TECHNICAL NOTE

 

Chemical characterization of an ensiled food for pigs. Technical note

 

Caracterización química de un alimento ensilado para cerdos. Nota técnica

 

 

Yaneisy García Hernández,^I Dailyn Sosa,^I R. Boucourt,^I Idania Scull,^I

^IInstituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.

 

 

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ABSTRACT

To characterize chemically an ensiled, mainly as energetic food, obtained from ensiling sweet potato (Ipomoea batata), Saccharomyces cerevisiae cream, concentrated vinasse and B sugar cane molasses, pH and dry matter percentage (DM), ashes, crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) were determined to food samples, obtained at laboratory scale and in an industrial plant. The silage, produced in both conditions, showed 24.63-33.75 % of DM; 11.27-13.96 % of ashes; 9.66-11.15 % of CP and 3.78-3.61 pH. According to these results, it is considered that sweet potato silage has the appropriate chemical characteristics to be used in the alternative pig feeding.

Key words: ensilage, pig food, chemical composition, concentrated vinasse, B molasses.

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RESUMEN

Para caracterizar químicamente un alimento ensilado, fundamentalmente energético, que resulta de ensilar boniato (Ipomoea batata), crema de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vinaza concentrada y miel B de caña de azúcar, se le determinó a las muestras del alimento, obtenido a escalada de laboratorio y en una planta industrial, pH y porcentaje de materia seca (MS), cenizas, proteína bruta (PB) y fibra bruta (FB). El ensilado, producido en ambas condiciones, presentó 24.63-33.75 % de MS; 11.27-13.96 % de cenizas; 9.66-11.15 % de PB; 2.21-2.92 % de FB y 3.78-3.61 pH. Según estos resultados, se considera que el ensilado de boniato posee las características químicas adecuadas para su uso en la alimentación alternativa de cerdos.

Palabras clave: ensilaje, alimento para cerdos, composición química, vinaza concentrada, miel B.

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INTRODUCTION

The animal feed systems are supported in the use of grains, mainly soybean and corn, which are also part of human feeding. Currently, these grains are evaluated for their utilization in the production of biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel).Thus, it is needed an endless search for alternative feeds, permitting higher availability to balance animal diets (Rodríguez et al. 2011).

The use of agro-industrial products and by-products in animal feeding is a viable alternative in the tropic. Tubers, roots, distillery creams, sugar cane molasses, as well as meals of grass and legume forages, are alternative foods. However, many times, due to its characteristics, techniques or treatments are applied to increase the final product quality, to reduce the production cost and to properly use the potentially pollutant materials (Guzmán et al. 2012).The ensilage technique has demonstrated to be an appropriate alternative to preserve and improve the nutritive value of pastures and grains (González et al. 2012), agro-industrial wastes of tropical fruits (Guzmán et al. 2012), tubers and roots (Cabrera et al. 2012 and Caicedo 2013), among other foods.

The previously stated was considered for the study of new products and agro-industrial by-products combination (sweet potato, yeast cream, concentrate vinasse and B sugar cane molasses), and the obtaining of an ensiled food for feeding pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize chemically the sweet potato silage, obtained at laboratory scale and in an industrial plant, for its use as alternative food.

The study at laboratory scale was carried out in the Instituto de Ciencia Animal (Mayabeque, Cuba) between February and May, 2012. Glass flasks of 500 mL were used as experimental units, with an effective volume of 440mL. The food resulted from ensiling a mixture of sweet potato (Ipomoea batata), yeast cream (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), B sugar cane molasses and concentrate vinasse, according to know-how in patent process. The characteristics of these sources were: sweet potato with less than 1% of ground and dirt, without sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius), 24-30 % of DM and 1.5-1.8 % of CP; thermal cream with 18-22 % of DM, 34-35 % of CP and 4.5-4.7 of pH; B molasses with 75-80 °Brix and 75-80 % of DM and concentrate vinasse, from the rum factory «San José Havana Club International», with 27-32% DM, 28-32 total soluble solids, 8-10 % of CP and 4.0-4.5 of pH. The pH indicator of ensiled food samples was determined in pH digital meter (Sartorius), ± 0.01units precision, °Brix and DM, ashes, CF and CP percentage (n=3) were also determined, according to AOAC (1995).

Cited indicators were also determined to the samples of four batches of sweet potato ensiled, produced in the factory built in the Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) «Héctor Molina», in San Nicolás, Mayabeque province, Cuba. Samples (n=23) were taken from the valve and the center of the tank in which the product the pig unit from the Instituto de Ciencia Animal is during the period from June to September, 2012, according to the methodology described by Scull et al. (2012). The percentage of calcium and phosphorous was also determined, according to AOAC (1995). Position and dispersion statistics (mean, standard deviation and variation coefficient) were determined to all data, with the statistical package Infostat (Di Rienzo et al. 2012).

Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical composition of food, obtained at laboratory scale and in an industrial plant, respectively. Every result presented low variation percentages, except the CF. Mean content of dry matter of the silage, obtained under both conditions, was found between 24.63 and 33.75 %, with similar values to those of sweet potato and other sources used in the formulation. The root of sweet potato or its meal showed low indicators of CP (1.80-5.20 %), according to Bernal et al. (2012). Therefore, mean values of this indicator in the silage (9.66-11.15 % in DB) is a result from the protein contribution of the yeast cream and vinasse used, and to the contribution of microbial protein synthesized during the fermentative process, occurring in the silage.

As the tables show, percentage of CF was 2.21-2.92 % in dry bases, where low values were expected, considering that any of the raw matters were fibrous. Values of pH of the silage obtained in the laboratory and in the pilot plant were also low. This could be the result, mainly, to the presence of organic amino acids provided by the thermal yeast cream (pH 4.5-4.7) and distillery vinasse (Hidalgo et al. 2009). This last can have mean pH values of 3.92-4.08, according to the reports of Scull et al. (2012). In addition, during the ensiled process, lactic bacteria of the ecosystem can produce high concentrations of lactic acid, which reduce or inhibit the growth of putrefactive microorganisms, sensitive to low pH, and, consequently, facilitate conservation of the silage. Further studies are needed for confirming these aspects.

Silage contains around 11 and 13 % of ashes, which evidences the presence of minerals like calcium and phosphorous, determined in this study in samples from the industrial plant. Its organic matter (DM-ashes) was superior to 85 %, with a content of 21.00 % of total soluble solids (table 1). Nutrients of this fraction can be used by microbial populations that take part of the silage. This aspect was not controlled and has to be considered in further researches for deepening on the silage characteristics and, maybe, increase productive yields and efficiency.

According to the results, it is considered that ensiled food of sweet potato has proper chemical characteristics for its use as alternative feeding of pigs.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the collaboration of researchers from the group of animal feeding, from the Instituto de Ciencia Animal, as well as to the workers technical staff of departments of Physiology, Management and Feeding of Monogastric Animals and Biomathematics.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed., Arlington, V.A: Ass. Off. Anal. Chem.

Bernal H., Rodríguez B. & Valdivié M. 2012. ‘‘Utilización de la raíz y follaje de batata (camote o boniato)’’. In: Alimentación de aves, cerdos y conejos con yuca, batata, banano, arroz, caña, DDGS y amaranto, México: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, pp. 45–60.

Cabrera L. R., Lezcano P. & Castro M. 2012. ‘‘Uso de ensilado de raíces de yuca y residuos de granos de maíz en la ceba de cerdos’’. Producción Porcina, 19 (3), Available: <http://www.iip.co.cu/RCPP/193/193_10artLRCabrera.pdf>, [Accessed: January 3, 2015].

Caicedo W. O. 2013. Potencial nutritivo del ensilado de tubérculos de papa china (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) para la alimentación de cerdos. Master Thesis, Universidad de Granma. Bayamo, Cuba, 72 p.

Di Rienzo J. A., Casanoves F., Balzarini M. G., González L. & Robledo C. W. 2012. InfoStat. version 2012, [Windows], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina: Grupo InfoStat, Available: <http://www.infostat.com.ar/> .

González L. A., Hoedtke S., Castro A. & Zeyner A. 2012. ‘‘Assessment of in vitro ensilability of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) grains, sole or mixed with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grains’’. Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 46, p. 55.

Guzmán O., Lemus C., Martínez S., Bonilla J., Plasencia A. & Ly J. 2012. ‘‘Chemical characteristics of silages of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by products for animal feeding’’. Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 46, p. 369.

Hidalgo K., Rodríguez B., Valdivié M. & Febles M. 2009. ‘‘Utilization of distillery vinasse as additive of broiler chickens’’. CubanJ. Agric. Sci, 43, p. 273.

Rodríguez B., Mora L. M., Oliveira D., Euler A. C., Lara L. & Lezcano P. 2011. ‘‘Chemical composition and nutritive value of torula yeast (Candida utilis), grown on distiller’s vinasse, for poultry feeding’’. Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 45, p. 261.

Scull I., Savón L., Gutiérrez O., Valiño E., Orta I., Mora P. O., Orta H., Ramos Y., Molineda A., Coto G. & others. 2012. ‘‘Physic-chemical composition of concentrated vinasse for their assessment in animal diets’’. Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 46, p. 385.

 

 

Received: January 3, 2015
Accepted: January 30, 2015

 

 

Yaneisy García Hernández, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba. Email: [e-mail]