Original article

Physical activity and emotional control in the health of the healthcare professional

0000-0002-4428-5998Alicia Morales Iturio^{1  *}  , 0000-0003-3895-8487Hilda Narváez Bustos¹ 

¹Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México.

ABSTRACT

The activities carried out by the nursing professional produce them health problems, with stress being the first factor that will affect one's own rhythm, causing irritability and anxiety. Physical-sports practice has a positive effect on their physical and mental health because it produces the release of endorphins, which leads to a reduction in anxiety, depression and stress because any type of physical activity, whether low or high impact, releases these substances that act directly on the brain, producing a feeling of well-being and immediate relaxation. A research is presented with a non-experimental design, from the quantitative approach of a cross-sectional comparative descriptive type. Its objective is to determine the relationships between physical activity and emotional regulation of a group of nurses from the Sur Hospital in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico. The TMMS-24 Emotional Intelligence Assessment Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were applied. To determine the relationship between the variables, Spearman's Rho Correlation was used. The dimensions studied are attention, clarity and emotional repair by the dependent variable (Emotional Control) and the High, Medium and Low dimensions by the independent variable (Physical Activity). In the community where the signs and symptoms of nervousness, agitation or tension associated with situations of anxiety and stress were observed, direct correlations were established between the intensity of physical activity and the emotional control of the subjects studied, that is, at a lower intensity of physical activity, less control and emotional regulation.

Key words: physical activity; emotional control; nursing.

INTRODUCTION

According to ^{Orozco-Vásquez et al. (2029)}, currently factors such as globalization, market competitiveness, different forms of labor contracting, increased productivity and insecurity in the workplace have led to the deterioration of working conditions. These aspects have mainly affected health sector workers such as nurses and doctors, who tend to perform higher risk tasks, with longer hours and a high workload, which makes them susceptible to increased levels of stress and of anxiety.

In relation to this, ^{Barbosa Granados and Urrea Cuéllar (2018)} assure that there is a variety of therapeutic circumstances that are associated with sports practice, where physical activity is considered an ally in the intervention processes in pathologies as common as stress, anxiety and depression. Also, physical activity and sport can be established as a protective element in the appearance of personality disorders, work or academic stress, social anxiety, lack of social skills, decreased work, social and family impact of post-traumatic stress.

Nursing professionals are subjected to high work stress with a large number of patients in terms of personal care. The set of activities from the nurses is based on a systematic-interactive time, which focuses on the humanistic objective of helping in the patient's optimal recovery process.

In this work context, it is interesting, from the perspective of science, to research how sport and physical exercise produce physical, psychological and social benefits, being important both at a therapeutic and preventive level. From the physical approach, sports exercise improves the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and endocrine systems, strengthening the musculoskeletal system, increasing flexibility, reducing serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose intolerance, obesity and adiposity. On a psychological level, it allows tolerance to stress, adoption of health-protective habits, improvement of self-concept and self-esteem, reduces the perceived risk of getting sick, generating calming and physical and mental effects: in antidepressants, improving reflexes and coordination, increase in the feeling of well-being, prevention of insomnia, regulation of sleep cycles and improvements in socialization processes.

Hospital work tension levels are derived from uncomfortable situations within the work area, thus producing a health problem called stress. Work stress today is one of the main problems that workers face, since it affects them emotionally and physically, producing a metabolic imbalance that affects the well-being of the individual, a result of a poor distribution of activities and organization within the entity of health.

Physical and mental health in the practice of nursing professionals, whose essence is human care, is of vital importance, since a balanced state of health will allow them to carry out their actions efficiently, effectively and with quality, that is why, it is required that these personnel maintain their physical, mental and emotional stability. It is no less true that maintaining this state requires a series of coping skills that must be used in stressful situations.

Multiple research has developed the topic of physical activity for the health of nursing staff in recent years:^{Guerrero Flores et al. (2018)}, ^{Orozco-Vásquez et al. (2019)}, ^{Bazán et al. (2019)}, ^{Bueno Ferrán y Barrientos-Trigo (2020)}, ^{Pérez-González et al. (2020)}, ^{Huaman- Carhuas y Bolaños-Sotomayor (2020)}, ^{Rojas Matsuda et al. (2020)}, ^{Rodríguez-Muñoz et al. (2020)}, ^{Barreto-Osma y Salazar Blanco (2021)}, ^{Chávez et al. (2021)}, ^{Del Valle Solórzano, (2021)}, ^{Díaz Muñoz et al. (2021)}, ^{Herrera Molina et al. (2022) Montero Vizcaíno, (2020)} among others.

