Original article

Trees outside the forest at Finca Maripa, Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos, Cuba

Lázaro Jesús Ojeda Quintana^{1  *}  , 0000-0002-9886-7408Yusbiel José León Valdivies²  , 0000-0001-5234-2940Julio León Cabrera³  , 0000-0002-4611-9635Erislandy José Becerra Fonseca⁴ 

¹Universidad de Cienfuegos. Cienfuegos, Cuba.

²Finca Maripa, Cumanayagua. Cienfuegos, Cuba.

³Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos. Cienfuegos, Cuba.

⁴Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca, Pinar del Río, Cuba.

ABSTRACT

The definition of trees outside the forest (TOF) contemplates non-timber forest products and constitutes a set of goods and services that contribute to the production of food in different agricultural forms. The study was carried out on the Maripa family farm, municipality of Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos province, Cuba, with the objective of analyzing the evolution over time of the TOF in the farm's location area. A diachronic analysis was approached through the method of synchronic cuts, with a cross-sectional research design and descriptive approach, where qualitative and quantitative aspects were measured without manipulating variables. The chosen temporal axis was specified in three successive sections, 1935-1965, 1966-1996 and 1997-2023, with an approximate reconstruction of the conditions of those most significant elements of the landscape. Ecological indicators were calculated, adjusted to the TOF present on the farm in the third cut. Over time, a dynamic change of the landscape towards an agroecosystem resulted, with 21.95% of species not present on the farm at the end of the first half of the year 2023 in relation to the period 1935-1965. Currently, 64 species belonging to 33 botanical families were quantified, with the greatest representation of: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae and Sapotaceae. The ecological indices showed a high diversity and richness of species, with low dominance.

Key words: Trees; landscape; diversity; species; transformation.

INTRODUCTION

The definition of Trees Outside Forest (TOF) emerged in 1995. According to ^{FAO (2002)} include, among others, trees on agricultural land and grasslands, urban areas and peri-urban; trees along human infrastructure such as roads, canals, along rivers or streams ("gallery trees"); within the agricultural landscape, trees in parks and orchards; and also trees on natural lands where tree cover is less than 0.5 ha, or remnants of primary and secondary forests reduced to isolated trees. Within TOF, Agroforestry Systems (AFS) - defined as agricultural land with tree cover greater than 10 % - cover 43 % of global agricultural land - more than 1 billion hectares and 80 % and represent a component growing landscape ^{(Zomer et al., 2014)}.

It is common to find TOF that coexist with humans in their different settlements, and contribute in many different ways to the well-being of the human population. On a global level, this resource plays a relevant role in ecological, economic and sociocultural terms for society. Despite this, it seems that TOF are not yet fully recognized as a renewable natural resource and there are few countries where legislation defines a legal framework for its development and management ^{(FAO y UNEP, 2020)}.

It is estimated that, in the year 2050, the world population will have reached 9 billion people, which would entail a need to increase food production by 50 % ^{(FAO, 2017)}. In this panorama, Tree-Based Systems (TBS) and Agroforestry Systems (AFS) in particular, constitute key elements in the management policies of productive spaces, conservation and climate change management ^{(Rosenstock et al., 2018)}, which may represent a contribution to additional food production.

In Cuba, the Forest Law (85/1999) in its Chapter 1, Article 2, defines non-timber forest products as all plant and animal products, as well as goods and services derived from forests, other forest lands and trees outside the forest, excluding wood, and Agrosilvopasture to the set of techniques and procedures by which they manage in a rational and sustainable way agricultural crops or livestock of different types in association with forests, thereby pursuing multiple use and maximum yield of forest lands.

As can be seen, the term TOF is integrated into non-timber forest products and constitutes a set of goods and services that contribute to the production of food in different agricultural forms.

Assimilating the landscape approach to understand the social, productive and ecosystem complexity of the territories has begun to make visible the potential of Tree-Based Systems, and within them Agroforestry Systems (AFS), to simultaneously contribute to mitigation, adaptation to climate change and livelihoods ^{(Minang, 2015)}.

Integrated agricultural systems are an effective step towards implementing sustainable practices. Their objective is to maximize diversity, emphasize the conservation and management of soil fertility, optimize the use of energy and available local resources, and are highly resistant ^{(Funes and Tittonell, 2009)}.

