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Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias

On-line version ISSN 2071-0054

Rev Cie Téc Agr vol.30 no.1 San José de las Lajas Jan.-Mar. 2021  Epub Mar 01, 2021

 

REVIEW

Use of Biodiesel in Internal Combustion Engines for Livestock Activities

Ing. Saray Díaz-Barrios1  * 

MSc. Osney G. Pérez-Acosta1 

1Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.

ABSTRACT

The basis of industrialization was and still is today, the massive use of fossil fuels. Relatively abundant studies in the scientific literature show that the reserves of these resources are limited and that their depletion is almost imminent. For this reason, the production of biofuels is one of the solutions to this problem, since it is a potential source of renewable energy. One of its advantages is being friendly to the environment due to the reduction of polluting gases. Biodiesel is considered to be a favorable alternative for reducing fossil fuel imports and especially second-generation fuel because it is the most appropriate option, among other reasons, due to non-competitiveness with food. Due to the importance of the subject, it is necessary to know the origin of biofuels and their evolution, highlighting their classification and specifically researching into biodiesel. It is also intended to carry out a review about the use of biodiesel in compression engines for livestock activities, reflecting the characteristics and influence when using it in internal combustion engines (ICM). An analysis of research in Cuba is carried out and the interest of the country in the development of renewable energies and the care of the environment is ratified. It is therefore necessary, from a scientific perspective, to examine the potentialities of the Institute of Animal Science (ICA) that contribute to national energy savings.

Keywords: Biofuels; Greenhouse Gases (GHG); Jatropha Curcas

INTRODUCTION

Gonzales (2019) defines sustainability as the balance between four main dimensions: economic, social, environmental and institutional components. It is about bringing the concept of balance between all dimensions. Among the measures required to achieve this is the reduction of consumerism, the depletion of fossil resources and the greenhouse effect.

Every year, the dependence on fossil fuels rises due to the increase in massive industrialization, the increase in transport and the demographic explosion, which directly or indirectly affects the world (Rocha et al., 2019). Latin American countries, except Venezuela, and India are the most affected by the global energy situation. This is due to their status as non-producing countries (Morelos, 2016). Due to dependence on fuels, mainly caused by consumerism, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) grows exponentially.

The production of biofuels is one of the feasible and viable solutions, taking into account its impact on energy generation and the environment. Any fuel that comes from biomass (organic matter) is classified as biofuel.

These are biofuels such as alcohols, ethers, esters and other chemical products that come from cellulosic-based organic compounds (biomass) extracted from wild or cultivated plants that substitute to a greater or lesser extent the use of fossil fuel (Bernal et al., 2015).

The intensification of the blockade against Cuba forces this country to intensify the solutions that are currently being implemented. The 70% cut in the availability of primary energy directly affects Cuban economy, which has an impact on agriculture due to the high energy consumption and the high level of mechanization required in this activity. This hinders food production and causes the abandonment of a large part of the land (Gonzales, 2019). Livestock and agriculture are sectors that require sources of energy to carry out the different activities. The use of biofuels is an alternative that can represent environmental and economic advantages for their development and sustainability. Hence, the objective of this work is to carry out a review of biofuels and the use of biodiesel in compression engines for livestock activities. It is also intended to examine the particularities of this issue in Cuba.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOPIC

Biofuels: an Energy Alternative

In recent years there has been an exponential increase in the production of biofuels. This is mainly due to energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels. The main objective of its use is to try to mitigate the effect of emissions (GHG), in addition to guaranteeing internal consumption (Morelos, 2016). Its origin instead dates from the time when humanity discovered how to make fire.

The first time it was thought of using biofuel in internal combustion engines was in the period 1858-1913 by Dc. Rudolf Diesel, who developed a prototype that ran on peanut oil. This experience was ruled out at that time due to the high availability of diesel (Ramos et al., 2016). Later, due to the two world wars, oil reserves began to decline. For this reason, research on substitutes for gasoline and diesel, using various oils, began. Countries like China, Japan, some from South America, as well as the European colonies in Africa and Asia led the investigations. In 1942 the first article on the use of a commercial fuel for a bus in Brussels, Belgium was reported. The availability and normalization of fossil fuel prices slowed their development. However, in 1973 it was required to resume the investigations due to their increase. Brazil and the United States began to establish new policies to guarantee their own energy sources, in order to reduce dependence on them (Valdés & Palacios, 2016).