Of them, some worked under the influence of the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus pandemic, which caused physical and psychological consequences for the health of nursing staff. Other research argued the emotional impact on health professionals and the coping resources (physical and emotional) to reduce or mitigate this blow. Other studies are dedicated to analyzing the factors that generate work stress and the presence of Burnout Syndrome in Nursing teachers and its influence on their physical deterioration; in another work, the relationship that exists between work overload and the type of care of the nursing professional is described, taking into account the influence on their health.

Many of these authors refer to and describe the benefits of the influence of sport and physical activity with respect to health status, both physically and mentally. Others argue, through experimental studies, how sport and physical activity are factors that positively influence physical health: prevention of cardiovascular risks, chronic diseases, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease; and in mental health: anxiety, depression and stress reduction; improvement in cognitive abilities, social skills, self-concept and resilience.

Determining overweight, obesity and its relationship with physical activity in nursing students was another of the topics investigated; the relationship between alcohol consumption, tobacco, eating habits and physical activity among nursing students was also delved into.

Some works developed documentary studies with qualitative and quantitative approaches and bibliographic methods, to examine scientific literature that describes the benefits that characterize the influence of sport and physical activity with respect to the state of health, both physically and mentally, of nursing staff.

From the bibliographic review carried out, it can be stated that find the relationships that exist between the professional performance of nursing, physical-emotional health and the contexts that enable has been a topic addressed by scholars of physical culture and health sciences.

What relationship can be established between physical and emotional health and professional nursing performance?

^{Angarita-Ortiz et al. (2020)} affirm that every day there is an increase in research that strengthens the orientation of Emotional Intelligence (EI) [ ability to recognize and identify one's own and others' emotions and feelings, differentiate them and use them to guide actions and thinking] in the sports field and how the implementation of physical activity benefits their growth.

Currently, Fitness high intensity (generalized state of well-being and physical health achieved not only from the development of a healthy life, but also and mainly, from continued and sustained exercise over time), is considered a sport that is spreading in the world international in a big way.

For their part, ^{Barbosa Granados and Urrea Cuéllar (2018)} assure that humanity faces a great challenge in the coming decades, manifested in a sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise in a large percentage of citizens, due in part to: the decrease from the use of physical force in work activities, transportation systems, the consumption of high-calorie foods, drug abuse and the use of new technologies; the above demands affect the mental health and psychological quality of life of society.

Recent studies assert that the more physical activity a professional performs, the higher his or her empathy, interpersonal relationships, and social responsibility scores will be. This is why emotional intelligence is considered an important predictor of success in various areas of life, which increases if physical activity is taken into account ^{(Angarita-Ortiz et al., 2020)}.

According to these authors, emotional intelligence goes beyond traditional intelligence, focusing on an interpersonal and intrapersonal approach that adds an emotional component and significance for personal and professional success; in addition to adding that physical activity attributes positive emotional benefits, improves mood, reduces the effects of anxiety, and produces a better perspective of oneself.

^{Ros- Morente et al. (2018)} state that regulating and repairing emotions, and ultimately being emotionally efficient, leads to greater satisfaction, positive affect, and a healthier mindset, which, at the same time, leads individuals to better adjustment psychological. Likewise, EI shows a positive association with a better quality of life, with the practice of healthy lifestyles and finally, with physical and mental well-being, which is why it is necessary to improve EI skills and physical exercise regulate as a way to achieve this.

In fact, it is stated that sport entails a state of relaxation and a confrontation with daily challenges and with oneself. Likewise, due to the demand for competition, the individual must control their emotions, directing them in a way that does not affect the sporting field.

In recent years, interest has grown in the study of stress and psychosocial factors related to the workplace, due to the impact that these can have on the health of workers.

One of the groups most exposed to stress due to the characteristics of their daily work is health professionals, and especially nursing staff.

^{De Dios Duarte et al. (2017)} explain that among the risk factors for the triggering of work stress in nursing professionals, the following can be highlighted: the content of the work, the degree of responsibility, role conflict and ambiguity, social contacts and the climate of the organization, contact with patients, workload, the need for maintenance and the development of a professional qualification, irregular hours and shifts, and the physical environment in which the work is performed, among others.

The physical culture that the nursing professional possesses, as a member of the health team, must prepare him/her to face situations that generate stress, through the use of coping mechanisms aimed at maintaining and/or restoring psycho-emotional balance, which could lead to better comprehensive quality care for hospitalized patients.

Due to these characteristics of work performance, bibliographic reviews such as that of ^{Barbosa Granados and Urrea Cuéllar (2018)} demonstrate that sport and physical exercise produce physical, psychological and social benefits, being important both at a therapeutic and preventive level for the medical specialties that They face different pathologies every day in their work.