In Cuba, agriculture is constituted as a primary activity, in many cases to the detriment of other areas such as livestock or forestry. New productive forms are increasing at the local level, however, the lack of an inventory of TOF and an analysis of their function in sustaining the production systems in which they are inserted persist within them.

The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of TOF on the Maripa farm, based on different temporal scenarios that have occurred over time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was carried out on the Maripa farm, located in Cuchilla 20, municipality of Cumanayagua, Cienfuegos province, Cuba, coordinates: 220908N 801204º, given its geographical location in an area adjacent to the Guamuhaya Mountain Range and the intramontane valley of the municipality, distinctive of a vulnerable natural landscape environment. The study site dates back to the first half of the 20th century, at that time, with a gross area of 67.10 ha. It was divided into five farms or "plots" of approximately 13.42 hectares each.

To study the evolution of the TOF, a diachronic analysis was approached through the method of synchronous cuts ^{(Bolós, 1992)}, which consists of the comparison of different temporal scenarios that occur over time, based on the realization of spatial cuts.

The chosen temporal axis was specified in three successive sections in time, 1935-1965, 1966-1996, with an interval of 30 years and 1997-2023, with 26 years. In the three cases, an approximate reconstruction of the conditions of the most significant elements of the landscape was carried out, and the main dynamics of change that occurred in the landscape model of the tree outside the forest for this space were analyzed.

In the research, a cross-sectional examination design with a descriptive approach was used, where qualitative and quantitative aspects were measured, although without correlating or manipulating variables. This design allowed us to investigate the behavior of the local landscape and the dynamics of the TOF in the study area through documentary management, interviews and participatory observation.

In 2023, (the year in which the last cut closes), a floristic inventory of the TOF was carried out down to the family and species level. They were identified taxonomically according to ^{Acevedo y Strong (2013)} and ^{Werner y Rankin (2022)}. On the other hand, it was verified whether the species had any threat category according to the Red List of Cuban Vascular Flora ^{(González, 2016)}.

The following ecological indicators were also calculated, adjusted to the TOF present on the farm in the third cut (2023):

Species richness (S):

• Number of actual species at the sampling site.

Margalef index (Dmg) according to

• 02.0 Low richness

• 3.05.0 Mean richness

• 5.0 High richness

Simpson's Dominance Index (λ):

• 0 0.33 Low dominance.

• 0.34 0.66 mean dominance.

• 0.67 High dominance.

Simpson's Diversity Index (1/D):

• Infinite diversity

• There is no diversity.

The range of diversity indicators was according to ^{Villareal et al., (2004)}.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General characteristics of landscape components

Period: 1935-1965

In the original properties of what would constitute the Maripa farm, the existence of a natural forest was not defined as such. The environment was shaped by the presence of large compact groves, with formations that grew in areas naturally occupied by other types of plant cover. In this regard, ^{Matteucci (2012)} considered that "groves and forests are not the same thing"; a set of trees alone does not make a forest and trees are not found only in forests. As a consequence, managing trees outside the forest requires specific knowledge about the relationships between trees and their environment.

Table 1 reflects the species mostly present in this first cut. It can be seen how in the beginning there was relative predominance of the space with groves of forest and fruit trees. Highlight the presence on its properties of the Manacas stream, coming from the Guamuhaya Mountain Range that flowed stable throughout the year and housed riparian species (narrow strip of vegetation along the stream) that accentuated a peculiar environment of the landscape.

Among the most frequent species were: Bursera simaruba (L.), Cedrela odorata (L.), Hibiscus elatus Sw., C alycophyllum candidissimun (Vahl) DC., Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC., Zanthoxylun martinicense (Lam.) DC., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Terminalia tetraphylla (Aubl.) G & Boatwr (Yellow Jucaro), Calophyllum antillanum, Genipa Americana L. and Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook.

The lower stratum was composed of species such as: Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill., Amyris balsamifera L., Nectandra coriácea (Sw.) Griseb., Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., Ehretia tinifolia L., Gymnanathes lucisa (Yaiti), Cecropia schreberiana Miq., Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Hibiscus elatus Sw., Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Cordia gerascanthus L., Crescentia cujete L., Juglans jamaicensis C. DC., Trichilia hirta L., Eryhtoxylon havanense, Poeppigia procera C. Presl.