Depending on the raw material to be used, the biofuel can be classified. The first generation (G1) biofuels are those that are produced by conventional technology from food crops. They are manufactured from sugar or starch in the case of bioethanol and vegetal oils (from corn, soy or wheat) or animal fats in the case of biodiesel. The second generation (G2) biofuels are also known as lignocellulose biofuels. They are obtained from plants that do not have a food function and are produced with technological innovations that allow them to be more ecological. Its raw material can be any type of plant biomass, from agricultural or wood waste to specific energy crops (Jatrofha curcas, forage grasses (Ramos et al., 2016). The so-called third generation (G3) biofuels were previously considered to be G2. Due to their superior performance originating from a smaller amount of raw material it was decided to create a specific group for them. They are fast-growing plants and are composed of biomolecules of high energy density. They take advantage of the biomass produced by autotrophic or heterotrophic photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae (Subía & Rubio, 2018).

For greater sustainable development, the most viable option is G2 biofuels or lignocellulose biofuels due to the use of environmentally friendly technologies. In addition, they are cultivated taking advantage of unproductive marginal areas in crops intended for food and that do not require water or fertilizers (Serrano & Charris, 2018). As an example, residues of wheat straw, corn, rice and in general all agricultural residues or raw materials containing cellulose or hemicellulose can be indicated. Lignocellulose biomass has three different types of polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The latter is one of the most abundant biopolymers in plants that together with cellulose and hemicellulose make up their cell wall (Cando et al., 2019).

Biofuels branch into three main types: biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas. In the specific case of biodiesel, according to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material Standard), they are monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from natural lipids. Most of the biodiesel production is obtained from vegetal oils and animal fats, which are also considered protein sources. The fuel obtained can be used in the combustion of diesel engines García et al. (2018) and is used in mixtures with diesel due to the effects that occur in the engine, like wearing of the rubber parts, obstruction of the filters and leaks in the seals, particularly at low temperatures (Gómez et al., 2019).

Biofuels manufacture depends largely on the national availability of energy crops. In Malaysia it is produced from palm oil and in the United States, soybean oil is the most used biofuel. In the European Union, rapeseed and sunflower oil are the most utilized, while in Canada, it is canola oil (Britton et al., 2017). The United States is recognized as the main biofuel producer in the world along with Brazil (Rosas et al., 2018). The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, for its acronym in English, 2017), reports that it is expected by 2023 that the consumption of biodiesel will reach 40 million liters. European countries, some from South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile) and the United States are immersed in the production of biodiesel (Vargas, 2018).The European Union implemented the use of 2% biodiesel in a mixture with diesel in 2005. Subsequently, in 2010, it increases to 5.57% and an increase of 20% is expected by 2020 as a policy of caring for the environment (Cuty & Mejía, 2019). The United States, for its part, implemented a mandate in 2003 to use 5.75% in the transportation sector in 2010. It was modified to increase to 10% in 2020. Colombia approved, in 2001, the Law 693 "Uses of Fuel Alcohols" and since 2005 has presented compulsory mandates of 10% in mixtures, both for bioethanol and biodiesel. In 2008, guidelines were announced to promote strategies for the sustainable production of biofuels. Mexico, with the enactment of the Law for the Promotion and Development of Bioenergetics (LPDB) in 2008, begins its path in the implementation of laws in favor of biofuels (Montero et al., 2016).

In the case of Cuba, fossil fuel reserves barely cover half of the annual needs. The deepening of the development of renewable energies is of vital importance to avoid the constant economic blockade that the island undergoes. The project "Development of a technology for the production of biodiesel from lignocellulose agroindustrial waste" is a future alternative for the country's energy matrix. The strategy to be applied in Cuba must be based on the use of biomass generated in existing agro-industrial processes. The biorefinery is proposed, which aims to develop a variety of raw materials that serve as a starting point for the synthesis of numerous derivative products that have enormous economic potential (Alcalá et al., 2018).

Since 2008, through the international project "Clean energy technologies in rural areas of Cuba" directed by the Pastures and Forages Experimental Station - "Indio Hatuey", Jatropha curcas has been cultivated to obtain biodiesel. Its objective is to reduce GHG in Cuba by stimulating the transfer and adoption of bioenergy technologies (Tobío et al., 2018).

