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Cultivos Tropicales
versão On-line ISSN 1819-4087
cultrop vol.40 no.4 La Habana oct.-dez. 2019 Epub 01-Dez-2019
Original article
Integrated diagnosis and ranges of nutrients in the soil for the cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Cerrado region
1Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Rod. BR 101 Norte, km 60, Bairro Litorâneo. CEP 29932-540 São Mateus (ES), Brasil
2Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia. Caixa Postal 131. CEP 74001-970 Goiânia (GO), Brasil
3Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000. CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Brasil
The Integrated Diagnostic and Recommendation System (DRIS), although is commonly used in the interpretation of leaf analyzes, has been little used in soil chemical analysis. The corrective and fertilizer recommendations for the Cerrado region developed for the conventional cultivation system based on calibration studies, without including the current technological advances. In this sense, the objective was to establish the integrated diagnosis and nutrient ranges in soils under bean cultivation (P. vulgaris) in this region. Soil samples collected at the depth of 0-20 cm, having values of organic matter, Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, base saturation and cation exchange capacity at pH 7. Ground rules DRIS standards and sufficiency ranges were established from farming with productivity equal to and greater than 2700 kg ha-1 of beans and these became applicable for recommendation fertilization of this crop in the region. Most established parameters presented discrepancy in relation to the theoretical framework that currently has for the region. DRIS standards and ranges should be regional and specific to direct seeding for high yield crops.
Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris; nutrients; chemical analysis
INTRODUCTION
From the 80s of the twentieth century, there was a significant technological change in the bean crop, with the implementation and expansion of irrigated areas in several Brazilian states, especially in the Midwest region, due to it is a short-cycle crop with high expectations of economic return that often grown as a winter crop. In the region of Goiás, traditionally from May to July it is sown, replaced by sweet corn and tomato crops in the composition of the annual harvest 1.
The correct interpretation of the chemical analyzes of the soil is important to indicate the sources, quantities and the most appropriate time for the application of corrective and fertilizers by the producer. To calibrate a method in soil analysis is to relate the content of the element in the soil, with the characteristics of the plant (growth rates, yield and nutrient content in crops) grown in the field 1.
According to research 1-3, sufficiency ranges are the most widely used method for interpreting soil and leaf analysis, since it considers a concentration range below which the growth rate or production decreases. According to this author 3, the nutrient balance , a concept advocated in the Integrated Diagnostic and Recommendation System (DRIS) for foliar analysis , can also be used for the soil, which increases the interpretation options of the analyzes soil chemicals . These techniques, although commonly used for the interpretation of leaf analysis, have been used in the analysis of soil in coffee (Coffea canephora) 3, banana (Musa spp) 4, orange (Citrus sinensis) 5,6, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 7 and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) 8.
The DRIS seeks to assess the nutritional status of the plant, with the evaluation of nutrient two in two, as an appropriate way to express the physiological and metabolic events that take place throughout the cycle working with external factors reflected in the foliar nutrients.
The recommendations for the Goiás state of corrective and fertilizers for the conventional culture system are based on outdated calibration studies (1960-1980). However, significant changes in production systems have been introduced in recent years, especially the migration of many of the grain areas such as soy a (Glycine max), corn (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for the direct sowing system and many more productive varieties are launched 2.
Studies also indicate that the norms must be regional, including standards for soil, since the climatic conditions, fertility, as well as the technological level are different in Brazil and in the world. This scenario implies the need for new regional benchmarks that include the technological advances experienced in the period. In this regard, it was proposed to establish the integrated diagnosis and nutrient ranges in soils under bean cultivation (P. vulgaris) in the Cerrado region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in commercial fields in a micro region of Goiás state called Vale do Rio dos Bois. This region comprises nine districts, namely: Palmeiras de Goiás, Turvâni, Campestre de Goiás, Cezarina, Edéia, Indiara, Paraúna, Palminópolis and Jandaia. The region has two distinct seasons, one scarce rain and low temperatures and other hot and humid, with precipitation annual average of 1250 mm. According to the classification of Koppen climate it is type tropical, with a dry season in winter (Aw). The predominant soil is classified as Amarelo Distrófico (Ferralsol-Word Reference Base For Soil) 9, with mean fertility and pH acid around 5.0. Flat reliefs predominate on the surface, with good drainage conditions, favoring the use of mechanization, allowing cultivation in large areas 10.