From the physical approach, sports exercise improves the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and endocrine systems; besides, it strengthens the musculoskeletal system, increases flexibility, reduces serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose intolerance, obesity and adiposity.

On a psychological level, it allows tolerance to stress, adoption of health-protective habits, improvement of self-concept and self-esteem, reduces the perceived risk of getting sick, generating calming and calming effects. antidepressants, improving reflexes and coordination, increasing the feeling of well-being, preventing insomnia, regulating sleep cycles and improving socialization processes.

Recently, ^{Herrera Molina et al. (2022)} carried out a bibliographic study in which they relate several concepts that have to do with the efficient performance of nursing: health promotion, governance and health education, healthy lifestyles, among others.

Closely related to this topic, Pender (as cited in ^{Aristazábal et al., 2011)} explains his conceptual model of behavior for preventive health, in which he places the individual as the entity responsible for his decisions about personal health care. The application of this is based on cognitive-perceptual factors that can be modified by the characteristics of the context, personal and interpersonal elements. The underlying principle establishes that human behavior can be motivated by the desire to achieve well-being and human potential.

This nursing model considers the lifestyle multidimensionally and dependent on the actions incident to the health that the person develops. Its structure includes three main categories:

1. Individual characteristics and experiences, including previous related behavior and personal factors.

2. Cognition and specific motivations for behavior, made up of the patient's personal factors, categorizing them as biological, psychological and sociocultural.

3. The behavioral result ^{(Herrera Molina et al., 2022}, p. 100).

Consequently, with all of the above, it follows that nursing staff need to develop skills with which they can be aware of their own emotions, as well as the ability to regulate them in favor of more efficient professional performance; they are entities responsible for their decisions about personal health care. In this aspect, physical health plays a decisive role, which is why physical activity has become a pillar for public health strategies and programs in recent years, due to the numerous benefits (physical and emotional) that its benefits entail. performance, as well as the consequences of physical inactivity, which is considered the fourth risk factor for global mortality.

Currently, signs and symptoms associated with feelings of nervousness, agitation or tension, feelings of imminent danger, increased heart rate, sweating have been observed in a group of nurses at the Sur Hospital of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico. excessive, feeling of weakness or tiredness, problems stopping your mind or thinking about something else, gastrointestinal problems, need to avoid the situation that generates anxiety. This symptomatology is related to situations of anxiety and stress, as well as depressive symptoms.

General objective: determine the relationships between physical activity and emotional regulation of a group of nurses from the Sur Hospital, Chilpancingo, Guerrero.

As specific objectives:

1. Characterize the physical activity of the group under study.

2. Describe the emotional regulation of the group under study.

3. Compare physical activity and emotional regulation in the group under study.

Independent variable: Intensity of physical activity (high, medium or moderate and low or inactive).

Dependent variable: Emotional control (attention, clarity and repair).

For the study and posterior comparison of these relationships methodological rotes described by ^{Hernández, Sampieri and Mendoza (2018)} were used. The instruments selected for data collection correspond to two self-completed questionnaires. An instrument used is the Scale for evaluation of emotional intelligence TMMS-24 (Trait Meta Mood Scale-24) ^{(Fernández Berrocal et al., 1998)}.

The TMMS-24 was validated for application by ^{Angarita et al. (2020)}, where the consistency of the test was found through Cronbach `s Alpha formula, resulting in a value of 0.927, indicating a high level of reliability of the instrument. Furthermore, this same test was applied to each component of the test, yielding an internal consistency of 0.90 for emotional attention, 0.90 for emotional clarity and 0.86 for emotional repair.

The other instrument was the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (1999).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was carried out with a non-experimental design, from a quantitative approach. cross-sectional comparative descriptive, in order to quantify the results of the investigated variables. For the relationship between the variables, Spearman's Rho Correlation was used.

Of a population of 222 nurses, it was posible to access 100 who voluntarily consented to be part of the study sample. Therefore, a non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, with an intentional selection, guided by inclusion criteria such as:

• Nurses at Hospital Sur, Chilpancingo, Guerrero.

• With more than 5 years of experience.

• Acceptance to participate voluntarily, through informed consent.

Instrumentation

The TMMS-24 used contains three key dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI) with 8 items each, these dimensions are:

1. Emotional attention, when the individual is able to feel and express feelings in an appropriate way.

2. Emotional clarity occurs when the individual knows their own emotional states well.

3. Emotional repair, when a person is able to regulate their emotional states correctly.

The TMMS-24 was used to assess the skills with which one can recognize one's own emotions and the capacity to regulate them. The scale includes 24 5-point Likert-type scale items (1= Not at all agree, 2= Somewhat agree, 3= Quite a bit agree, 4= Strongly agree, and 5= Totally agree).

