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Ciencia y Deporte
versión On-line ISSN 2223-1773
Ciencia y Deporte vol.8 no.3 Camagüey sept.-dic. 2023 Epub 01-Sep-2023
http://dx.doi.org/10.34982/2223.1773.2023.v8.no3.001
Original article
Exercises for Self-Perception Neuromuscular Facilitation to Enhancing Flexibility of Junior Artistic Swimmers
1Centro de Investigaciones Deporte Cubano (CIDC). La Habana, Cuba.
2Universidad de Oriente. Facultad de Cultura Física. Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
Introduction:
The practical usefulness of the self-perception neuromuscular facilitation technique is an advantage for the development of flexibility, as it permits higher movement extent of joints during training. However, in artistic swimming, the procedures and components of this technique are insufficient.
Aim:
To design a set of exercises to enhance flexibility in artistic swimmers using self-perception neuromuscular facilitation techniques through active and passive stretching to improve the physical capacity of junior athletes.
Materials and Methods:
the theoretical methods used were the analytical-synthetic and the systemic-structural-functional; the empirical methods were documentary review and practical pedagogic test. The statistical-mathematical procedure used was descriptive statistics.
Results:
The set of exercises implemented included the scapulae-humeral and coccygeal and femoral bone, due to the broad influence of these joints in the technical work, using the stretching method.
Conclusions:
The practical results showed a much faster and more harmonious progress to develop flexibility as a physical capacity.
Key words: Artistic swimming; neuromuscular facilitation techniques; stretching.
INTRODUCTION
Artistic swimming may be defined as the movement performed in aquatic conditions by one or more swimmers of either sex, provided they are synchronized through music. This sports activity combines strength and flexibility, aerobic conditioning, musical performance, stage performance, and teamwork. The fast pace of this specialty in the international arena demands improvements in flexibility.
In that sense, physical training in artistic swimming is thought of as one of the most significant directions of sports training starting in the early ages of development through high performance. To many coaches, this activity never ceases. Undoubtedly, every coach makes use of physical preparedness in their training. However, not all of them use proper science in its application to achieve higher and lasting results.
Moreover, well-known authors of the theory and methodology of sports training, like Matvéev (2001), Bomba y Buzzichelli (2016) Capote et al. (2017), Padilla (2017), Camacho et al. (2019) y Vladimir (2019), have used different terminology, such as mobility and flexibility uniformly, as the capacity of the body's morph-functional structure to perform broad movements of the joints.
Consequently, one of the new trends in physical capacity development is the method of stretching, which has changed mobility or flexibility. González (2010) specifies the relations and differences between mobility as a capacity and stretching as a simple and effective method to enhance mobility somehow.
Hence, González (2010) acknowledges that stretching is a new scientific method through which mobility or flexibility can be practiced easily and effectively. Stretching looks to condition the athlete's body for training and competition, with a certain level of flexibility development, but its difference lies in that it is a method based on tension-relaxing-extension that must never be exercised in the threshold of pain.
In that very same direction, stretching is widely used to develop flexibility through techniques of self-perception neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). It is a psychophysiological intervention alternative used in sports training. Nevertheless, the current integrated sports training plans for artistic swimming athletes lack indications and procedures for implementation.
Bueno et al. (2015) noted that the most significant ground to recommend the utilization of this technique is that it permits the realization of the particular sports movements in every discipline to make muscle reinforcement in every movement pattern. It also produces a functional improvement of the motor efferent and can be used as an element to raise flexibility and mobility.
Several research studies have been conducted due to the technical importance of PNF for flexibility in artistic swimming. Accordingly, various bibliographic sources were consulted, including Cancio y Cortéz (2003), Ayala y Sainz (2008), Ayala et al. (2012), Bueno et al. (2015), FINA (2017), Mula y Sainz (2020), Christian et al. (2021), Fons y Ruiz (2021). Podrihalo et al. (2021), Ponciano et al. (2021), Nápoles y Ruiz (2022), FINA (2022), Chirino et al. (2022) and Hernández et al. (2023). All these authors have studied the muscles stretching techniques, as well as PNF. They have also conducted in-depth studies on the development of flexibility as a physical capacity; the acquisition and development of basic skills, and their contribution to exercise methodologies and alternatives for the physical and technical preparedness of artistic swimmers.