The type of irrigation used was central pivot, representative of the region under study. In all evaluated areas, the variety planted was perola, group the bean is bays and tillage system with application of herbicides in areas previously infested with invasive plants mainly constituted by Urochloa brizantha. The separation used varied from 0.45 to 0.5 m, with planting densities ranging from 12 to 15 seeds per meter line , obtaining populations between 240 and 333 thousand plants per hectare.
For the generation of optimal ranges of nutrients and DRIS standards for soil they were monitored 28 commercial fields of bean crop of year 2010, and they were conducted soil analysis and identification of productivity, being selected 20 fields of high productivity equal to or greater than 2700 kg ha-1 (Table 1). The sowing was carried out from June to the beginning of August 2010, and the evaluations were carried out in the period between August and September of that year.
City | Latitude (South) | Longitude (West) | Height (m a.s.l) | Área (ha) | Textural Class | Production (kg ha-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cezarina 1* | 16º56`45`` | 49º`45`56`` | 594 | 53 | Clayish | 2.680 |
Cezarina 2 | 16º59`12`` | 49º44`13`` | 577 | 54 | Clayish | 2.930 |
Cezarina 3* | 16º56`33`` | 49º`48`20`` | 613 | 63 | Clayish | 2.480 |
Campestre 1* | 16º42`44`` | 49º38`22`` | 682 | 45 | Clayish | 2.670 |
Campestre 2* | 16º59`12`` | 49º44`13`` | 577 | 54 | Clayish | 2.430 |
Edéia 1 | 17º27`08`` | 49º44`24`` | 614 | 68 | Clayish | 2.700 |
Edéia 2 | 17º27`08`` | 49º44`24`` | 614 | 68 | Clayish | 2.700 |
Edéia 3* | 17º24`52`` | 49º47`20`` | 589 | 57 | Sandy Clay | 2.590 |
Indiara 1 | 17º07`33`` | 50º00`58`` | 551 | 35 | Clayish | 2.800 |
Indiara 2 | 17º06`03`` | 49º59`46`` | 565 | 53 | Clayish | 2.750 |
Palmeiras 1 | 16º50`16`` | 49º57`14`` | 590 | 83 | Clayish | 2.790 |
Palmeiras 2 | 16º54`29`` | 50º02`50`` | 568 | 49 | Sandy Clay | 3.005 |
Palmeiras 3* | 16º48’58’’ | 49º58’54’’ | 603 | 78,5 | Clayish | 2.800 |
Palmeiras 4 | 16º42`34`` | 50º04`25`` | 674 | 48 | Argylose | 2.900 |
Palmeiras 5 | 16º46`03`` | 49º54`14`` | 666 | 50 | Sandy Clay | 2.870 |
Palmeiras 6 | 16º50`55`` | 49º50`49`` | 645 | 82 | Clayish | 2.760 |
Palmeiras 7 | 16º46`20`` | 49º54`51`` | 689 | 95 | Clayish | 2.890 |
Palmeiras 8 | 16º50`33`` | 49º51`19`` | 638 | 49 | Clayish | 2.900 |
Palmeiras 9 | 16º41`59`` | 49º57`23`` | 651 | 64 | Clayish | 3.120 |
Palmeiras 10* | 16º53`54`` | 49º51`00`` | 656 | 35 | Clayish | 2.660 |
Palmeiras 11* | 16º52`02`` | 49º57`54`` | 589 | 117 | Clayish | 2.490 |
Palmeiras 12* | 16º50`33`` | 49º51`19`` | 638 | 49 | Clayish | 2.390 |
Palmeiras 13* | 16º54`20`` | 50º02`29`` | 548 | 50 | Clayish | 2.500 |
Paraúna 1 | 16º59`10`` | 50º21`41`` | 594 | 78 | Clayish | 2.760 |
Paraúna 2 | 17º16’40’’ | 50º22’25’’ | 629 | 79 | Clayish | 2.725 |
Paraúna 3 | 17º06’21’’ | 50º23’18’’ | 618 | 50 | Clayish | 2.700 |
Paraúna 4 | 17º48’28’’ | 50º24’29’’ | 670 | 34 | Clayish | 2.780 |
Paraúna 5 | 16º59`22`` | 50º23`33`` | 622 | 95 | Clayish | 2.700 |
*Areas discarded from standards due to producing less than 2700 k g ha-1 and not to present normal distribution
These fields were divided into four quadrants for performance evaluation was assumed to repeat each of the four quadrants occupied by the irrigation system and these repetitions of normality was verified data 80 simple samples in each pivot (per quadrant 20) were taken to a depth of 0-2 0 cm to form a composite sample being sent for analysis at the laboratory Solocria located in Goiânia in Goiás state. In the composition of each individual sample three sub-samples were taken, one in the rows of crops and the other between the rows, according recommendations made in other studies 11.
