could be selected by the respondent. In turn, the closed questions that were used were of the following types: bivalent (they gave two possible answers, which were, of course, exclusive and antonymous) and with exclusive alternatives (they offered several possible answers, but which mutually rejected each other).

In these surveys, the different species of wild birds that are most popular among the so-called birders to be kept in captivity are investigated, which are the hunting areas that they use the most in the municipality, the capture methods most used by them, the purpose of the captures, trying to determine the state of life in which the individuals are extracted from their natural state. This would allow us to know the stage of the year in which the protection mechanisms should be strengthened by the ranger corps, to avoid or minimize said captures. Likewise, the surveys include a sociocultural analysis of the birdwatchers, which would facilitate the implementation of an environmental education system for them and the population involved in a general sense. It was also considered that the fundamental objective of these individuals is to obtain money. The survey also included an analysis of the prices at which the different species of birds are quoted, to specify which of them would be the most threatened by this concept.

To process the information, the empirical method of structured surveys was used (Giraldo 2008; Jiménez et al., 2010), applied with a random distribution. The number of people surveyed is calculated using the formula proposed by ^{Gabaldón (1980)} Equation 1.

$n=\frac{N{Z}^{2}pq}{\left(N‒1\right){e^{2 }+Z}^{2}pq}$ (1)

Where:

n	sample size
N	size of the universe (total population)
Z	confidence level of the estimate, considering 95 % confidence
p	probability of acceptance (0.5)
q	probability of rejection (0.5)
e	error (10 %)

To update the scientific names of each of the illegally traded species, as well as the category of permanence in Cuba, degree of endemism and threat status, the Annotated List of the Birds of Cuba by ^{Navarro (2022)} was taken into account.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Main characteristics of social actors: level of education and occupation

Educational level of the respondents

The surveys were applied to a total of 72 people, all men and hunters, with an age average of 40 years old, those who acknowledge that they carry out illegal hunting of ten species of wild birds. The educational level of the respondents is seen in Figure 1. The results in the figure coincide with those of García et al. (2011) in works carried out on illegal trade in localities of eastern and western Cuba. González et al. (2018) point out that more and more children and young people are observed in places where birds are sold on Sundays, and that from a young age they begin to create that illicit trading mentality.

Fig. 1.  - Education level of the respondents 

Occupation of respondents

Figure 2 shows the different occupational categories to which the people who capture and market the bird species declared by them are dedicated. They stand out with the highest percentage (57 %) self-employed workers, followed by those engaged in other activities with (19 %) and students with (13 %) and state workers with (11 %). These results coincide with those of García et al. (2011) in works carried out on illegal capture and trade of songbirds and ornamental birds in municipalities of the Central and Eastern region of the country, those who report the most dedicated to these activities to these same occupational categories.

Fig. 2.  - Activities that illegal hunters engage in 

Bird species captured and traded in the studied locality

According to the statements of the illegal hunters surveyed, the bird species that are captured and traded by them are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.  - Bird species captured and marketed in the studied locality 

Scientific name	Common name	Order	Family	ES	CA
Passerina cyanea	tile	Passerines	Cardinalidae	RI-T	L.C.
Tiaris olivaceus olivaceus	tomeguín	Passerines	Emberizidae	PR	L.C.
Spindalis zena	goatherd	Passerines	Phaenicophilidae	PR	L.C.
Length malacca	tricolor nun	Passerines	Estrildidae	PR
Passerina ciris ciiris	butterfly	Passerines	Cardinalidae	RI-T	VU
Zenaida macroura macroura	dove rabiche	Columbiformes	Columbidae	R.B.
Passerina caerulea	tile	Passerines	Cardinalidae	RI-T	L.C.
Pheaucticus ludovicianus	cut throat	Passerines	Cardinalidae	RI-T	L.C.
Colinus virginianus	quail	Galliformes	Phasianidae	PR	-
Patagioenas squamosa	purple-necked dove	Columbiformes	Columbidae	PR	-

Legend: Status (ES): RI-T= Winter Resident and Transient; RP= Permanent Resident; C-RP= Common Permanent Resident; A (local), RP=Abundant, Permanent Resident; A-RB= Abundant Bimodal Resident. Threat Category (CA): LC=Least Concern; VU=Vulnerable.

Of the ten bird species reported by illegal hunters, seven are singing and ornamental, while another three (Zenaida macroura, Colinus virginianus and Patagioenas squamosa are game species). The species Zenaida macroura and Colinus virginianus appear in the hunting calendar that the Ministry of Agriculture publishes each year, while for Patagioenas squamosa is not authorized for use, which is why the legislation in this regard is not complied with. Also when capturing Patagioenas squamosa violates ^{Resolución 160/2011 del Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente}, which establishes the commitments made by Cuba with International Institutions, through which actions aimed at the conservation of species of special significance are demanded, such as: CITES (International Convention on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna), SPAW ( Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wild Flora and Fauna of the Wider Caribbean Region and CMS ( Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Animals Wild).

The reported species are grouped into a total of three orders, with Passeriformes being the best represented with a total of seven species, also grouping into a total of 7 families, with the Columbidae and Cardenalidae families being the ones with the highest number of species (2 and 4 respectively). The results obtained partially coincide with those of García et al. (2011) in the Eastern and Central region and with ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)} in the Central region of the country, which also report the species Tiaris olivaceus as commercialized, Passerina cyanea and Passerina ciris. The report of Pheaucticus lidovicianus stands out in these results because the species was not included in the previous studies. It is distinguished by its song and its contribution to seed dispersal in the ecosystems where it lives. . ^{González et al. (2020)} reports it among the most illegally captured birds in Cuba.

