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Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science

Print version ISSN 0864-0408On-line version ISSN 2079-3480

Cuban J. Agric. Sci. vol.53 no.1 Mayabeque Jan.-Mar. 2019  Epub Feb 17, 2019

 

Animal science

Productive performance of grazing lambs supplemented with fermented coffee pulp

L.A. Aguirre1  * 

D. Gutiérrez2 

Zoraya Rodríguez2 

D. Chuquirima3 

R. Abad1 

1Universidad Nacional de Loja, La Argelia, Casilla letra S, Loja, Ecuador

2Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Cuba Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba

3Universidad Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú

Abstract

To study the productive performance of grazing lambs, supplemented with fermented coffee pulp, an experiment was carried out for 90 d. Twenty creole entire lambs were used, with initial live weight of 20.34 ± 1.64 kg (9.56 ± 0.58 kg LW0.75), between 5-6 months of age, divided into two groups, according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of: T1) without supplementation (control) and T2) with supplement (fermented coffee pulp, sugarcane, corn, soybean, alfalfa meal and mineral salts). Both groups had free access to grazing for 8 h daily. The supplement was offered at a rate of 11 g kg LW-1, on dry basis, on a single occasion (4:00 pm) during the enclosure. The results showed higher average daily weight gain (74.11 g d-1, P <0.0001), hot carcass yield (47 %, P = 0.0033), dry matter intake (89.01 g kg LW0.75, P <0.0001) and food conversion (12.9, P <0.0001) in treatment two. It was observed that the average daily gain is related to dry matter intake (r = 0.90, P <0.0001), energy intake (r = 0.90, P <0.0001) and protein intake (r = 0.94, P <0.0001). Therefore, the the yield of hot carcass is determined by the dry matter intake and the total weight gain (R2 = 0.69, P = 0.0162). It is concluded that the use of supplement with 30 % of fermented coffee pulp improves the productive performance of grazing creole lambs, so it can be an interesting alternative for these production systems, especially during the dry season, where there is a marked forage shortage.

Key words: creole sheep; grazing; supplement; daily average gain; carcass yield

Introduction

The feeding of sheep in a general way is done on grazing of native or introduced species. However, the availability and quality of the biomass fluctuates during the year, influenced by variations in precipitations (Ku-Vera et al. 2013). During the dry season, grasses are more fibrous and poor in protein, have low digestibility and energy content, which reduces the dry matter intake. The animals cannot cover their requirements and weight loss occurs, which delays the slaughter (Ku-Vera et al. 2014). Under these conditions, the use of supplements made with agro-industrial wastes available in the region can be an alternative to improve the sheep feeding during the dry season (Aguirre et al. 2016).

Several authors (Brahaman and Bressani 1978 and Ramírez 1999) report that during the humid benefit of coffee (Coffea arabica) large volumes of pulp are generated. According to studies developed by Noriega et al. (2009), Munguía (2015) and Pinto et al. (2017), the chemical composition of the fresh coffee pulp oscillates for the dry matter (20 - 25 %), crude protein (8 - 12 %), crude fiber (20 - 25 %) and ashes (9 - 11 %). However, it has high fiber content and anti-nutritional substances that limit the intake, so it is not recommended to use it as a single diet in animals (Noriega et al. 2009). Although several authors (Ferreira et al. 2001 and Munguía 2015) affirm that the inclusion of lower levels than 20 % in the ration of lambs during the growth-fattening stage, does not affect their productive parameters. The solid state fermentation (SSF) is an alternative to reduce these limitations and obtain an improved food (Durand et al. 1993 and Rodríguez 2004), which allows higher inclusion levels in the diet.

The Loja province ranks second nationally in coffee production (COFENAC 2013), so that appreciable quantities of pulp are available. At the same time, sheep livestock represents an important item in the economy of small and medium farmers, with a population of 13 640 animals (INEC 2016). For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of grazing creole lambs, supplemented with an elaborated ration based on fermented coffee pulp.

Materials and Methods

Location. The experiment was performed in the experimental farm "Punzara" from the National University of Loja, located south west of Loja city, republic of Ecuador, at an altitude of 2160 m o. s. l, average temperature of 16.2 ºC, average annual precipitation of 1338 mm and relative humidity of 76 % (INAMHI, 2014).