Sampling the soil is carried out in the period where the beans at the stage of development characterized as R5 (beginning of flowering). The samples were placed in plastic bags and they were sent to the laboratory. It is determined ran macro and micronutrients, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V) and the organic matter content according to the described methodology 12.
Database was created, with the concentration of nutrients in the soil, crop separating high productivity (less than 2.700 kg ha-1 bean). This value was chosen because it is considered high for that region of Goiás State, and can be used as a reference of high productivity and technological level. The Lilliefors test was applied, at the level of 1 % probability, to verify the normality of the values referring to the contents of each nutrient of the group of high productivity fruits 2.
Agricultural soils, which showed a productivity equal or exceeding 2.700 kg ha-1 and whose concentrations of nutrients present normal distribution, were used to establish the DRIS standards soil (mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) and bands (average more or less standard deviation). After this procedure is separately calculated ratios of nutrients, being selected 20 crops for the rules after the test of normality.
Comparisons were made between the basic rules established with beans from other regions. In addition, it is nutritional diagnosis of crops used in standards for other levels described in the literature made.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The relationships between two soil nutrients (Table 2), the deviation and the coefficient of average variation give credibility to the diagnosis of soil fertility by DRIS in bean crops in the study area.
Ratio | Means | DE | CV(%) | Ratio | Mean | DE | CV(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MO/P | 2.356 | 1.172 | 49.73 | Cu/MO | 0.099 | 0.067 | 67.28 |
MO/K | 0.202 | 0.069 | 34.05 | Cu/P | 0.181 | 0.049 | 26.85 |
MO/Ca | 10.68 | 3.557 | 33.29 | Cu/K | 0.017 | 0.006 | 34.41 |
MO/Mg | 38.21 | 15.26 | 39.95 | Cu/Ca | 0.899 | 0.315 | 35.08 |
MO/S | 1.840 | 0.752 | 40.86 | Cu/Mg | 3.375 | 1.643 | 48.68 |
MO/B | 177.12 | 67.91 | 38.34 | Cu/S | 0.165 | 0.086 | 52.46 |
MO/Cu | 13.47 | 6.335 | 47.01 | Cu/B | 15.05 | 6.040 | 40.12 |
MO/Fe | 0.872 | 0.288 | 33.07 | Cu/Fe | 0.075 | 0.029 | 38.15 |