In all cases, these are significant contributions; however, the self-perception neuromuscular facilitation techniques through the stretching methods (active and passive) have not been customized for artistic swimming. Therefore, according to this research, the existing theoretical referents do not explain the problems presented in this paper fully.
Accordingly, this paper aims to design a set of exercises to enhance flexibility in artistic swimmers using self-perception neuromuscular facilitation techniques through active and passive PNF stretching to improve the physical capacity of junior athletes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was done in Havana, at the "Mártires de Barbados" Starter Sports School. The sport selected was artistic swimming. This is an explicative study with an experimental design; the population consisted of nine female junior artistic swimmers part of the competition team and went through the starting and reserve stages.
The following scientific research methods and techniques were used.
The theoretical techniques were the analytical-synthetic method to perform in-depth analysis through the research. The systemic-structural method was used to determine the hierarchy and structure of each exercise, as well as its dynamics and functioning.
The empirical methods used were documentary analysis, which facilitated the bibliographic review of the possible background related to this topic, and helped determine the theoretical assumptions of the study. The practical pedagogic test consisted of the shoulder dislocation and split test using the right leg, frontal position, and left leg, to measure flexibility.
The results were processed through descriptive statistical methods, such as the arithmetic mean to correlate the results from the instruments applied. Excel 2000 Spreadsheet was used for data quantification and processing. This software was used as well to determine the mean and significance of test results, and sample comparisons at the different stages evaluated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tests performed and evaluation scales
1. Shoulder dislocation
Standing, frontal position, legs together, extended arms downward holding a rope; the arms are moved upward-backward, still extended, and back to the initial position (Table 1).
Table 1. - Shoulder dislocation evaluation scale
| Dislocation | Score |
|---|---|
| Nipple to nipple | 5 |
| Shoulder width | 4 |
| Arm length | 3 |
| Hand to nipple | 2 |
| Hand to the center of the chest | 1 |
A 0.5 deduction was performed in case the execution lacked fluency and rhythm, which means abrupt execution.
2. Split
Split cm: the swimmer assumed the split position for 30 seconds (on the sides with each leg and in frontal position), backed by the feet, between two jump cages. The swimmer made a grip from parallel bars on the sides of the body, so the athletes had greater space (proper body positioning) based on the influence of their bodies (Table 2).
Table 2. - Split evaluation scale
| Score | Position | |
|---|---|---|
| Frontal | Lateral | |
| 5 | 19 cm | 25 cm |
| 4 | 17 cm | 20 cm |
| 3 | 15 cm | 15 cm |
| 2 | 13 cm | 10 cm |
| 1 | 10 cm | 5 cm |
| This test also measured the cm reached, and the tens were deducted for every fault observed, according to the table below. Each split was evaluated separately. | ||
| Penalty | Execution fault | |
| 0.10 | Scoring fault | |
| 0.20 | Slight leg flexion | |
| 0.50 | Legs rotated inward | |
| 1.0 | Hip torsion | |
| 0.10/0.30 | Trunk leaning | |
Exercises using self-perception neuromuscular facilitation techniques through active and passive PNF stretching to improve flexibility in artistic swimming (Figure 1).
Exercises for scapulae-humeral joint (Figure 1).
Dosage (active PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 4-6 repetitions.
Dosage (passive PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 6-8 repetitions.
Exercises for coccygeal and femoral bone (Figure 2).
Dosage (active PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 4-6 repetitions.
Dosage (passive PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 6-8 repetitions.
Specific in-water exercises for flexibility (Figure 3).
Dosage (active PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 4-6 repetitions.
Dosage (passive PNF): (6-10 seg. T) (2-3 seg. R) (6-10 seg. E) 6-8 repetitions.
Results analysis
Results of tests performed using the traditional methods and the active and passive PNF methods.
Table 3. - Results of the tests performed at first
| Test No. 1 | |||||
| Athletes | Split | Ave. | Disl. | ||
| R | L | F | |||
| 1 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.57 | 3.0 |
| 2 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.30 | 3.5 |
| 3 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 3.93 | 3.5 |
| 4 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.03 | 2.5 |
| 5 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.07 | 4.5 |
| 6 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.33 | 4.5 |
| 7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.70 | 3.0 |
| 8 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.36 | 3.1 |
| 9 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.36 | 3.4 |
| 3.45 | 3.51 | 3.58 | 3.51 | 3.44 | |
Table 3 shows the behavior of the tests performed at the beginning of the training of female swimmers when the course starts.