Use of Biodiesel in Internal Combustion Engines

In recent years, the number of investigations regarding the obtaining of biodiesel from inedible oilseed plants has increased, where species of easy growth and high oil yields are selected (Guevara et al., 2016). To use them, the physicochemical characteristics of the seed must be analyzed, due to the importance of knowing the composition of fatty acids of different ecotypes to select plants with a high percentage of oleic and linoleic acid. It is necessary to point out that the indicators of iodine index, peroxide index and acidity of the oil, have an impact on the properties of the biofuel (Lizarde et al., 2015).

Obtaining oil is not the final process in the biodiesel production chain because the high viscosity of vegetable oils impedes their efficient use in engines. Four techniques are used to reduce their viscosity: dissolution, microemulsification, pyrolysis and transesterification. The latter is the most used in obtaining biodiesel (García et al., 2018).

Transesterification can occur by three different catalytic pathways: homogeneous, heterogeneous, and supercritical, and it is carried out through the use of catalysts. A molecule of a triglyceride reacts with three molecules of methanol or ethanol, to produce three molecules of monoesters and one of glycerol (Morales, 2017). Before this process, an esterification is required Rodríguez et al. (2018), generally using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, and subsequently, a neutralization with sodium carbonate is carried out. The derived biodiesel has other components such as glycerol, water and alcohols. For this reason, purification is required in various equipment, with the use of external agents or energy. The obtaining process described above constitutes the homogeneous catalysis process (Gómez et al., 2019).

Biodiesel can be used in MCI due to its similarities to diesel. The main characteristics to take into account are viscosity and density. According to García et al. (2018), viscosity has a direct influence on the fuel injection and atomization process. The increase in its value causes, in principle, greater mechanical stress on the components of the feeding system. There is a decrease in atomization performance and a decrease in the angle of the cone formed by the jet of injected fuel. An increase in the speed of the jet as it exits the injector nozzle is also produced, which causes an increase in its penetration. There is always an increase in the density of biodiesel, which causes a decrease in the calorific power compared to diesel and a decrease in power output and torque (Riba et al., 2010).

Amaris et al. (2015) reported that when using biodiesel there is a 15% power loss and an increase in specific consumption, due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel compared to traditional fuel. When using B20 mixtures (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) or higher concentrations, the losses of this parameter can be appreciated. At a lower percentage of biodiesel, the operation of the engine is similar to that of pure diesel with minimal losses. Arboleda (2018) agrees that there is a loss of power, although their results were obtained with B10 (10% biodiesel +90 diesel). The experiment was carried out by varying the revolutions from 1,400 rpm to 3,500 rpm. Losses of power and torque when reaching 3,500 represent 1.21%; on the other hand, the performance from 1700 rpm to 3200 rpm surpasses the diesel data by 2%. Fuel consumption increases when using biofuel.

Amaris et al. (2015) stated that the use of biodiesel allows better lubrication which reduces the amount of metal and carbon particles in the oil. That makes it possible to increase the useful life of the engine. Those manufactured in 1994 or earlier have certain types of elastomers and natural rubber compounds in hoses and fuel pump sealing systems which tend to degrade and soften when using biodiesel. At present, Cuba owns tractors mainly from the former USSR (Suárez & Ríos, 2019). Many of them would require the replacement of these pipes by elastomers more compatible with biodiesel. When studying the tensile strength, elongation and hardness of some elastomers, Amaris et al. (2015) recommends the use of Teflon and Viton A 401C, Viton GFLT.

The European Biodiesel Commission states that its use allows the reduction between 65% and 95% of carbon dioxide emissions compared to petrodiesel. The reduction of emissions of fine particles and pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides is pointed out (Alcalá et al., 2018).

Use of Biodiesel Obtained from Jatrofha curcas

Among the most studied plants in the production of biodiesel is the Jatrofha curcas, known for growing in tropical and semi-tropical climates. It can reach heights of 1 to 8 m in sandy soils and has high resistance to drought (Avila et al., 2018). It has great potential in the production of biodiesel due to its oil content (30% to 40%), whose chemical composition is close to 21% saturated fatty acids and 77% unsaturated (Guevara et al., 2016).

Jatrofha curcas is found throughout the island of Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, although its greatest concentration is in the eastern provinces. It has as additional advantages that it is used as living fences and for the production of handmade soaps and glycerin. It is characterized by its rapid growth and by the oil content in the seeds; in addition, it allows sowing with intercropping without affecting its yield. In Brazil, yields of 2.3 t / ha have been reported in arid conditions and without irrigation, while with good water availability approximately 5 t / ha can be obtained (Noda & Martín, 2018).