MO/Mn | 1.586 | 0.726 | 45.76 | Cu/Mn | 0.140 | 0.066 | 47.37 |
MO/Zn | 7.582 | 5.911 | 77.96 | Cu/Zn | 0.537 | 0.164 | 30.56 |
MO/V | 0.434 | 0.118 | 27.21 | Cu/V | 0.037 | 0.013 | 35.97 |
MO/CEC | 4.274 | 1.263 | 29.56 | Cu/T | 0.368 | 0.141 | 38.45 |
P/MO | 0.560 | 0.374 | 66.73 | Fe/MO | 1.301 | 0.537 | 41.28 |
P/K | 0.097 | 0.029 | 29.85 | Fe/P | 2.888 | 1.932 | 66.91 |
P/Ca | 5.142 | 1.661 | 32.31 | Fe/K | 0.233 | 0.036 | 15.59 |
P/Mg | 19.10 | 8.294 | 43.42 | Fe/Ca | 12.91 | 4.953 | 38.37 |
P/S | 0.912 | 0.423 | 46.43 | Fe/Mg | 44.77 | 13.13 | 29.32 |
P/B | 86.17 | 32.73 | 37.99 | Fe/S | 2.305 | 1.211 | 52.55 |
P/Cu | 5.881 | 1.424 | 24.21 | Fe/B | 206.7 | 55.79 | 27.00 |
P/Fe | 0.430 | 0.146 | 34.03 | Fe/Cu | 15.91 | 7.772 | 48.86 |
P/Mn | 0.803 | 0.364 | 45.36 | Fe/Mn | 1.821 | 0.498 | 27.33 |
P/Zn | 3.145 | 1.533 | 48.72 | Fe/Zn | 9.151 | 7.670 | 83.81 |
P/V | 0.211 | 0.066 | 31.06 | Fe/V | 0.523 | 0.152 | 29.00 |
P/CEC | 2.090 | 0.704 | 33.70 | Fe/T | 5.074 | 1.290 | 25.42 |
K/MO | 5.724 | 2.654 | 46.37 | Mn/MO | 0.782 | 0.372 | 47.59 |
K/P | 11.96 | 6.172 | 51.63 | Mn/P | 1.841 | 1.465 | 79.60 |
K/Ca | 54.61 | 13.87 | 25.39 | Mn/K | 0.143 | 0.068 | 47.15 |
K/Mg | 192.3 | 48.87 | 25.41 | Mn/Ca | 7.760 | 3.808 | 49.07 |
K/S | 9.866 | 4.434 | 44.94 | Mn/Mg | 24.79 | 4.110 | 16.58 |
K/B | 896.2 | 240.8 | 26.87 | Mn/S | 1.423 | 0.892 | 62.70 |
K/Cu | 66.52 | 23.87 | 35.88 | Mn/B | 120.4 | 40.015 | 33.25 |
K/Fe | 4.392 | 0.708 | 16.11 | Mn/Cu | 10.26 | 7.552 | 73.58 |
K/Mn | 7.945 | 2.328 | 29.30 | Mn/Fe | 0.619 | 0.286 | 46.25 |
K/Zn | 37.11 | 24.34 | 65.57 | Mn/Zn | 6.139 | 6.121 | 99.71 |
K/V | 2.229 | 0.402 | 18.06 | Mn/V | 0.312 | 0.124 | 39.69 |
K/CEC | 21.74 | 3.724 | 17.13 | Mn/T | 2.979 | 0.959 | 32.20 |
Ca/MO | 0.106 | 0.043 | 40.56 | Zn/MO | 0.198 | 0.131 | 65.95 |
Ca/P | 0.222 | 0.101 | 45.62 | Zn/P | 0.356 | 0.097 | 27.11 |
Ca/K | 0.019 | 0.004 | 20.96 | Zn/K | 0.034 | 0.013 | 37.03 |
Ca/Mg | 3.642 | 1.038 | 28.49 | Zn/Ca | 1.788 | 0.644 | 36.00 |
Ca/S | 0.186 | 0.087 | 46.77 | Zn/Mg | 6.918 | 3.373 | 48.76 |
Ca/B | 17.14 | 5.354 | 31.24 | Zn/S | 0.322 | 0.170 | 52.86 |
Ca/Cu | 1.247 | 0.440 | 35.31 | Zn/B | 31.36 | 15.53 | 49.53 |
Ca/Fe | 0.085 | 0.022 | 25.37 | Zn/Cu | 2.025 | 0.603 | 29.76 |
Ca/Mn | 0.152 | 0.053 | 34.73 | Zn/Fe | 0.153 | 0.065 | 42.10 |
Ca/Zn | 0.674 | 0.364 | 53.92 | Zn/Mn | 0.292 | 0.150 | 51.26 |
