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Introduction
The present study aims to study the factors affecting social trust in Bilesevar border area. Social trust is one of the most important and new debates in sociology that Due to its importance in the sustainability of social relations, the majority of scholars and social scientists are interested. The tendency to examine social trust as a fundamental issue is increasingly gradually increasing, and especially in most universities around the world, in fields such as sociology, politics, economics, psychology, history, philosophy, organizational management, and human studies. The process is visible. It is said that social trust also affects even economic growth, increased economic prosperity, generic benefits, social solidarity and cooperation, harmony, life satisfaction, stability of democracy and development, and even health and life expectancy (Newton, 2002). Social trust is "Good luck, the other people and institutions of the society, with the expectation that they will act in such a way that negative results will be minimized and achievement of goals."
The present research, with a social approach, has focused on trust in three types of interpersonal, general and institutional. Social trust is a dependent variable in relation to many social factors, and as yet a ride as a city has retained some of its traditional indicators. Variables such as tribalism, religiosity, socioeconomic status, socialism, social commitment, etc. can affect the level of social trust of individuals in this city. Also, measuring the amount of social trust can provide an indicator of how the community is in the city. So the basic questions that can be raised in this regard is how much social trust is in the city of bilesevar? What social factors can have the greatest impact on the level of social trust of individuals? Finally, the fundamental question of the research is that:
What factors affect the social trust of people in Bilesevar city?
Trust is the translation of the English word "Trust", which in Latin is equivalent to the Greek word "Faith". The Greek root of the term Trust is the verb "Pistis", which is equivalent to the word "Faith” (Onamono, 1991). In Farsi, as defined in the given culture, trust is synonymous with relying on, giving away someone to work, trusting, trusting, believing and believing (Moin, 1996). Amid culture also has similar synonyms for trust. Like relying on, letting someone work, singing, with the difference that he has given "synonyms" for "assurance", so that assurance is synonymous with relaxation, comfort and collective memory (Amid, 1995). Trust "a strong belief in the credibility, honesty and ability of a person is a reliable expectation and reliance on claims to make an untested opinion" (Lyon, 2000, p. 664). Trust is "expecting a good social behavior, honestly cooperating with other members of the community based on common norms” (Fukuyama, 1995, p. 45). Trust is to provide confidence to others, despite the possibility of their opportunism (uncertainty and perplexity) (Misztal, 1997). Trust is a kind of bet about the actions that others are doing in the future (Sztopmpka, 1999). German sociologist Georges Simmel believes trust as a kind of belief in people. Anthony Giddens, while agreeing to the definition of Simmel, begins to derive his confidence from the definition that trust is defined as the assurance or reliance on the nature or personal property, the thing or the truth (Kafi, 2001). In his opinion, the concept of trust and reliance in the above definition and the clarity with which the message described by Simmel is in bondage. Concerning Loehman's trust, he argues that trust entails a situation in which there is a risk, the danger of which is only dependent on the loss of the results and income from participation and socialization, otherwise engaging in situations where the risk is inevitable (Luhman, 2000). The kind of trust that Erik Eriksson has put in the psychological approach to trust. Erickson's vision of the fundamental trust is the attitude of the individual towards himself and the world around him. An attitude that affects our actions and our behavior and strengthens it. It is felt that people and affairs of the world are trustworthy and have stability and continuity (Giddens, 1999). Ericsson argues that this type of trust is the product of neonatal processes, so that if others meet the basic material and emotional needs of the infant, the child's sense of trust will increase, but failure to meet this requirement will lead to some kind of attitude Trust in the world, especially in personal relationships.
Theoretical Foundations
In the study of sociological literature, the concept of trust is based on three comprehensive approaches. First, trust is a personal characteristic of individuals, the second is that trust is a factor in social communication, and ultimately, trust as a social system feature with an emphasis on behavior Based on interactions and biases at the individual level, is conceptualized (Misztal, 1997). Indeed, the first emphasis is on individual feelings and values and examines trust as an individual and personality. According to this view, trust is a personal and personality trait. In this view, which is associated with a social psychological approach, trust is a conceptual integration that is closely associated with concepts such as loyalty, apathy, honesty, and friendship. This approach has raised a personality paradigm about trust and does not pay much attention to its social context (Erikson, 1950; Allport, 1961; Resenberg, 1956).