Table 1.  - Trees in the original area of the farm (1935-1965) 

No.	Family	Species	common name
1	Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica L.	mango
2	Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale L.	cashew
3	Anacardiaceae	Spondias mombin L.	jobo
4	Anacardiaceae	Spondias purpurea L.	plum
5	Annonaceae	Annona reticulata L.	custard apple
6	Annonaceae	Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill.	yaya
7	Annonaceae	Annona squamosa L.	anon
8	Annonaceae	Annona muricata L	soursop
9	Annonaceae	Annona montana Macfad.	maroon soursop
10	Annonaceae	Annona glabra L	baga
eleven	Arecaceae	Cocos nucifera L.	coconut
12	Arecaceae	Roystonea regia (Kunth) OF Cook	royal palm
13	Asparegaceae	Beaucarnea recurvate L.	elephant foot
14	Apocynaceae	Pachypodium lamerei Drake	madagascar palm
fifteen	Bixaceae	Bixa Orellana L.	bija
16	Bignoniaceae	Crescentia cujete L.	guira
17	Boraginaceae	Cordia gerascanthus L.	baria
18	Boraginaceae	Ehretia tinifolia L.	chicharron
19	Boraginaceae	Cordia collococca L	tie
twenty	Burseraceae	Bursera simaruba L. Sarg.	almácigo
twenty-one	Combretaceae	Terminalia catappa (L.)	almond
22	Combretaceae	Terminalia tetraphylla (Aubl.) G & Boatwr.	yellow jucaro
23	Clusiaceae	Garcinia bakeriana (Urb.) Borhidi	manaju
24	Calophyllaceae	Calophyllum antillanum Britton	ocuje
25	Euphorbiaceae	Ricinus communis L.	higuereta
26	Euphorbiacea	Adelia ricinella L.	jia
27	Euphorbiaceae	Gymnanathes lucida Sw	yaiti
28	Euphorbiaceae	Sapium laurifolium (A. Rich.) Griseb.	dairy
29	Erythroxylaceae	Eryhtoxylon havanense Jacq.	arab
30	Fabaceae	Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.	carob tree
31	Fabaceae	Gliricide sepium Kunth	flowering pine nut
32	Fabaceae	Lonchocarpus domingensis (Pers.)	guama
33	Fabaceae	Senna tora (L.) Roxb	guanine
3. 4	Fabaceae	Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.	framboyan
35	Fabaceae	Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC	yaba
36	Fabaceae	Tamarindus indica L	tamarind
37	Fabaceae	Poeppigia procera C. Presl	tengue
38	Fabaceae	Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J.	caguairan
39	Juglandadaceae	Juglans jamaicensis C. DC.	walnut
40	Lauraceae	Persea Americana Mill.	avocado
41	Lauraceae	Laurus nobilis L	laurel
42	Lauraceae	Nectandra leathery (Sw.) Griseb	sigua
43	Lauraceae	Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer	sweet potato stick
44	Lythraceae	Punica granatum L.)	grenade
Four. Five	Moringaceae	Moringa oleifera Lam	moringa
46	Malpighiaceae	Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Moc.	cherry
47	Malpighiaceae	Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth	venezuelan plum
48	Malvaceae	Hibiscus elatus (Sw.)	majagua
49	Malvaceae	Guasuma ulmifolia Lam	guasima
fifty	Malvaceae	Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn	ceiba
51	Meliaceae	Gaurea guidonia (L.) Sleumer	yamagua
52	Meliaceae	Trichilia havannensis Jack.	siguaraya
53	Meliaceae	Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.	mahogany
54	Meliaceae	Cedrela odorata L.	cedar
55	Meliaceae	Trichilia hirta L	guaban
56	Myrtaceae	Syzygium malaccense L. Merr. et Perry.	malacca pear
57	Myrtaceae	Syzygium jambo (L.) Alston	rose apple
58	Myrtaceae	Psidium guajaba L.	guava
59	Myrtaceae	Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC.	guairaje
60	Moraceae	Ficus membranecea C. Wright	jaguey
61	Moraceae	Morus alba L.	mulberry
62	Moraceae	Artocarpus altilis Parkinson) Fosberg	breadfruit tree
63	Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa carambola L.	cannon
64	Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa bilimbi L.	pickle
65	Polygonaceae	Coccoloba uvifera (L.)	caleta grape
66	Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujube Mill	little apple
67	Rosaceae	Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb.	cuajani
68	Rosaceae	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch	peach
69	Rutaceae	Amyris balsamifera L	cuaba
70	Rutaceae	Amyris elemifera L.	white cuaba
71	Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam) DC.	ayúa
72	Rubiaceae	Calycophyllum candidissimun	dagame
73	Rubiaceae	American Genipa L.	jagua
74	Sapotaceae	Pouteria zapota ( Jacq.) HE	red mamey
75	Sapotaceae	Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq	jocuma
76	Sapotaceae	Pouteria campechiana (HBK) Baehni.	canistel
77	Sapotaceae	Chrysophyllum cainito L.	caimito
78	Sapindaceae	American cupania L.)	guarana
79	Sapindaceae	Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.	mamoncillo
80	Samydaceae	Casearia laetioides (A. Rich.) Northr.	guaguasi
81	Urticaceae	Cecropia schreberiana Miq	yagruma

