Introduction:

Molecular biology has allowed the identification of fusion genes formed as a consequence of aberrant chromosome rearrangement and to find molecular alteration not observed by cytogenetic. In occasion, the presence of some chromosomal or molecular alterations correlate with specific subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) previous defined by its cytomorphological features. However, in others cases there is not total correspondence with and the knowledge of molecular anomalies has been possible to define new subtypes of AML.

Objective:

To highlight how the molecular biology has been gain relevance for the diagnostic and prognostic of the AML.

Development:

First, are mentioned the more frequent molecular alterations formed a cause of chromosomal aberrations. After, are described the more frequent gene mutations appeared in AML cases. A third topic, point out the alterations of mayor impact for the prognostic. Finally, is described how has change the classification of AML because the progressive discovery of new molecular alterations that match with particular evolution and treatment response.

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