Treatments and experimental design. Two treatments were evaluated: T1) without supplementation (control) and T2) with supplement, with 20 creole entire lambs, between 5-6 months of age and initial live weight of 20.34 ± 1.64 kg (9.56 ± 0.58 kg LW0.75), distributed in two groups, according to a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 90 d. During this period, the animals remained free grazing (8 hours d-1); while the supplement was offered at a rate of 11 g kg LW-1 on a dry basis, during enclosure and only once (4:00 p.m.). Prior to the beginning of the experiment, the animals were dewormed (0.5 mL of ivermectin) and vitaminized (1 mL of Vit.AD3E). Then they were subjected to an adaptation period of 15 d. The animals had water and mineral salts ad libitum.

Obtaining of the fermented pulp and supplement. Through the SSF process during 72 h, according to the methodology described by Elías and Lezcano (1990), with the addition of whey, urea and mineral salts, the fermented product was obtained. After milling, sugarcane, corn, soybeans, alfalfa meal and mineral salts were included in the supplement, in the proportions explained in table 1.

Table 1 Composition of the supplement with 30 % fermented coffee pulp 

The analysis of the bromatological composition of the grass and supplement was made in the bromatology laboratory from the National University of Loja, with three samples in duplicate of each food. The results are detailed in table 2.

Table 2 Bromatological composition of the grass and supplement 

Measuring variables. The average daily gain was determined by dividing the total weight gain between the total days of the experiment. The hot carcass weight was measured with MINI CRANE SCALE electronic scale (model: OCS-L, precision 0.1 kg) and the carcass yield was calculated by dividing the carcass weight between the live weight at the end of fattening stage. The grass intake was estimated by differences between the offer and rejection of the entry and exit of the animals from the paddock, in correspondence with the time of stay and occupation; the availability of grass was estimated according to the methodology of double comparative sampling proposed by Haydock and Shaw (1975), with 30 observations in each paddock. The supplement intake was determined by differences between the offer and rejection at the feeder.

Animals slaughter. At the end of the experimental period, at the facilities of Camal Frigorífico de Loja (CAFRILOSA), five animals were slaughtered by group (with a fast of 12 h) by behead and skinning, cutting at the metacarpal , metatarsal and occipitotloid joints, then to extract all the viscera.

Statistical analysis. The analysis of variance of each of the indicators under study was carried out. In addition, correlation and regression analyzes were performed between average daily weight gain (ADG) and energy and protein intake, hot carcass yield (HCY) and total weight gain. The data were processed using the statistical program Insfostat (Di Rienzo et al. 2012).

Results and Discussion

The supplementation with a ration based on fermented coffee pulp generated higher final weight (P =0.0002) (table 3), with a difference of 3.27 kg with respect to the control. This allowed reaching a higher total increase (P <0.0001) at the end of the experiment. This result is similar to the 6.51, 6.85 and 6.53 kg reported by Gutiérrez et al. (2014) in Pelibuey lambs, fed with integral mixtures of Cenchrus purpureus, increasing levels of sugar cane (20, 60 and 80%) and poultry manure (5 g kg LW-1).

Table 3 Productive indicators of grazing lambs supplemented with fermented coffee pulp 

TWG. total weight gain, ADG. average daily gain, HCW: hot carcass weight , HCY: hot carcass yield.

The ADG was higher (P <0.0001) in treatment two (with supplement), with an average value higher than 62 g d-1, reported by Hernández-Montiel et al. (2016), in Pelibuey lambs, supplemented with meal of Canavalia ensiformis seed, and at 68, 59 and 63 g-1, reached by Mireles et al. (2015) in the fattening of grazing Pelibuey sheep, supplemented with 0, 10 and 30 % milled pod of Acacia cochliacantha. However, they were lower than 100 g d-1, reported by Cifuentes and Gonzáles (2013) in creole lambs grazing Pennisetum clandestinun, with the addition of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) levels. Likewise, they were below 103 g d-1, informed by Faustino-Lázaro et al. (2016) in Pelibuey ewes, with different levels of fresh lemon pulp as substitute for sorghum grain.

The ADG response of the supplemented animals could be explained by a better nutritional balance, favored by the supplement's energy and protein contribution. This could have improved the environment and ruminal activity which, in turn, favored higher synthesis of microbial protein and with it, higher availability of amino acids in the blood circulation, essential for the protein synthesis at the level of muscle tissue. This criterion coincides with what was pointed out by Mount et al. (2009) and Gonsalves et al. (2017). Likewise, it could be stated that these results are related to the energy contribution (9.16 Mj kg DM-1) and crude protein of the supplement (16.29 %), dry matter intake and the requirements recommended by the NRC (2007) for lambs of moderate growth (100 g d-1).