The most representative fruit trees: Averrhoa carambola L., Averrhoa bilimb i L., Syzygium malaccense L., Persea americana, Tamarindus indica L., Annona glabra L., Psidium guajaba L., Annona muricata L., Spondias purpurea L., Annona montana, Spondias mombin L., Mangifera indica L., Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Cordia collococca L., Anacardium occidentale L., Melicoccus bijugatus, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria sapota, Chrysophyllum cainito L., Terminalia catappa L., Annona reticulata L., Annona squamosa L., Cocos nucifera L. and Persea americana.

As a need for the growth of Cuban industry, to facilitate the use of its natural resources and eliminate agricultural monoculture, on May 17, 1959, the First Law of Agrarian Reform was promulgated and later in 1963 the Second Law, which brought with it a change gradual increase in land use. The loss of forested areas increased and timber species were reduced. The promotion of agricultural spaces for the production of various crops began with a fragmentation of the farm.

Period: 1966-1996

Between 1966 and 1990, the transformation of the environment was accentuated with the breakup of compact groves and a trend towards agroforestry landscape, whose differentiation parameter has been based on the behavior of the "tree" element (natural or cultivated trees; dense or dispersed; continuous or discontinuous).

Between the years 1993-2002, the reform was present in the Cuban agricultural model on the possession and exploitation of land linked to the decentralization of agricultural exploitation through the delivery of land in usufruct and the creation of the Basic Cooperative Production Units and other productive forms ^{(Casimiro, 2016)}.

For this stage, there was an important constructive growth in infrastructure in the area of the new agricultural proposals that arose (new types of dairy farms, breeding centers, family houses, administrative spaces, roads, etc.). In the municipality, transformations occurred in the components of the landscape, both natural and agroforestry, with a tendency toward urban growth.

Period: 1997-2023

An increase in lands given in usufruct to natural and legal persons was reported with the implementation of ^{Decree Law 259/2008}, later repealed by ^{Decree Law 300/2012}, which led to the highest percentage of agricultural land dedicated to the production of various crops were under the cooperative regime ^{(Casimiro, 2016)}. The above accentuated the fragmentation of the area and facilitated the incorporation of new owners, reinforced by ^{Decree Law 358/2018}.

In 2008, the farm was established as an independent productive form. Already in 2021, it assumed the name of Maripa, as a family farm, attached to the Basic Cooperative Production Unit (UBPC) Urban Agriculture of the municipality of Cumanayagua.

Maripa currently maintains an agroforestry landscape with intrusions that break the continuity that this space offered in the temporary cuts, although small spaces of natural vegetation appear, made up of extensions that behave like stands of vegetation, and are interspersed with mixed crop plots and edge trees limited to open space (boundaries), which mix profusely with other components of the landscape.

At the end of the first half of 2023, a survey of the TOF present on the farm was carried out to determine the ecological indices (Table 2)

Table 2.  - Species richness and diversity indices 

Families	Individuos	Species richness (S)	Margalef index	Simpson index
				Dominance	Diversity
33	933	64	9,212	0.168	0.831

The presence of 64 species can be seen on the Maripa farm. The families with the greatest representation are: Fabaceae (7), Annonaceae (5), Anacardiaceae (4), Sapotaceae (4), Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Euphorbiaceae with three species respectively. The Margalef Index, with a score of 9.212, reflected a high species richness (> 5.0), according to ^{Villareal et al. (2004)}.