In the province of Santiago de Cuba, there is a pilot plant for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas. To obtain it, the beneficiation, extraction, filtering, degumming and neutralization scheme was defined. Shelling and pressing generate 528 liters of oil daily. This is converted into biodiesel through a transesterification process with a BD JET 400 reactor. A volume of400 L of biodiesel is produced per day in an eight-hour period, using anhydrous ethanol and potassium hydroxide as catalysts. As a result, 105 600 L of biodiesel and 13.5 t of glycerol are obtained annually (Suárez & Ríos, 2019)

It must be taken into account that the biodiesel used is obtained through transesterification. This is synthesized with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids present in Jatropha curcas. It leads to being more susceptible to oxidation, due to modifications in the cetane number, flash point and lubrication characteristics. Over the years, modifications have been made to the design of engines, and emissions and fuel consumption have been significantly reduced. However, it is difficult to obtain the required emission standards solely through engine design. One of the options to obtain greater durability, improvements in the indicators and lower emissions is the use of antioxidant additives (Rocha et al., 2019).

Piloto et al. (2018) reports the viscosity and density of the Jatropha curcas biodiesel produced in Cuba (Table 1). The biodiesel analyzed is within the range established by the standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214). In them it is stated that the dynamic viscosity should be < 6 mPa-s, while the density between 860 and 900 kg / m3. It also meets the kinematic viscosity standard (ASTM D 6751-07, 2009).

TABLE 1 Viscosity and density values for fuels (Piloto, 2018

Fuel Dynamic viscosity n (mPa·s) a 40°C Density (kg/m 3 ) a 15°C
Diesel 4-5 850,5
Biodiesel 6 870,1

Piloto et al. (2013) used a Lister Petter single cylinder engine to evaluate blends B0 (pure diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel and 90% diesel) and B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) of biodiesel extracted from Jatropha curcas. The author found that, with the increase of the biodiesel content in the mixture, the specific fuel consumption increased. In addition, a decrease in effective torque is obtained as the percentage of oil increases, which can be caused by the lower caloric power of biodiesel. Regarding power, it showed a similar behavior to effective torque, probably due to the fact that their relationship is directly proportional.

In turn, Rodríguez et al. (2018) found that specific and hourly consumptions increase with increasing effective power and revolutions per minute. It should be noted that the experiment is carried out with mixtures of B0 and B100. This shows that pure diesel has better specific and hourly consumption performance, which coincides with the results shown by Piloto et al. (2013)

On the other hand, Tobío et al. (2018) evaluated different mixtures of biodiesel extracted from Jatropha curcas in banks of diesel engines, for their later use in agricultural transportation in Cuba. First, he studied a Lister Petter engine of two cylinders with direct injection and 1 800 rpm of rotation frequency, formed by an electric motor-generator joint. The mixtures used were B0, B5, B10, B15, B20. In this study, a constant frequency of 1800 rpm was used and the load was varied (1.5, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 kW). In contrast to what was found by Piloto et al. (2013), in this research, the mixtures did not show significant differences in specific fuel consumption. Tobio (2018), also evaluated a single cylinder Lister Petter direct injection engine of 0.659 L cylinder capacity and water cooling. The load was kept at 78 Nm and the rotation frequency was varied between 1,300 and 1,700 rpm. The tests were carried out with B100 fuel and pure diesel. A slight increase in maximum pressure in the combustion chamber was observed when using B100. This is possibly due to a higher speed in the combustion process and a slight increase in its efficiency. In addition, it should be noted that as biodiesel contains a higher cetane number than diesel, the ignition delay time is shortened, which provokes the earliest start of combustion Piloto et al. (2018). Injection pressure, in the case of biodiesel, increases due to its lower compressibility and faster spread of the fluid through the injector, because the viscosity enables the reduction of leakage in the injection system, by generating greater pressure.

In agriculture, when carrying out different activities, engine consumption varies due to the particularities of each one. Their behavior for transportation and agricultural activities is not the same. This is because the power required for the different aggregates differs for each activity. If at higher concentrations of biodiesel, the power decreases, new additives must be sought which, when combined with the mixture, help to counteract the decrease in calorific value. Modifications can also be made, such as varying the injection advance angle into the engine.