Trust is a tendency based on learning that is formed at the beginning of a child's life and even affecting the lives of people in the future. This trend is gradually evolving and influenced by the experiences of childhood forever. This view has recently been reviewed by Eric Pozzlins. He argues that we learn our first trust in life with our parents, and not in the later stages of life, and in mutual confidence, the trust is shaped by the influence of the initial learning of individuals in relation to their parents (Uslaner 2000).
The second view is that trust is a tendency for socialization that is not influenced by the personality of individuals and their initial experiences, but also influenced by the reflection of other actions in face-to-face interactions, and the product of life experiences of adolescents, not just their childhood (Newton, 1999; Witlley, 1999). According to Putnam, distrust is an emotional tendency that is reflected by the reflection of the victims of crime, violence and poverty. This view is akin to Patterson's view, according to his analysis, there is a relatively strong relationship between the class and race of individuals and their degree of trust. In his view, the anxiety and insecurity affected by this separation are the strongest stimulant of distrust (Putnam, 2000). In the second approach, greater trust is regarded as a social feature, and therefore in the institutional body of the society, it becomes more socially relevant. Trust, in this view, is considered as a social issue used to achieve organizational goals.
The third approach, with an emphasis on social characteristics, is placed on the opposite of the psychological and individualist approach. According to this view, trust, considered more than being dependent on the characteristics of individuals, is considered to be a collective value that is considered to be by the Membership interactions are monitored in the community. Mutual trust is rooted in emotional attachment, which is itself achieved through social relationships with others and membership in communities. The social relation, on the one hand, produces emotional dependence, and, on the other hand, the dependence created by this relationship is maintained (Kafi, 20013). According to this view, trust is conceived as a sociological concept with the aim of analyzing it at system levels and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, trust, as a social mechanism, manages social interactions by their motivations, emotions and beliefs. (Misztal, 1997, Coleman (1988), published a book on the foundations of social theory, a special place among social trust theorists. Coleman's approach to trust is a hybrid approach, which means that he also considers trust in the level of reason as the quality of a relationship, based on the theory of wise choice of action and on the macro level that speaks of complex systems of trust. If society is asked when and when social capital arises, then social capital can arise when relationships between individuals are transformed in a way that facilitates action. It is useful to remind social capital that as a form of capital, it is depreciated over time. In general, if social relationships are not maintained, they gradually disappear, and expectations and commitments will weaken and disappear over time. Ztompka defines trust as a kind of bet that is based on the actions of others in the future (Sztompka, 1999). Putnam (2000), published a research paper on civil society in regions of Italy and the "Individual Bowling" (1995), published by two books entitled "Application of Democracy" and "Italian Civil Traditions" (1993). The product of research on the decline of civil society in the United States has become a well-known figure in social capital issues. Putnam's topic on social trust has also taken place within the framework of social capital. Putnam, in the definition of social capital, writes: "Social capital refers to the relationships between social networking individuals with exchange norms and the trustworthiness between them”(Putnam, 2000, p. 19). So, we can say that Putnam's look at functional capital is social. This look is the result of his observations in the course of the research that was mentioned at the beginning of the discussion. "In these two books, he links the idea of social capital to concepts such as civic participation, voluntary organizations for political participation and effective management" (Norris, 2002, p. 2). Social trust for Giddens is a matter of modern society, the transformation from traditional society to modern society places a different social atmosphere on the part of modern humans. This space has one of the features that Giddens uses based on their place of trust in modern society. Describes the. This description is articulated in two books on "The Consequences of Modernity" and "Modernity and Individuality” It is evident that Giddens pursues the importance of trust in the process of transformation of societies from traditional to modern, and for trusting a decisive role in Defines the plots of modern life (Giddens, 1997). Giddens relied on this, that is to say, the trust of abstract systems as a hallmark of modern society, and of the effective factors of the continuity of modernity. In future modernity, the future is always open, not only in the ordinary course of affairs, but also in the context of the rethinking of knowledge which Relationship with those social functions is organized. This anti-realistic and future-oriented character of modernity is shaped more by trusting in abstract systems, systems that work with the trustworthiness of established professional skills. The point to be noted here is the intensity of human society's dependence on specialized institutions, as such trust in modern society is inevitable.