Regarding the Simpson Index, dominance was low, with a value of 0.168, while diversity was high, 0.831, both cases according to ^{Villareal et al., (2004)}. An inversely proportional behavior of diversity with respect to dominance is observed. This information allows us to assert that on the Maripa farm the TOF are diverse and at the same time equitable in terms of the presence and distribution of species.

García et al., (2022) carried out a survey of fruit tree species in the Rafaelito Popular Council of the municipality of Cumanayagua, an area adjacent to the study site, and reported 33 botanical families with 69 species, among the most represented: Rutaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardiaceae and Sapotaceae, as well as low dominance with high diversity.

Values greater than five of the Margalef index can give an idea of the high species richness in the systems (López et al., 2017), while Magurran (1988), cited by ^{Blanco (2014)}, considers values greater than five as an indicator of high diversity in the ecosystem, which seems to coincide with the results achieved.

As a result of the survey carried out, 20 species were located, represented by a single specimen (Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill, Annona glabra (L.), Crescentia cujete (L.), Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J, Gymnanathes lucida Eryhtoxylon havanense, Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf, Laurus nobilis L, Punica granatum L.), Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb, S yzygium malaccense L. Merr. et Perry, Syzygium jambo (L.) Alston, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth, Coccoloba uvifera (L.), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Amyris balsamifera L, Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq., Pouteria campechiana (HBK) Baehni., Chrysophyllum cainito L.), which indicates the need to increase its reproduction.

In the analysis of the plant species, Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J. was located in the preliminary category of Threatened (T) according to the Red List of the Cuban Vascular Flora (2016), which indicates that the species faces a high risk of extinction in the wild. Table 3 lists the tree species that are not currently found in relation to the removal of the first cut (1935-1965). This result indicates 21.95% of species disappeared over time.

Table 3.  - Species not present on the farm in the third time cut (2023) 

-	Family	Species	Common name
1	Annonaceae	Annona montana Macfad.	maroon soursop
2	Boraginaceae	Ehretia tinifolia (L.)	chicharon
3	Combretaceae	Terminalia tetraphylla (Aubl.) G & Boatwr.	yellow jucaro
4	Clusiaceae	Garcinia bakeriana (Griseb.) Borhidi	manaju
5	Calophyllaceae	Calophyllum antillanum Britton	ocuje
6	Euphorbiaceae	Sapium laurifolium (A. Rich.) Griseb.	lechero
7	Fabaceae	Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC	yaba
8	Juglandadaceae	Juglans jamaicensis C. DC.	walnut
9	Lauraceae	Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer	sweet potato stick
10	Meliaceae	Cedrela odorata (L.)	cedar
eleven	Meliaceae	Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.	mahogany
12	Malvaceae	Hibiscus elatus Sw.	majagua
13	Moraceae	Ficus membranecea C. Wright	jaguey
14	Myrtaceae	Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC.	guairaje
fifteen	Rubiaceae	American genipa (L.)	jagua
16	Rubiaceae	Calycophyllum candidissimun	dagame
17	Rutaceae	Amyris elemifera (L.)	white cuaba
18	Samydaceae	Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millsp.	guaguasi

CONCLUSIONS

A dynamic change of the landscape towards an agroecosystem was evident over time, in close coexistence of cultivated lands and forest remnants, with 21.95% of species not present on the farm in relation to the first cut.

At the close of the third cut, 64 species belonging to 33 botanical families were quantified, with a greater representation of: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Anacardeaceae and Sapotaceae.

The species Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill, Annona glabra L, Crescentia cujete L, Guibourtia hymenaeifolia (Moric.) J, Gymnanathes lucida, Eryhtoxylon havanense , Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf, Laurus nobilis L, Punica granatum L.), Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb, Syzygium malaccense L. Merr. et Perry, Syzygium jambo (L.) Alston, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth, Coccoloba uvifera (L.), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Amyris balsamifera L, Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq., Pouteria campechiana (HBK) Baehni., Chrysophyllum cainito L. are represented by only one specimen.

Acknowledgment

It is profoundly appreciated the contribution and support provided to the research by the Project: "Conservation of biodiversity in the "El Tabloncito" Community and in vulnerable agroecosystems in its surroundings (BIOTABLON)" approved by the Small Donations Program of the Fund for the Worldwide Environment, implemented by the United Nations Development Program in Cuba.

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Received: September 02, 2023; Accepted: January 16, 2024

^*Autor para la correspondencia: [e-mail]

Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses.

Los autores han participado en la redacción del trabajo y análisis de los documentos.