Original article

The corrective method of selection of talents

0000-0003-0437-2111Ronald Sarracén Legrá^{1  *}  , 0000-0001-7434-4189Hirbins Manuel Dopico¹  , 0000-0003-0186-9261Eudis Milán Leyva¹ 

¹ Universidad de Guantánamo, Cuba.

ABSTRACT

The selection of talents in contemporaneity constitutes a priority, however, limitations in the Soccer of Cuba for his evaluation, which is why it is necessary to propose roads, procedures and tools to contribute to such purposes persist. The corrective method of selection of talents like a new form to appraise hits and Fútbol's professors' mistakes in base was applicable. They expose themselves his principal referent theoreticians, That suited someone's purposes of sustenance for the elaboration of the proposal. His feasibility became validated through the favorable results that were obtained, as from the pre-experiment.

Key words: Corrective method; Identification; Detection; Soccer of Base

Introduction

Regarding studies aimed at the selection process in Cuba, there are those of ^{Fleitas (1981}) on selection criteria for the practice of Artistic Gymnastics in girls aged six to seven years, and those of ^{Romero (2008}) on the capacity of sports performance in the training process and the assessment of potential talent. Talent selection continues to be one of the fundamental lines of research of CITMA in INDER according to the X International Scientific Pedagogical Conference on Physical Education and Sport.

On the other hand, ^{Ilisástigui (1993}) establishes the theoretical-methodological premises for the elaboration of a sports selection system for high performance Rhythmic Gymnastics, based on the characteristics of the level of physical and technical preparation, and the morpho-functional particularities of the best gymnasts in the country, where the aesthetic impact, condition, efficiency and motor creativity are considered as integrating qualities of the ideal model.

^{Navarro (2000}), makes it clear that sports selection in children should start from a multidisciplinary perspective covering the largest number of anthropometric, motor, psychological and sociological parameters, always suggesting that the characteristics of variability, informativeness and stability of the tests should be taken into account for this purpose. On the other hand, ^{Yanes (2001}) offers a novel method of selection and evaluation of sport aptitude for the basic teaching of table tennis.

The researches discussed so far have contributed interesting proposals to the process of talent selection in sport. All of them establish a strong emphasis on anthropometric, physical and technical aspects which can be adapted to other sports, but, given the characteristics of sports games and especially of soccer, it should be noted that others of vital importance for the achievement of high competitive results, such as those linked to the game, should be considered.

That is why it is considered one of the most relevant studies aimed at the selection of talent in soccer, the one developed by ^{Noa (2002}), which has served as a guide for this thesis for its significant contributions, where a solution is provided, framed in the specific selection of children linked to the practice of this sport in the sports areas. In this study, the author proposes that the most gifted children for their enrollment in this institution is a guarantee for high performance sports.

Based on the above, an initial diagnosis was carried out and as a result, the main shortcomings were determined as follows:

• Limitations in the theoretical and methodological preparation of soccer teachers for the identification and detection of talent in the base.

• Lack of ways and methods to control and evaluate the procedures developed for the identification and detection of talent at the base.

These insufficiencies allow determining the following problem: How to contribute to the evaluation of the procedures developed for the identification and detection of talent at the base?

In correspondence with the above, the following objective is stated: to propose ways, procedures and tools for the evaluation of the procedures developed for the identification and detection of talent at the grassroots.

Development

For the development of the research, methods of the theoretical level were used, among which are: the analytical-synthetic for the determination of the theoretical elements about the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer and the elaboration of the corrective method of talent selection.

On the other hand, the inductive-deductive approach allowed reaching the answers that give solution to the improvement of the talent selection process in the identification and detection stage in grassroots soccer through the hypothesis statement and the application of the logical rules of deduction that allow its corroboration.

Modeling is used for the elaboration of the corrective method of talent selection. Another way of analysis was the observation used for the realization of a comparative study between the actions established in the stages of identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer.

The survey and interviews to collect the criteria of teachers of the combined sports teams and municipal and provincial methodologists of Soccer about the conceptions of the talent selection process in this sport, as well as to assess the knowledge they have about this process, in the stages of identification and detection.

The experts' criterion was applied with the objective of knowing the experts' opinion about the corrective method of selection, in order to evaluate its pertinence.

The research population is made up of 16 basic soccer teachers in the sports teams of the municipality of Imías.

For the application of the diagnosis, two dimensions with their respective indicators are identified:

1. Conceptual

2. Procedural

It was found that the main deficiencies are focused on:

The most affected indicator was 1.1, in which there is evidence of insufficient mastery by the Basic Soccer teacher in the theoretical and methodological elements for the identification and detection of talent in Basic Soccer and the normative documents in the Sports Combinations.

It was found that the handling, analysis and discussion of the documents that guide this process is insufficient, they only study the specific aspects established by the Integral Program for the Preparation of the Athlete (PIPD). In the case of the three remaining teachers, they express to do it sometimes in their own individual self-preparation, without dedicating time to the orientations and/or indications to develop the identification and detection of talent.