The nine swimmers were tested, and the score consisted of five points. The tests were the right split, which averaged 3.45 with athlete No. 5 as the most outstanding. The left split averaged 3.51, with athlete No. 3 reaching a 0.7 difference compared to the right split results, though the most flexible athlete was No 5, with 4.2.
The frontal split showed athlete No. 3 with the highest score, though the general average of the three splits determined the most outstanding athlete at the beginning of training (No 5), steady above 4. Concerning the dislocation, swimmers 5 and 6 were observed to be much higher than No 5 and 6, with 4.5 (Table 3).
Table 4. -Results of the tests performed at a second moment
| Test No. 2 | |||||
| Athletes | Split | Ave. | Disl. | ||
| R | L | F | |||
| 1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.97 | 3.5 |
| 2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.43 | 4.0 |
| 3 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 4.20 | 4.0 |
| 4 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.40 | 3.0 |
| 5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.27 | 4.5 |
| 6 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.73 | 4.6 |
| 7 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.07 | 3.0 |
| 8 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.53 | 3.2 |
| 9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.53 | 3.7 |
| 3.84 | 3.74 | 3.78 | 3.79 | 3.76 | |
Table 4 shows the behavior of the tests after four months of training, using the traditional methods to enhance flexibility. The evaluations were weighed and compared to test 1 (Table 3), showing improvements. However, some athletes maintained their results with very similar scores, with no significant improvements.
The three splits were under 4. As to the dislocation, swimmers 5 and 6 were way above the mean shown in Table 3, with similar results (Table 4).
Table 5. - Results of the tests performed at a third moment
| Test No. 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athletes | Split | Ave. | Disl. | ||
| R | L | F | |||
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.40 | 4.0 |
| 2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.00 | 4.5 |
| 3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.73 | 4.0 |
| 4 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.13 | 4.0 |
| 5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.60 | 4.8 |
| 6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.33 | 4.9 |
| 7 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.27 | 4.0 |
| 8 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.20 | 4.0 |
| 9 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.10 | 4.4 |
| 4.36 | 4.34 | 4.21 | 4.30 | 4.28 | |
Table 5 shows a significant increase in all the values in the tests and individually. The nine swimmers were able to reach more than four points as a general average. Individually, swimmer No. 5 stood out, with a positive performance in the three splits, whereas No. 3 made the greatest progress, averaging 4.73, the best on the team (Table 5).
Test No. 3 was performed two months after the second, using the new set of exercises suggested, through the active and passive PNF, both general and special.
This study contributed to the existence of higher outcomes in all the tests (from the second one), and it was even greater in the last control, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposal.
This study corroborated that the exercises introduced were favorable to training flexibility in artistic swimming. As shown by several authors, like Ayala and Sainz (2008), González (2010), Ayala et al. (2012), Bueno et al. (2015), Mula and Sainz (2020), and FINA (2022).
In addition to the above, other authors, such as Cancio and Cortéz (2003) and Chirino et al. (2022) stated that apart from flexibility training of all joints in artistic swimming require stretching on the coccygeal and femoral bone and the back bone. Flexibility training is known to be essential for broader movements. However, these authors did not include PNF-related exercises.
Consequently, the different terminology used by the previous scholars shows that the epistemological shortcomings observed in their methods reveal the absence of certain procedures. Hence, the novelty of this study lies in the much faster and harmonious progress to develop flexibility as a physical capacity.
The exercises implemented helped establish a planning and application guide of training for flexibility enhancements, considering the combination of in-water and ground exercises. The outcomes of this preliminary study showed higher performance of female junior artistic swimmers.
CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of a set of exercises with the inclusion of a higher number of artistic swimmers in different settings may lead to similar results in practice, and constitute a working guide for artistic swimming coaches.
The results of this research evidenced the importance of applying new exercises to train flexibility. It is a necessary methodological contribution to the physical preparedness and higher performance of female junior artistic swimmers.
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Received: May 01, 2023; Accepted: July 14, 2023