Ca/V | 0.042 | 0.006 | 13.79 | Zn/V | 0.074 | 0.027 | 36.59 |
Ca/CEC | 0.408 | 0.064 | 15.79 | Zn/T | 0.743 | 0.305 | 40.98 |
Mg/MO | 0.032 | 0.016 | 48.96 | V/MO | 2.525 | 0.905 | 35.84 |
Mg/P | 0.071 | 0.048 | 67.74 | V/P | 5.339 | 2.188 | 40.97 |
Mg/K | 0.006 | 0.002 | 42.01 | V/K | 0.462 | 0.079 | 17.20 |
Mg/Ca | 0.309 | 0.134 | 43.38 | V/Ca | 24.46 | 3.542 | 14.48 |
Mg/S | 0.056 | 0.029 | 52.20 | V/Mg | 87.36 | 23.80 | 27.24 |
Mg/B | 4.872 | 1.326 | 27.23 | V/S | 4.372 | 1.612 | 36.87 |
Mg/Cu | 0.406 | 0.278 | 68.38 | V/B | 407.6 | 108.2 | 26.55 |
Mg/Fe | 0.025 | 0.011 | 43.83 | V/Cu | 30.32 | 10.72 | 35.36 |
Mg/Mn | 0.041 | 0.007 | 16.01 | V/Fe | 2.030 | 0.439 | 21.63 |
Mg/Zn | 0.235 | 0.211 | 89.85 | V/Mn | 3.638 | 1.205 | 33.14 |
Mg/V | 0.012 | 0.004 | 33.96 | V/Zn | 16.52 | 9.385 | 56.83 |
Mg/CEC | 0.119 | 0.030 | 24.85 | V/T | 9.825 | 1.204 | 12.25 |
S/MO | 0.624 | 0.228 | 36.48 | T/MO | 0.262 | 0.106 | 40.57 |
S/P | 1.351 | 0.665 | 49.19 | T/P | 0.558 | 0.263 | 47.20 |
S/K | 0.121 | 0.051 | 42.63 | T/K | 0.047 | 0.009 | 19.25 |
S/Ca | 6.418 | 2.693 | 41.95 | T/Ca | 2.525 | 0.522 | 20.68 |
S/Mg | 23.37 | 13.00 | 55.63 | T/Mg | 8.806 | 1.881 | 21.36 |
S/B | 106.9 | 57.63 | 53.90 | T/S | 0.451 | 0.168 | 37.37 |
S/Cu | 7.968 | 4.447 | 55.82 | T/B | 41.416 | 9.222 | 22.27 |
S/Fe | 0.525 | 0.222 | 42.32 | T/Cu | 3.158 | 1.304 | 41.28 |
S/Mn | 0.987 | 0.623 | 63.11 | T/Fe | 0.208 | 0.046 | 22.26 |
S/Zn | 4.143 | 2.446 | 59.05 | T/Mn | 0.366 | 0.103 | 28.13 |
S/V | 0.258 | 0.091 | 35.29 | T/Zn | 1.755 | 1.123 | 63.99 |
S/CEC | 2.541 | 1.016 | 39.97 | T/V | 0.103 | 0.013 | 12.37 |
B/MO | 0.0067 | 0.0031 | 47.21 | ||||
B/P | 0.0142 | 0.0077 | 54.33 | ||||
B/K | 0.0012 | 0.0003 | 27.08 | ||||
B/Ca | 0.0650 | 0.0232 | 35.74 | ||||
B/Mg | 0.2205 | 0.0614 | 27.83 | ||||
B/S | 0.0114 | 0.0046 | 40.12 | ||||
B/Cu | 0.0799 | 0.0390 | 48.84 | ||||
B/Fe | 0.0052 | 0.0015 | 28.53 | ||||
B/Mn | 0.0090 | 0.0025 | 27.32 | ||||
B/Zn | 0.0458 | 0.0338 | 73.86 | ||||
B/V | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | 26.07 | ||||
B/CEC | 0.0254 | 0.0058 | 22.88 |
V % = base saturation; MO = Organic Matter; CEC = cation exchange capacity at pH 7
The ranges established for the soil (Table 3) can be used to make the diagnosis of fertility in bean crops in the region of the Bois River Valley, Goiás State, as they were established based on representative crops of the region with high productivity.