The above analysis allows us to issue a general evaluation of the "conceptual" dimension, taking into account the individual evaluation of each selected indicator, with its respective categories and in a general way. Thus, this dimension is considered as insufficient, which has a negative impact on the preparation of the soccer teacher for the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer.

In the case of the second dimension: "procedural", it was observed that the most affected indicator is 2.1, related to the way of integrating ways and procedures for the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer.

In the interview applied, the above results were verified, since 14 teachers of grassroots Soccer consider that the level of integration of ways and procedures for the identification and detection of talent in grassroots Soccer is insufficient; they assert that the applied conception lacks a didactic procedure in terms of applying ways and procedures for the adequate treatment of the regulations.

The ways of planning the activities for the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer lack ways and procedures; this is evidenced in the scarce use of dimensions, indicators, guidelines that contribute to dynamize and direct the treatment to the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer of the Combined sports in the municipality, which requires immediate attention to contribute to its improvement.

In a general sense, it was possible to verify the lack of ways and methods for the evaluation of the procedures developed for the identification and detection of talent in the base, which requires a proposal that will be presented later on.

Regarding potentialities:

The need to perfect the talent selection process in the identification and detection stage in grassroots soccer according to contemporary demands is recognized.

The grassroots soccer teachers refer to their willingness to face the new changes that arise in the talent selection process, specifically in the identification and detection stage, based on an integrative approach.

Thus, the corrective method of talent selection constitutes a dynamizing element that is an expression of the relationship established between the conceptual and instrumental components of the theoretical-methodological conception of talent identification and detection in grassroots soccer.

For the elaboration of the corrective method of talent selection, the theoretical references addressed by ^{Milán (2021}) in the construction of the interdisciplinary corrective method are assumed. As theoretical references synthesized in the materialist dialectic, the historical-cultural approach of Vigotsky and his followers. From the didactic point of view, the foundations of the Cuban educational model established by ^{Álvarez (1995}), and those of ^{García (2006}) are also relevant.

Other referents considered are: the compensatory corrective method of special education and the corrective method for the pedagogical training of students of the Physical Culture course by ^{Mengana (2016}).

We agree with ^{Bermúdez and Rodríguez (1996}) regarding the premises for the construction, analysis and operation of the method: purpose (objective pursued, with an adequate theoretical foundation), elaboration (its adaptation to an already existing method), and use (possibilities for its instrumentation, contemplates the use), relationship of the objective and the subjective, as well as the internal and the external.

In the systematization carried out for the elaboration of the method, ^{Petrovski (1985}) refers to the use of methods and forms in teaching, linked to the correction and number of errors. On the other hand, ^{Pohlman (1982}) indistinctly formulated variables for the correction of errors, such as content, moment, frequency, directed to the motor-sports.

When approaching the concept of corrective, the assessments of the definitions of "correction" by ^{Bell (1997}); Martín (2003) facilitate the identification of its essential features, consequently, with them we assume the one provided by ^{Milán, E. (2021}) who understands as correction: "the possibility of rectifying a process, property, function, etc., affected" (p. 20).

As for "compensation", it has been addressed by ^{Vigotsky (1989}); ^{Bell (1997}), as well as in correction in Special Education, where essential features are specified to define it, and which do not constitute a purpose in this research. For his part, ^{Mengana (2016}), proposes the corrective method of pedagogical training, which is defined as:

A way that promotes the correction and self-correction in an orderly manner of the limitations and deficiencies in the development of skills, qualities and pedagogical-professional abilities of the Physical Culture student, and allows, in addition, compensating all the shortcomings in this sense, guarantees of a performance as: Physical Education teacher, sports coach, physical recreationist or physiotherapist. (p.68)

Another important definition is provided by ^{Milan (2021}), which expresses as an interdisciplinary corrective method:

An alternative that guarantees the correction and self-correction in an articulated way of the restrictions and incorrectness in the development of interdisciplinary theoretical-methodological knowledge and interdisciplinary professional qualities of Physical Culture teachers and students, and also allows compensating all the deficiencies arising in their preparation to execute the establishment of interdisciplinary relations in the academic year. (2021).

In this sense, the above definition is assumed and for its contextualization in the present research, the corrective method of talent selection is considered as: a variant that favors the control and evaluation of the impacts in the talent selection process from the correction of the mistakes and inconsistencies arising in the actions of the basic soccer teachers expressed in the theoretical and procedural domain that guarantees an integrative approach.

In relation to the internal and external structure of the method, it is characterized by promoting a qualitatively superior stage; since the didactic procedures to support the performance of the grassroots soccer teachers, conceived in a coherent way, respond to a productive dynamic that assumes as a reference the integration of the cognitive, affective, psychological, sociological, demographic and environmental aspects, which strengthens its compliance in the talent selection process.

As for the external aspect of the corrective method of talent selection, it is expressed not only in the execution of the different ways of organizing the work of the Soccer teacher at the base; since, when applied, it affects the first stage of the sports pyramid and in the case of the present research in the identification and detection of sports talent, due to its social and pedagogical character, self-development is stimulated, transformations are provoked from the correction and self-correction according to its purpose.