Analysis of GHGs Expelled in Combustion

Global warming is one of the most worrying environmental problems today. The use of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of its origin. The combustion carried out by ICMs expels a large amount of GHG into the environment. This is due to the fact that biodiesel contains between 12 and 18 carbon molecules and diesel can reach up to 20 (Dinza et al., 2019). The use of biodiesel as a fuel or additive in engines reduces CO2 emissions and diesel consumption. Hackenberg (2008) states that, by using pure biodiesel, the CO2 emissions are reduced by 75% and, by using a mixture with 20% of biodiesel, it is possible to reduce it by 15%. The research by Gaitán et al. (2014) reflects that, by increasing the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture, carbon monoxide is reduced. The YD25DDTi four-stroke engine was used, which implies that the highest efficiency is between 1,500-2,500 rpm. For this reason, it is accepted to use the data obtained at 2 000 rpm where a reduction of 71.48% is shown. In addition, an increase in nitrogen oxides is observed, although when comparing pure biodiesel with diesel, a reduction of 9.5ppm is obtained; because, although NO increases, NO2 decreases. These authors concluded that, although biodiesel increases NOX production, it is not significant compared to the generation of nitrogen oxide from diesel.

Rocha et al. (2019) conducted an experiment related to opacity in diesel engines when using biodiesel. Two vans were used, the first MBT-50 that used blends of B0, B10, B20, B10A and B20A (80% diesel and 20% biodiesel + additive). In this study, opacity of 20% was evidenced in the B10 mixture and 8.8% in that of B20. The latter is the one that reduces this indicator the least with respect to diesel. As for the second van, model GW Wingle, with B20 mix, it is reduced 38% and with B10 the reduction is 34%. This reflects that, for opacity results, when using biodiesel, there is a trend towards improvement.

Piloto et al. (2018) carried out an investigation with a single cylinder Lister Petter direct injection engine and mixtures of B0, B5, B10, B15, B20, at 1 800 rpm varying the load (1.5; 2.5; 3.75; 5 kW ). The fuel used was Cuban biodiesel with the viscosity and density characteristics described in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the% of CO2 that is emitted into the atmosphere under these conditions. It can be seen that, increasing the concentration of biodiesel, decreases the amount of CO2. Furthermore, as the load increases, the% that is ejected is much lower.

By carrying out an exhaustive analysis, it can be determined that the mixture with 20% and a load of 1.25 kW results in a CO2 reduction of 46%, while when using loads of 5 kW the reduction is 52%. It can be seen that, as the engine load increases, the CO2 reduction increases. This may be because the oxygen input to the mix is higher. When it is compared with Hackenberg (2008), it can be deduced that when using biodiesel from Jatrofha curcas, the amount of CO2 that is no longer emitted into the atmosphere is significant.

FIGURE 1 CO2 emissions at 1 800 rpm and with load variations (Piloto, 2018). 

Jácome (2018)performs a comparative analysis of the soot emissions of an ISUZU 4 JB1 2.8 diesel engine when using biodiesel B10 and Premium diesel. This author performs 5 tests with a rotation speed of 720 rpm, up to 3,000 rpm, leaving it in slow motion for 15 min in order to maintain an ideal working temperature that must exceed 87 ° C. The presence of soot is evidenced by fuel consumption; therefore, an analysis is carried out to know its behavior. A lower consumption is reached when using B10 in an engine working time of 30 min. The measurement is made with the number of hours of work, paper weight in grams, total weight and charcoal weight in grams. The results of this study showed a higher degree of combustion with the use of B10 biodiesel, which benefits the environment with less smoke emission that is produced by unburned HC.

Likewise, Chávez (2018) studied the variation of exhaust gases produced by using Premium diesel and B5 castor biodiesel. The truck used features a Mazda BT 50 CRDi inline 4-cylinder engine. The measurements were made at different heights in the towns of Lita-Imbabura (617 m.a.s.l..), Ambuquí-Imbabura (1677 m.a.s.l.), Ibarra-Imbabura (2207 m.a.s.l.) and Tulcán-Carchi (2953 m.a.s.l.). In 3 hours of work, 10L of Premium diesel and 10 L of biodiesel were used, distributed in the four heights. To warm up the engine, 15 min were required, while for the acquisition of CO, CO2 and NOx emissions, 30 min were used. The altitude from 617 to 2 953 m.a.s.l. is compared with the Mexican regulations and the CO reduction of 89.81% and 90.94% was obtained for diesel and biodiesel, respectively. For its part, CO2 showed a decrease of 55.99% for diesel and 57.70% for B5. In the case of NO2, a decrease of 83.80% for diesel and 85.33% for biodiesel, were observed, complying the international standard NOM-167-SEMARNAT-2017. Biodiesel B5 allows emissions reduction compared to fossil fuel.