Hypotheses or research questions:
There is a relationship between the level of Generalism and the degree of social trust.
There is a relationship between the degree of social security of people and their social trust.
The level of social commitment affects the level of social trust in individuals, so the higher the level of social commitment, the higher the level of social trust.
The level of socioeconomic status of individuals affects their social trust so that the higher the socio-economic base is, the higher the level of social trust among individuals.
There is a relationship between the degree of people's ethnicity and their social trust.
Development
In this research we use survey method. The research design of this cross-sectional survey has been selected. In this type of research, information is collected at a given time point in order to describe and measure the correlations or relationships of the variables of the community in which the sample is selected. The data collection method is a questionnaire. The population of this study is people over 15 years old in Bilesevar. In this research, multi-stage cluster sampling will be used. In this research, the sample size determination, assuming that the sample distribution is normal, the sample calculated according to the formula of 350 people is chosen randomly among citizens. Different statistical tests such as t, Pearson correlation coefficient and gamma are used. Finally, multivariate analysis methods such as path analysis and regression analysis will be used to analyze the relationship between the variables together.
Research findings
Description of Independent Variables of the Study (Table 1).
Table 1 Independent Variables of the Study.
| Low | medium | High | |
| Socio-economic status | 28% | 45/1% | 26/9% |
| Generalism | 46/6 | 45/1 | 8/3 |
| Social commitment | 29/4 | 52/9 | 17/7 |
| Feeling of security | 18/9 | 51/7 | 29/4 |
| ethnicity | 6/9 | 58/9 | 34/3 |
| Total | 350 | 100% | 100% |
According to the results of Table 1, the distribution of respondents shows that 45.1% of the respondents, who are close to half of respondents, are in the medium-socio-economic status, while generalism also has the same statistic (45.1%), social commitment (9.9% 52), feeling of security (51.7%) and ethnicity (58.9%) are moderate. In the meantime, the tendency of variables of sense of security and ethnicity is higher than average, but the rest of the independent variables of research are roughly focused on the average level.
Describe the dependent variables of the research
Table 2 Frequency distribution of dependent variables of research.
| Low | medium | High | |
| Interpersonal trust | 33/1 | 44/0 | 22/9 |
| General trust | 7/4 | 38/0 | 54/6 |
| Institutional trust | 4/6 | 56/0 | 39/4 |
| Total | 350 | 100% | 100% |
Table 2 shows that 0.44% of respondents have intermediate interpersonal trust, 54.6% of people with high social trust and 56% of those with moderate institutional trust. Therefore, respondents have average interpersonal trust, high societal trust, and intermediate-level institutional trust.
Test hypotheses
Table 3 Correlation test results between independent variables and types of social trust.