The proposed method reflects a logic that runs from the inferior to the superior, from the simple to the complex; hence its didactic character is determined by the didactic nature of the investigated object and, obviously, of the theoretical-methodological conception of identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer that is defended.

Its foundations lie, on the general level, in the dialectical-materialist principle of universal concatenation between facts, processes and phenomena; and, on the singular level, in the principle of systematization and integration which, when reflected and consciously applied, constitutes the dynamizing element of the theoretical-methodological conception of talent identification and detection in grassroots soccer. That is why it is reiterated that it is in it where its level of applicability lies.

The essence of the method lies in the correctness of the identification and detection of talent in grassroots soccer mediated by the theoretical and procedural domain that guarantees an integrative approach. Its materialization allows it to know each step it takes and why it takes it, that is, with full awareness of what, why and what for, which aims to mitigate various problems that arise in the process of talent selection.

In this sense, it is necessary to raise the level of preparation of basic soccer teachers with respect to the theoretical and procedural domain that guarantees an integrative approach.

The corrective method of talent selection is based on didactic procedures and resources, which are explained below. On the other hand, the method guarantees the dynamics, that is, the functioning of the components of the theoretical-methodological conception and their relationships, based on the structural elements that compose it and that when applied in practice allow revealing the categories of the talent selection process and specifically in the identification and detection stage.

In order to proceed with the method, the following phases will be taken into account: conceptual corrective and corrective formalization. These are based on the epistemological foundations of the talent selection process.

The first conceptual corrective phase allows from the first moment to make corrections in the conceptual aspect, to guarantee through workshops as a fundamental scenario, to determine the theoretical domain of the basic soccer teachers. As its name indicates, it is corrected on the basis of previous experiences and ideas of the teachers, of the meanings already elaborated; as key elements for the orientation in this phase, they have the necessary epistemological referents to base the method.

It is important in this phase to articulate the conceptual elements and fundamental definitions to face the talent selection process, so as to work with an integrative approach. The dialectic relationship between the phases in which the feedback process with a systemic approach is evidenced in the interaction of knowledge; thus, the contradictions of the object of study are identified, problematized, configured and represented in a process that transits from a problematic situation.

An essential aspect for the achievement of this first phase is the management capacity that emerges as a result of group collaboration and exchange. In this phase, self-management processes are generated, which enable the generation and conduction of new forms of talent identification and detection in grassroots soccer.

In the second phase, the corrective formalization makes it possible to establish the causes, relationships and consequences of the behavior and actions of teachers and students. In this way, criteria, theories and conceptions are combined for their application, always with an integrative approach.

Unlike the previous phase, emphasis is placed on the development of the formalized, the way, strategies and forms to be followed, articulated with a more integrated character.

Another complement of great theoretical value for the present research and as an expression of the nature and genesis of corrective method of talent selection is what is contributed by ^{Ray (2017}) regarding the control system of potential talent in the Football recruitment stage, his contribution to the theory is valuable, having as a starting point what was contributed by ^{Lorence (2006}), regarding the structuring of the system, with which we agree in this research.

In order to implement the theoretical-methodological conception of talent identification and detection in grassroots soccer, and as an expression of the internal movement and interaction of the relationships that are established between them, it is assumed that the system as a scientific result has a systemic organization, and this systemic organization exists when its components meet the following characteristics:

• They have been selected. (Implication)

• They are distinguished from each other (Differentiation).

• They are related to each other (Dependence).

However, for the purposes of this research, the author considers that, in order to achieve greater concreteness and coherence in the stage of identification and detection of talent, from the theoretical and practical contributions, another characteristic is added which intends the fulfillment of the integrative approach, aspect that distinguishes these contributions: (See Figure 1).

• They have been selected (Implication)

• They are distinguished from each other (Differentiation).

• They are related to each other (Dependence).

• They are integrated with each other (Integration)

Own elaboration `s source

Fig. 1 Representation of the internal relationships between the characteristics for exercising control in the corrective method of talent selection assumed in this research. 

As can be seen, each of the characteristics guarantees the systemic approach and its functioning to reveal new qualities and to guarantee the integrative approach; such is the case of the new characteristic, integration.

The essence of each of the characteristics can be made explicit in figure 2:

Own elaboration`s source

Fig. 2 Representation of the essence that must be established to favor the application of corrective method of talent identification with an integrative approach in the teachers' procedure 

The procedures developed allow for the correction and self-correction of the limitations and deficiencies declared in terms of talent identification and detection.

Conclusions

The systematization of the theoretical references about the identification and detection of talent in the base, evidenced inconsistencies in the application of methods for the evaluation of this process, which demands changes in its approach to respond to the particularities and demands of the talent selection process in soccer.

In the empirical investigations carried out in the initial verification stage of this research, there is evidence of a lack of systematization in the use of methods and procedures for the evaluation in the initiation stage and talent detection in grassroots soccer.

With the corrective method of identification and detection of talent, it reveals both in theory and in practice and methodology a possible solution to the problem addressed by considering the need for its approach from an integrative approach.

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Received: September 02, 2023; Revised: September 28, 2023; Accepted: December 04, 2023

^*Author for the correspondence:[e-mail]