Nutrients | Concentration | SD | Sufficiency range | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Organic matter (g/dm3) | 25.20 | 6.56 | 18.64 - 31.76 | 26.02 |
P (mg dm-3) | 12.36 | 3.85 | 8.51 - 16.21 | 31.17 |
K (mg dm-3) | 129.05 | 18.24 | 110.81 - 147.29 | 14.13 |
Ca (cmolc dm3) | 2.44 | 0.39 | 2.05 - 2.82 | 16.00 |
Mg (cmolc dm3) | 0.73 | 0.26 | 0.47 - 0.99 | 35.86 |
S (mg dm-3) | 14.98 | 5.22 | 9.76 - 20.2 | 34.87 |
B (mg dm-3) | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.11 - 0.19 | 25.13 |
Cu (mg dm-3) | 2.18 | 0.80 | 1.38 - 2.97 | 36.75 |
Fe (mg dm-3) | 29.98 | 6.27 | 23.71 - 36.25 | 20.91 |
Mn (mg dm-3) | 18.11 | 7.05 | 11.06 - 25.15 | 38.94 |
Zn (mg dm-3) | 4.37 | 1.68 | 2.68 - 6.05 | 38.55 |
Sat. Bases (%) | 58.36 | 4.28 | 54.08 - 62.64 | 7.34 |
CEC (cmolc dm3) | 6.01 | 0.71 | 5.29 - 6.72 | 11.87 |
V % = base saturation; MO = Organic Matter; CEC = cation exchange capacity at pH 7
The classes of interpretation of the chemical properties of the soil according to the proposed classification 13,14 are presented in Table 4.
Variable | Classes of Interpretation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very low | Low | Moderate | Adequate | High | |
MO (g dm-3)1 | - | <24.0 | 24.0-30.0 | 31.0-45.0 | >45.0 |
P (mg dm-3)1 | 0.0-3.0 | 3.1-5.0 | 5.1-8.0 | 8.1-12.0 | >12.0 |
P (mg dm-3)2 | 0.0-3.0 | 3.1-6.0 | 6.1-8.0 | - | >8.0 |
K (mg dm-3)1 | - | <26.0 | 26.0-50.0 | 51.0-80.0 | >80.0 |
K (mg dm-3)2 | - | <25.0 | 25.0-50.0 | - | >50.0 |
Ca (cmolcdm-3)1 | - | <1.5 | 1.5-7.0 | - | >7.0 |
Ca (cmolcdm-3)2 | - | <2.0 | 2.0-5.0 | - | >5.0 |
Mg (cmolc dm-3)1 | - | <0.5 | 0.5-2.0 | - | >2.0 |
Mg (cmolc dm-3)2 | - | <0.4 | 0.4-1.2 | >1.2 | |
S (mg dm-3)1 | - | <4.0 | 4.0-9.0 | - | >10.0 |
B (mg dm-3)1 | - | <0.2 | 0.2-0.5 | - | >0.5 |
Cu (mg dm-3)1 | - | <0.4 | 0.4-0.8 | - | >0.8 |
Fe (mg dm-3)1 | - | <0.5 | 0.5-12.0 | - | >12.0 |
Mn (mg dm-3)1 | - | <2.0 | 2.0-5.0 | - | >5.0 |
Zn (mg dm-3)1 | - | <1.0 | 1.0-1.6 | - | >1.6 |
V %1 | - | <20.0 | 20.0-35.0 | 36.0-60.0 | >60.0 |
CIC (cmolcdm-3)1 | - | <7.2 | 7.2-9.0 | 9.1-13 | >13.0 |
1(13 and 2(14; V % = base saturation; MO = Organic Matter; CEC = cation exchange capacity at pH 7
The average concentration of organic matter (Table 3) is classified as moderate, based on this work and other studies 13,14 (Table 4). In most areas cultivated in soil, it is expected that the values of this variable actually submit higher value, because the soil favors the accumulation of the organic matter (MO) 15-17. Even average values of MO, in the areas considered showed high productivity, reaching up to 3, 120 kg ha-1 (Table 1). Other authors affirm that the stability of the MO in the soil is more important than its quantity itself (10) that it may be related to species grown in rotation and the high availability of water under the pivot.