| Independent variables Types of Trust | Generalism | Feeling of security | Social commitment | Socio-economic base | ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interpersonal trust | Kendall's tau-b=0/433 | Kendall's tau-b=0/706 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/026 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/022 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/062 |
| Gamma=0/664 | Gamma=0/928 | Gamma=-0/042 | Gamma=-0/035 | Gamma=-0/103 | |
| Sig=0/000 | Sig=0/000 | Sig=0/555 | Sig=0/638 | Sig=0/202 | |
| General trust | Kendall's tau-b=0/044 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/060 | Kendall's tau-b=0/130 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/064 | Kendall's tau-b=0/050 |
| Gamma=0/080 | Gamma=-0/101 | Gamma=0/227 | Gamma=-0/108 | Gamma=0/080 | |
| Sig=0/327 | Sig=0/236 | Sig=0/007 | Sig=0/171 | Sig=0/329 | |
| Institutional trust | Kendall's tau-b=0/261 | Kendall's tau-b=0/157 | Kendall's tau-b=0/000 | Kendall's tau-b=0/007 | Kendall's tau-b=-0/26 |
| Gamma=0/450 | Gamma=0/271 | Gamma=-0/001 | Gamma=-0/012 | Gamma=-0/048 | |
| Sig=0/000 | Sig=0/00 | Sig=0/993 | Sig=0/880 | Sig=0/605 |
Conclusions
Table 3 shows the relationship between independent variables and types of social trust. In the first hypothesis test, there is a significant relationship between generosity and social trust. As it is seen, there is a meaningful relationship between the level of generalism and interpersonal trust (sig = .000). Gamma coefficients and Tau B-Kendal (Kendall's tau-b, 664/03) are at a moderate and positive level, meaning that increasing the level of generalism increases the level of interpersonal trust. There was no significant relationship between generalism and general trust. As can be seen, there is a significant difference (sig = .327) and gamma coefficients and tau-b-kendal coefficients (Kendall's tau-b, 080 / 0-44) 0 indicates that Gamma = is in the positive and very weak direction. There is a significant relationship between generalism and institutional trust (sig = 0,000), and Gamma coefficients and Twee B of Kendall (Kendall's 261/0 tau-b, 450/0 (Gamma = average relation in a very positive direction), therefore, the higher the level of socialism, the higher the confidence of the various institutions of society, therefore, among the three types of social trust the amount of generalism only With General trust does not have a meaningful relationship and there are two other types of trust that means interpersonal trust and institutional trust.
In the test of the second hypothesis: Table 3 shows the relationship between the degree of sense of social security and the types of social trust. As you can see, there is a meaningful relationship between the level of sense of security and interpersonal trust, and the correlation coefficient shows a very strong relationship between them. A significant test (sig = 0.000) and gamma coefficients and Kendal baccalaureate (Kendall's tau-b, 0.928 (Gamma = 0.706) indicate that the correlation is positive and at a high level. Also, there is a significant relationship between the sense of social security and institutional trust (sig = 0.002). Gamma coefficients and Kaveh bay Kendall (Kendall's tau-b, 0.271 (Gamma = 0.77) show that correlation intensity It is moderate and in a positive direction. Therefore, it can be stated that the higher the sense of social security increases, both institutional trust and interpersonal trust increase, but there is no meaningful relationship between the sense of social security and general trust. (Sig = 236/0). Therefore, from the three types of social trust raised, social security sensation has two significant effects. Therefore, the sense of social security can increase the amount of people's trust D in the community to increase significantly.
The third hypothesis: (Table 3) shows the relationship between the amount of social commitment and the types of social trust. As it is seen in the table, the level of social commitment of the three types of social trust only affects the general trust. Significant levels (007/0 sig =). Gamma coefficients and Kendall's tau-b (Kendall's tau-b = 0.130, Gamma = 0.26) indicate that the correlation is positive, meaning that as social commitment increases, the level of people's trust goes higher than the general trust The level of social commitment of respondents does not affect interpersonal and institutional trust and shows a very weak correlation in a negative direction.
The fourth hypothesis: Table 3 shows that the socioeconomic status of people of no one influences the types of social trust. The significant level (617/0 Sig =) is interpersonal trust and (171/0) sig =) General trust and (sg = 0.880) institutional trust indicates that there is no relationship between the socioeconomic status of individuals with their social trust, so the hypothesis of the relationship between socioeconomic status and the degree of social trust Does not endorse.
Fifth hypothesis: Table 3 shows that the level of ethnicity does not affect any type of social trust. Meaningful levels (sig = 202/0) Interpersonal trust and (329/0 sig =) General trust and (605/0 sig =) Institutional trust indicates that there is no relationship between the amount of people's ethnicity with the amount of social trust They do not exist, so the hypothesis of the existence of the relationship between the degree of folk of individuals with the level of social trust is not approved.