The nitrogen supplementation has two possible effects on the ruminal ecosystem. First, it satisfies the requirements of nitrogen, amino acids and carbon chains of the rumen microorganisms, which leads to an efficient fermentation of the substrate for the production of energy and microbial protein, and secondly, it can satisfy host protein requirements, either by increasing the amount of microbial protein produced or by the one that escapes to degradation in the rumen (Elías 2000 and Marshall et al. 2002).

It is pointed out that, in grazing production systems, forages provide more than three quarters of the digestible energy. However, when they are of low quality (less than 7 % CP), the ingestion of protein and energy may be insufficient to obtain acceptable production levels (Rivas et al. 2017). In this study, the protein content of the grass did not exceed 7 %, which may explain the poor response of the control group. Several authors (Mahgoub et al. 2000 and Reyes 2006) point out that in grazing systems there is higher energy expenditure, due to the mobilization of animals in the paddock, which could also affect the DGM.

Tedeschi et al. (2010) state that the intake of energy and protein is a limiting factor for the growth and development of the animal organism, which can be corroborated with the high correlation degree between ADG and dry matter intake (r = 0.90, P <0.0001); ADG and energy intake (r = 0.90, P <0.0001); and ADG and protein intake(r = 0.94, P <0.0001). It could be assumed that the intake of protein and energy, recorded in treatment two, benefited the food intake as the productive performance of lambs.

The carcass yield is very useful because it indicates the proportion of live weight that can be marketed as final product (meat, fat and bone) (López-Velásquez et al. 2016). In this study, the HCY was higher (P = 0.0033) in treatment two, with an average value very close to 47.86, 46.77, 48.47 and 46.48 %, reported by Gómez-Gurrola et al. (2017) in hair lambs, fed with different proportions of Tithonia diversifolia and Pennisetum spp, but it was highest than the 45 % found by Jacques et al. (2011) in Dorset lambs, fed with concentrate. The differences reached in this study were benefited by the voluntary ingestion of dry matter and the total weight gain at the end of the period, as shown by the results of the multiple regression (HCY % = 39.8621 + 0.0088 DMI - 0.19638 TWG; R2 = 0.69 P = 0.0162). In this study it was also found that the HCY is positively and significantly related to the final slaughter weight (r = 93.55, P <0.0001). This effect was also reported by Magaña-Monforte et al. (2015) in the Katahdín lambs, and in the Katahdín- Dorper and Katahdín-Pelibuey crossbreeding, but with slightly higher values (49.8, 49.1 and 49.8). Likewise is also referred to by Hernández-Montiel et al. (2016) in Pelibuey lambs, supplemented with meal of Canavalia ensiformis seed, fermented and unfermented, with values between 44.2 and 47.4 %.

Several authors (Macías-Cruz et al. 2010 and Gómez-Gurrola et al. 2017) assure that the differences in the performance and characteristics of the carcass can be attributed to several factors, such as the breed group, sex, feeding system, energy density in the diet and weight at slaughter. On the other hand, Lloyd et al. (1980) stated that the carcass yield depends mainly on two factors: the gastrointestinal content and the type of completion, and can vary from 40 to 53 %. The results achieved in this study are in these ranges.

Supplement supply led to higher voluntary intake of forage in group two, (table 4), with a daily record higher than 710, 711 and 724 g d-1, reported by López (2018) in Pelibuey lambs, fed with integral diets of corn wastes and the addition of different Fibrozyme® levels. However, it was lower at 796, 775 and 1,096 g d-1 showed by Hernández-Montiel et al. (2016) in Pelibuey lambs, supplemented with meal of Canavalia ensiformis seed, fermented and unfermented. It was also lower at 909, 911 and 1026 g d-1 referred by Faustino-Lázaro et al. (2016) in Pelibuey ewes with different levels of fresh lemon pulp as a substitute for sorghum grain. In the same way, the dry matter intake expressed as a percentage of live weight was higher (P <0.0001) in the supplemented animals. This result differs from 3.04, 3.44, 3.65 and 3.47 %, reported by Oliveira et al. (2016) in lambs fed diets with 50 % forage and 50 % concentrate, with different inclusion levels of dry brewery wastes replacing corn meal.

Table 4 Indicators of intake and food efficiency of grazing lambs supplemented with fermented coffee pulp 

DMI: dry matter intake, MEI: metabolizable energy intake, CPI: crude protein intake, FC:

food conversion.

