Introduction.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections in humans and, less frequently, extrapulmonary infections are described. In Cuba, the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is only done in the National Reference Laboratory of Mycoplasmas (NRL-M) at IPK and, until 2012, this species had only been detected in 2 studies.

Methods.

Methods were implemented for the Mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnosis, the antimicrobial susceptibility determination, and the antimicrobial resistance molecular detection. Descriptive studies were conducted for the Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection in patients with respiratory symptomatology, for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates, the macrolide resistance detection in positive clinical samples, and the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae genotypes.

Results and Discussion.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in 5.2 % (96/1836) of patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections and Influenza-like illness, all negative to respiratory virus. Mycoplasma pneumonia was demonstrated in 25.8 % (31/120) of children with coqueluchoid syndrome, 23 % (17/74) of children with interstitial pneumonia, and 60% (9/15) of children with non-controlled asthma. The macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae was showed in Cuba for the first time, detected in a 22.5%, and confirmed by the demonstration of the associated molecular mechanisms. The Mycoplasma pneumoniae genotypes circulating in the country were described and 5 new sequence types were identified. It was concluded that these pieces of scientific evidence support the pathogenic role of this species and suggest the necessity of an active surveillance.