Time of year and state of life in which birds are captured in the wild by local illegal hunters

The captures of the winter migratory bird species that visit us are carried out during the months of October to March, when they are in the country, while the permanent residents are captured at any time of the year.

The state of life in which these birds are captured in nature, as reported by those surveyed, appear in Table 2.

Table 2.  - State of life in which the species reported by the respondents are captured 

Species	Eggs	Pigeons	Youth	Adults
Tiaris olivaceus	-	x	x	x
Spindalis zena	-	-	-	x
Length malacca	-	-	-	x
Passerina ciris	-	-	x	x
Zenaida macroura	-	-	-	x
Passerina caerulea	-	-	x	x
Pheaucticus lidovicianus	-	-	x	x
Colinus virginianus	-	-	-	x
Patagioenas squamosa	-	-	-	x
Passerina cyanea	-	-	-	x

According to survey results, 31 % are extracted in the juvenile stage, 62.5 % in the adult stage only and 6 % in the chick stage. The results regarding the different states in which birds are extracted from nature coincide with those of ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)} and ^{Gómez et al. (2022)}, who carried out studies on illegal trade in the eastern and central regions of Cuba and obtained that the majority of birds are captured in the juvenile and adult stages.

Capture methods used to obtain birds from the wild

The reguilet or cage trap (Figure 3 a, b, c) is the method most used by illegal hunters to capture birds, but not for all of them. This method is only used in Passerina species cyanea, Tiaris olivaceus, Lonchura malacca, Passerina caerulea and Pheaucticus lidovicianus, while for the goatherds they use lasos and the lyre (Figure 4), a somewhat dangerous instrument for the birds because it has glue that can harm the animal. To Zenaida macroura, Colinus virginianus and Patagioenas squamosa are used other methods as the use of boxes and snare traps.

Fig. 3.  - Different types of trap cages: for capturing butterflies A; for tile and tile B and for cut-out D. 

Fig. 4.  - Lira used to capture goatherds 

These same means used to capture birds in nature are those mentioned by García et al. (2011) and ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)}.

Use of the bird species that are captured

The uses that respondents propose giving captured birds are reflected in Figure 5, where it can be seen that 10% corresponds to sale and other activities, 20 % are intended for pets, for sale and other activities, and 70 % are used for pets, for sale and other activities. of these species are intended for pets and for sale. Results that coincide with the criteria of García et al. (2011), ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)} and ^{González et al. (2020)} who propose that illegally captured birds are used as pets and many of them are extracted from the country across borders, others are used in religious activities and also practice singing competitions, with some species (Phonicara canora ) being used in fights as they were fighting cocks.

Fig. 5.  - Different uses given to captured birds 

Prices at which captured bird species are marketed

Table 3 shows the prices at which wild bird species illegally captured in the locality are marketed. The highest value (400 CUP) corresponded to Passerina ciris, followed in order of importance by the Pheucticus species. lidovicianus and Passerina caerulea, with prices that fluctuate between 250 and 300 pesos. It should be noted that these prices are set for the species after they have been captured and have learned to feed. These prices vary depending on their stage of development (juvenile or adult), plumage color, as well as their song. According to the criteria of those surveyed, of the species captured, the most preferred are the following: butterfly, bluebird, bluebird and cutthroat. García et al. (2011), ^{Ferrer et al. (2017)} and ^{Gómez et al. (2022)} also refer to these species as being among the most preferred and marketed throughout the country.

Table 3.  - Price at which the species that are captured are marketed 

Species	CUP - PRICES
Passerina cyanea	fifty
Tiaris olivavaceus	10
Spindalis zena	40
Length malacca	80
Passerina ciris	400
Zenaida macroura	10
Passerine caerulea	250-300
Pheucticus lidovicianus	250-300
Colinus virginianus	60
Patagioenas sguamosa	twenty

Classification of birds according to their permanence and degree of threat

The captured species are grouped according to their permanence in the national territory into: five Permanent Residents (RP), four Winter Residents (RI) and one Bimodal Resident (RB). According to the degree of threat, five species are of least concern (LC) and one is in the vulnerable category (VU). The species classified as vulnerable is Passerina ciris, of whose specimens that visit us during the winter period numerous individuals are captured each year in different regions of the country, many of which die as a result of their poor handling since they are very easily stressed by be captured.

CONCLUSIONS

The highest incidence of illegal capture of birds are on Passerina cyanea, Tiaris olivaceus, Lonchura punctulata and Pheucticus lidovicianus.

In the studied locality, ten species of wild birds are captured and traded, the most representative are: Passerina cyanea, Tiaris olivaceus, Lonchura punctulata and Pheucticus lidovicianus.

Self-employed people and people with a higher level of education are those who have the greatest impact on the illegal trade in wild birds, with Pheucticus standing out as the most traded species: Pheucticus ludovicianus, Passerina ciris y Passerina caerulea.

The self-employed and people with a pre-university level of education are those with the highest incidence in the illegal trade of wild birds in the studied locality.

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Received: April 25, 2023; Accepted: August 04, 2023

^*Autor para la correspondencia: [e-mail]

Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses.

Los autores han participado en la redacción del trabajo y análisis de los documentos.