The authors indicate that the score is obtained by adding the corresponding items in each factor according to the specified dimensions.

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) used was a short version, which is composed of seven questions about frequency, duration and intensity of physical activity, carried out in the last 7 days, including sitting time on a working day. Participants are assigned into three physical activity categories: Low (sedentary); Moderate and, those defined as individuals with high physical activity.

Cronbach `s Alpha reliability calculation resulted in 0.783.

The collected data were processed based on descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi square, with the support of the IBM SPSS Statistics V22 program (Introductory manual to SPSS Statistics Standard Edition 22) and Microsoft Excel, using descriptive statistics, correlation tests (Spearman’s Rho Correlation).

RESULTS

After applying the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), it is significant for the objectives of the research to characterize the physical activity of the group of nurses, which allows us to describe that 66.8 % of those surveyed express a low-level intensity of physical activity and 21 % medium level. Only 12 % practice physical activity with a high intensity.

Once the TMMS-24 (Trait Meta Mood Scale-24) has been implemented, it is obtained that 34% must improve their emotional Attention, 35.6 % have adequate emotional Clarity and 32 % have adequate Repair.

To determine the relationship between the Independent Variable: Intensity of physical activity (high, medium or moderate and low or inactive) and the Dependent Variable: Emotional control (attention, clarity and repair), the Spearman correlation coefficient was used, which allows obtain a coefficient of association between variables.

This coefficient is calculated based on a series of assigned ranges and the values range from -1 to 1, with 0 indicating no correlation, and signs indicating direct and inverse correlation. The results indicate that there is statistically significant evidence between both variables.

The results indicate that there is statistical evidence to establish direct correlation between the variables under study in the research.

Table 1.  - Spearman correlation between the variables under study 

Spearman's Rho		VD Emotional control
		ATTENTION	CLARITY	REPAIR
VI Intensity of physical activity	HIGH	0,26	0,69	0,77
	HALF	0,23	0,33	0,51
	LOW	0,05	0,21	0,31

When analyzing Table 1, it is determined that there is a statistically significant

positive relationship between the Frequency of High Physical Activity and Emotional Attention (Rho 0.26); with Emotional Clarity (Rho 0.69) and with Emotional Repair (Rho 0.77), which shows that the higher the frequency of physical activity, the greater the Attention, Clarity and Emotional Repair.

DISCUSSION

The relationship of the emotional control variable was analyzed according to the intensity of physical activity of the nurses at Hospital Sur, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, considering that emotions are related to impulse control, motivation, perseverance and adaptability, and that these in turn make up character traits such as self-discipline, this being a necessary characteristic to play the role of nursing.

The sample was characterized from the systematic practice of physical exercises and the conclusion was reached that it is not the majority who exercise adequately physically, only 12 % practice physical activity with a high intensity, considering that sport entails a state of relaxation and a confrontation with daily challenges and with oneself, generating the individual to control their emotions, directing them in a way that does not affect the scope and work performance.

Regarding the meta-knowledge of one's own emotional states and their necessary control, it is obtained that low levels of subjects adequately attend to, clarify and repair their emotions.

According to previous research, it is identified that paying too much attention

to emotions can lead to psychological problems, or emotional imbalances, physical symptoms, depression or anxiety, that is, the person who focuses their attention excessively on feelings, but is not able to clarifying what they feel, nor internally regulating their emotions, they may opt for less appropriate ways to deal with their emotional states ^{(Angarita-Ortiz, 2020)}.

For researchers such as ^{Barbosa Granados and Urrea Cuéllar (2018)}, sport and physical activity are factors that positively influence physical health: prevention of cardiovascular risks, chronic diseases, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease; and in mental health: anxiety, depression and stress reduction; improvement in cognitive abilities, social skills, self-concept and resilience.

The present study coincides with these authors and research results, since it is demonstrated that the practice of physical activity generates well-being in multiple contexts where people develop, as a result of self-knowledge and the internal skills through which the individual regulates his actions. It is concluded that the practice of physical activity as a healthy habit can influence people's emotional stability: the higher the frequency of physical activity, the greater the attention, clarity and emotional repair.

In the community where the signs and symptoms of nervousness, agitation or tension associated with situations of anxiety and stress were observed, the aforementioned characteristics are described and direct correlations are established between the intensity of physical activity and the emotional control of the subjects investigated., that is, the lower the intensity of physical activity, the less emotional control and regulation.

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Received: October 07, 2023; Accepted: March 05, 2024

^*Autor para la correspondencia: [e-mail]

Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses.

Los autores han participado en la redacción del trabajo y análisis de los documentos.