The mean content 12.36 mg dm-1 and phosphorus (P) is classified as high 13,14 (Table 4). One of the main differences between conventional culture system and direct sowing is that the last one provoke the superficial concentration and subsuperficial of P, K, MO and other nutrients, as a result of fertilization cycle of nutrients, less mobilization of these nutrients in the soil and the reduction of erosion losses. Thus, the methodology used for the withdrawal of the samples would detect a greater value in the result of the soil analysis of these nutrients 16.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of natural phosphates as fertilizers, especially in soils cultivated in the direct sowing system. The Mehlich method used by most of soil analysis laboratories consists on dilute solution of concentrated acids whose reaction with natural phosphate is intense, could also overestimate the amount of available P 11.
The calibration of extractants for evaluation of phosphorus in the soil shows that this classified in below category to the required needs of plant 17. Interactive methods of nutritional analysis involving evaluating soil fertility and DRIS could help in this case, as it has a great ability to diagnose subtle imbalances of nutrients. The calibration of other extractants should be considered especially if they have high coefficients of correlation between levels available in the soil, foliar concentration and productivity.
The concentration of potassium (K) is classified as high 13,14 (Table 3). In this case, a surface concentration of the element may have occurred. For K, it is worth mentioning the importance in the cycle of the return and maintenance of this nutrient in the soil. The exposure of this nutrient is about 2 % of the production. Taking into account the average production of the region under study, the export value of K2O reaches 50 kg ha-1, lower than what is often related to beans, around 60 kg of K2O ha-1. However, leaching losses must also be taken into account.
The calcium concentration (Ca) (Table 3) verified in the study areas is classified as moderate 13,14 (Table 4), although it appears in the lower limit class proposed by the authors. In the extension of the evaluation to other areas of the country, there is a tendency to classify the values found as moderate. According to data for Pará state, values are also classified as moderate (1.6 to 4.5 cmolc dm-3) 18. Other authors classify the content of Ca as moderate between 2.0 to 4.0-cmolc dm-3 (19. In another investigation, the levels found were classified as high, although in the lower limit of the class (higher than 2.4 cmolc dm-3) 20.
According to some authors, the average concentration of magnesium (Mg) (Table 3) is classified as moderate 13,14,18,20 (Table 4).
The sulfur concentration (Table 3) is considered high 13,14 (Table 4). Even the sulfur has a mobile character on the ground, tends to focus on the cap as subsurface, and this fact favors the surface concentration of phosphorus also should take into account the frequent fertilizations with plaster adopted as common practice by the local farmers and fertilizers with ammonium sulfate that helps maintain high levels of this nutrient.
With regard to the micronutrients only the B (Table 4) was classified as low 13,14. Other micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) are presented in the range considered as suitable to high, according to the authors.
Base saturation (V=58.36 %) is considered adequate for beans 13, in line with high yields. However, the cation exchange capacity at pH 7 (T=6.01) is considered low by the same authors.
Soil chemical characteristics, precipitation and associated with suitable temperatures, can provide high productivities 2,18, made found in areas used as references in the present work.
Studies also indicate that the rules must be regional 2-4,10, including standards for soil, since the climatic conditions, fertility, as well as the technological level are different in Brazil and in the world. The differences recorded between the norms of other regions and the differences in the form of final (conventional vs. direct sowing) of Goiás state, support the assertion that the rules must be regional, for the specific form of cultivation and adapted to high yields
Values of P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in this study were classified respectively as adequate or excessive in the 100 % of the cases (Tabla 4). However, the 85 and 100 % of B were considered low 13,14.
CONCLUSIONS
DRIS standards and adequacy ranges established the cultivated soils under direct seeding with bean irrigated in region closed.
The DRIS standards and sufficiency ranges are applicable to the recommendation of fertilizers in soils cultivated under direct sowing with irrigated beans in the closed region. Besides its amount, it is important to their interrelationships.
The values of P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Z n were classified as adequate or excessive in 100 % of the samples. However, more than 85 % of the content of the B samples were considered low.
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Received: April 18, 2018; Accepted: March 24, 2019