Introduction:

The process of colonizing the gut microbiome in the first 1000 days of life has an impact on the health and diseases dependent on risk factors of the child.

Objectives:

Review important evidence on the meaning of the relation between the gut microbiota and the first 1000 days of life and the impact of the main risk factors.

Methods:

Spanish and English language publications were reviewed on PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO, from January 2005 to February 2020 using the terms: gut microbiota, microbiomes, first 1000 days of life, risk factors, necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and prebiotics.

Analysis and information integration:

Arguments linking the gut microbiota and the child's first 1000 days of life are demonstrated, depending on the child's mode of delivery, gestation time and lactation. It is conducted an assessment of benefits of vaginal delivery, breastfeeding and the onset of medium- and long-term diseases related to risk factors, such as C-section, prematurity, artificial lactation, and prenatal and postnatal antibiotic exposure. Favorable results with the use of biotherapy with probiotics and prebiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis are described.

Conclusions:

It is presented the value of the gut microbiota in the first 1000 days of life for the health of the child, influenced by normal conditions such as vaginal delivery and breastfeeding, and clinical implications related to the mentioned risk factors. Treatment with multi-strain probiotics and prebiotics for microbiota recovery in the child is important in diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and states of severe sepsis.

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