The dry matter intake, expressed per unit of metabolic weight (g/kg LW0.75) was higher (P <0.0001) in the supplemented animals. These results were similar to those reported by Gutiérrez et al. (2015) in lambs fed an integral mixture of Moringa oleifera, Cenchrus purpureus and NNP. But they are higher to 71.89, 80.42, 85.43, 81.32 g/kg LW0.75, reported by Oliveira et al. (2016) in lambs fed diets with 50 % forage and 50 % concentrate, with different inclusion levels of dry brewery wastes replacing corn meal. They were also higher at 70.25 g/kg LW0.75 reached by Gutiérrez et al. (2014) during the fattening of Pelibuey lambs, fed with an integral mixture of sugar cane: Cenchrus purpureus cv CT-169 and poultry manure (5 g/kg LW-1) as a source of NNP.

The difference in the DM intake can be attributed to a higher passage rate in animals from group two, as a consequence of the higher digestibility degree of the fibrous components of the diet, as a consequence of the higher activity of the cellulolytic microorganisms, favored by a better ruminal environment, which is the result of the energy: protein balance provided by the supplement. Galindo et al. (2003) also share this criterion. In addition, it is known that when fed with forage of medium and low quality, protein supplementation improves the dry matter intake, because it increases the amount of ammonia in the rumen, which is used by the cellulolytic bacteria, which favors the degradation of the fibrous components (cellulose and hemicellulose) of the grass (NRC 2007)

The daily energy intake was higher (P <0.0001) in treatment two. However, it showed an average value lower than 9.2, 8.8 and 13.0 Mj d-1, registered by Hernández-Montiel et al. (2016) in Pelibuey lambs, supplemented with meal of Canavalia ensiformis seed, fermented and unfermented. And it was also lower at 10.8 Mj d-1, referred by Oliveira et al. (2016) in lambs fed diets with 50 % forage and 50 % concentrate, with different inclusion levels of dry brewery wastes replacing corn meal.

The protein intake was also higher (P <0.0001) in group two, although with an average value lower than 129, 132 and 206 g d-1, reported by Hernández-Montiel et al. (2016) in Pelibuey lambs, supplemented with meal of Canavalia ensiformis seed, fermented and unfermented. It was lower than the 280 g d-1 reported by Oliveira et al. (2016) in lambs fed diets with 50 % forage and 50 % concentrate, with different inclusion levels of dry brewery replacing corn meal.

The differences in energy and protein intake are due to lower dry matter intake. However, these values coincide with the requirements recommended by NRC (2007) for lambs of moderate growth.

Finally, there was higher food efficiency (P <0.0001) in the group of animals with supplement, with a mean value (12.93) similar to the results achieved by Aguirre et al. (2010), of 13.54, 11.57 and 12.68 in feeding systems with sugar cane and transformed products of the industry. These values were also similar to the average value of 13.50, obtained by Hernández (2013) during the growth-fattening of Pelibuey lambs in the silvopastoral system of Leucaena leucocephala, associated with star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). However, it was lower to 8.7 and 10.3 reported by Faustino-Lázaro (2016) in Pelibuey ewes, with different levels of fresh lemon pulp replacing sorghum grain. It was also lower than 8.04, 8.27, 8.34 and 7.27, reported by Gómez-Gurrola et al. (2017) in hair lambs fed different proportions of Tithonia diversifolia and Pennisetum spp.

The average value of food conversion fitted to the supplement intake (3.40) was close to that reached by Jacques et al. (2011), when they used commercial concentrate pelletized (17 % CP) and good quality hay (15 % CP), ad libitum. But it was better at 5.36 obtained by Gutiérrez et al. (2014) in Pelibuey lambs, fed with integral mixtures of Cenchrus purpureus, increasing levels of sugar cane (20, 60 and 80%) and poultry manure (5 g kg LW-1).

It is evident that the food conversion of the supplemented group is due to the higher DM intake and weight gain. To this respect, Ceballos (2011) states that the conversion of food into meat depends on the quantity and quality of the food. Being so, diets with a high concentration of energy and protein are more efficient. However, diets with high grains levels and low forage content are associated with digestive disturbances, such as ruminal acidosis that results in lower food efficiency.

Conclusions

The use of a supplement with 30 % of fermented coffee pulp improved the performance of grazing creole lambs during the growth-fattening period, so it can be an interesting alternative for these production systems, especially during the dry season, where there is a marked forage shortage.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to the National University of Loja for the support provided to carry out of the fieldwork, to Dr C. Verena Torres and the biostatistics group from the Instituto de Ciencia Animal, of the Republic of Cuba, for the help in processing and analysis of the results.

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Received: November 23, 2017; Accepted: February 17, 2019

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