In all the previous investigations there is evidence of GHG reduction. The use of biodiesel in mixtures of B20 or lower concentrations is feasible both in the internal operation of the engine and in the environment. Therefore, it can be said that the use of biodiesel is a viable option for the partial replacement of diesel. It is confirmed that biofuels can be part of the solutions for depletion of fossil fuels. The biodiesel produced from Jatrofha curcas reduces GHGs by 2.1 tons of CO2, which represents 70% of the emissions released per ton of diesel. At the same time, a Jatropha curcas tree captures 2.5 t of CO2 / ha and releases about 9 kg of O2 / tree (Tobío et al., 2018)

Perspectives at the Institute of Animal Science

Cuba has a total of 6,300,200 hectares of agricultural land. Of them, 2,765,200 ha are cultivated, according to a report by the National Office of Statistics and Information of Cuba (ONEI-Cuba, 2019). Non-cultivated areas can be used for planting crops that are not food resources and do not need agrotechnical care for their growth. This would encourage greater use of renewable energies, would contribute to the decrease of soil erosion and the release of carbon. In this way, there would be no competition with human or animal food. The Institute of Animal Science (ICA) is internationally known for its contributions to animal nutrition and the development of Cuban livestock. It is located in Havana-Matanzas plain, in San José de las Lajas Municipality, Mayabeque Province, Cuba. It has 1 200 ha of total area, which has the research facilities as well as the feed factory, the slaughterhouse and the poultry, pig and cattle units. To achieve the expected results, agricultural activities play a leading role. Sowing, harvesting, forage cutting, water transport are some of them. Figure 2 shows the behavior of diesel fuel allocation for the institute since 2014. Its considerable reduction since 2016 was caused by the restrictions of the blockade imposed on Cuba.

FIGURE 2 Annual behavior of the diesel fuel allocation in the ICA. 

If the average diesel consumption of the institution in the last 6 years is calculated and the results studied above were applied with a mixture of B20, it would represent a saving of 55,206.42 L of diesel. These could be used for tasks that have had to be stopped or reduced due to lack of fuel. It would be a significant contribution to the strategy of the Energy Plan for 2030 whose tasks are to achieve energy self-sufficiency and reduce imports as well as dependence on fossil fuels (Berenguer et al., 2017).

Due to the reduction of fuel, the activities required for the efficient operation of agricultural production were affected.

If 10 ha were allocated within the ICA areas to sow Jatrofha curcas for the production of biodiesel, it would contribute to the reduction of diesel consumption and would avoid GHG emissions to a high degree, in addition to capturing 25 t of CO2 and releasing 22,500 t of O2 per tree planted. At the institute, species such as Pennisetum purpureum and Moringa oleifera have been studied with great potential for the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively. The latter is a plant that grows in different soils and in dry conditions with good yields. The oil obtained has a high percentage of oleic acid, close to 70%, much higher than other species evaluated in Cuba. Various results have been reported in the synthesis of biodiesel from this plant (Alcalá et al., 2018). A feasible solution for the ICA could be the production of biodiesel from Moringa oleifera to counteract the lack of fuel in the institution. In the case of Pennisetum purpureum, ethanol yield reaches 466.91 (L / t DM) due to its high concentrations of cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a fuel that can be mixed with gasoline for later use in the transportation of the center (Cardona et al., 2012).

CONCLUSIONS

Biodiesel production is a favorable alternative for reducing fossil fuel imports, which depends on the availability of energy crops in each country. In Cuba, it is proposed to obtain it from Jatropha curcas, therefore, several investigations have been carried out. It can be used in engines due to the similarity to diesel in its characteristics viscosity and density. Mixtures of less than 20% are recommended for their high environmental impact and the proper performance of the ICM parameters. Its application in agriculture, as the case of ICA is, would contribute to the 2030 Energy Plan, from the sowing of other sources such as Pennisetum purpureum and Moringa oleifera. Its use in this branch would lead to an increase in agricultural work, making it a feasible economic and environmental solution.

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Received: July 08, 2020; Accepted: December 04, 2020

*Author for correspondence: Saray Díaz-Barrios, e-mail: sdiaz@ica.co.cu

Saray Díaz-Barrios, Inv., Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, e-mail: sdiaz@ica.co.cu

Osney G. Pérez-Acosta, Inv., Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, e-mail: operez@ica.co.cu

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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