SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.54 número1Utilización de residuos agroindustriales para la producción de enzimas por Bacillus subtilis E 44Producción de enzimas lignocelulasas de Trichoderma viride M5-2 en salvado de trigo (Triticum aestivum) y purificación de sus lacasas índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
Home Pagelista alfabética de revistas  

Servicios Personalizados

Articulo

Indicadores

  • No hay articulos citadosCitado por SciELO

Links relacionados

  • No hay articulos similaresSimilares en SciELO

Compartir


Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science

versión On-line ISSN 2079-3480

Cuban J. Agric. Sci. vol.54 no.1 Mayabeque ene.-mar. 2020  Epub 01-Mar-2020

 

ANIMAL SCIENCE

Changes in the in vitro ruminal fermentation dynamics of diets for cattle, based on corn grains and different levels of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, L.) integral silage

C. Solís1  *  , R. Rodríguez2  , Y. Marrero2  , O. Moreira2  , L. Sarduy2  , M.H. Ruiloba3 

1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Panamá, Convenio SENACYT-IFARHU, Panamá

2Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.

3Grupo de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (GRUCITED), Cuba

Abstract

In vitro ruminal fermentation dynamics of isoenergetic (10.9 MJ ME kg-1) and isoproteic (12.1% CP) diets for cattle were determined, with gradual replacement levels of 0.0 (T0, control), 32.4 (T32), 77.6 (T78) and 100.0% (T100) of ground corn grain, on a dry basis, mainly by integral sweet potato silage. Accumulated gas production during the 96 h of in vitro fermentation was analyzed with a mixed generalized linear model. The increases in gas production during the initial stage were 73.0, 80.0, 98.0 and 103.8, in the intermediate stage were 82.0, 75.5, 73.2 and 70.5, and in the final were 50.0, 51.8, 45.2 and 44.8 mL g-1 of incubated organic matter (incOM) for T0, T32, T78 and T100, respectively. In the initial stage, the highest increases of T78 and T100 were attributed to the greater availability of soluble carbohydrates and sugars. In the intermediate period, the increase in T0 was explained by the degradation of protein matrix that surrounds corn starch. In the final stage, the lower increases were related to the limited availability of fermentable substrates and microbial recycling. On average, T78 and T100 showed greater fermentative potential (259.2 mL.g-1 incOM), microbial efficiency rate (0.13), maximum speed (12.4 mL.g-1 incOM h-1) and less time to reach maximum speed (9.90 h). It is concluded that, in in vitro conditions, diets with sweet potato integral silage provided greater nutrient availability for ruminal microorganisms, which favors energy supply for the different metabolic processes in the rumen.

Key words: fermentation; diets; starch; maximum speed; microbial efficiency

Introduction

Concentrates for cattle and other commercial species of zootechnical interest include corn and other cereals as energy sources, which availability and prices compromise their use in many countries, since they compete with human food and, generally, their import is required (Knowles 2012). Starch is the main component of these energy sources in conventional ruminant systems, with levels between 55 and 75% (Egaña 2000 and Huntington et al. 2006).

The use of animals with high productive potential raises feeding and supplementation levels, which requires greater use of energy sources (Meléndez 2003). This situation explains the interest for searching non-traditional sources, with high production potential and lower cost. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of the most cultivated horticultural species, with world production of 176 million t year-1 (FAO 2016).

Sweet potato, as an alternative resource for animal feeding, is emerging as a multipurpose crop, since, in addition to being used for human consumption, it is useful for animal feed (foliage and roots) (Ojeda et al. 2010). It is a versatile crop, since its foliage can be used fresh, silage and hay, while the tuber can be used fresh, silage and dehydrated, in the form of meal (Tique et al. 2009).

Nutritional studies report that ruminal degradability of sweet potato integral silage (tuber and foliage) is from 29.7 to 66.8%, on a dry basis, when incubated between 6 and 72 h, very similar to that of corn silage (Rendón et al. 2013). In addition, sweet potato integral silage has good organoleptic and fermentative characteristics (Sánchez 1996, Quezada 2001 and Solís and Ruiloba 2017), but more information about its use in ruminants is required.

The objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of ruminal in vitro fermentation with isoenergetic and isoproteic diets, mainly composed by corn grains and different inclusion levels of sweet potato integral silage.

Materials and Methods

Silage production and chemical composition of diets. Four isoproteic and isoenergetic diets or treatments were evaluated (table 1), with gradual replacement levels of 0.0 (T0, control), 32.4 (T32), 77.6 (T78) and 100.0% (T100) of ground corn grains, under dry basis, mainly by sweet potato integral silage. For silage preparation, CIP-14 variety of sweet potato was used. It was harvested at 120 d after sowing and it was previously dried to produce an integral mixture with 66.7% of the tuber and 33.3% of dry foliage.

Out of this integral mixture, five plastic microsilos were prepared, approximately 1.0 kg of capacity each, tightly sealed for 45 d. Chemical characterization of each microsilo, as of the other diet ingredients, included dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) (ADAC 2016) and true protein (TP) (Bernstein 1983), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (Goering and van Soest 1970) and ammonia nitrogen (Chaney and Marbach 1962), expressed as a percent of total nitrogen (N-NH3,% TN).

After the analysis of each microsilo, a compound sample was prepared, which was chemically characterized for the evaluation analyzes of diets. Diets were formulated with ground corn grain (Zea mays), swazi (Digitaria swazilandensis) chopped hay, soy bean (Glycine max) meal, African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) meal, urea and mineral salt (table 1). For that, a ME content of 13.4, 7.5 (NRC 1996), 11.72 (NRC 1984), 12.4 (Vargas and Zumbado 2003), 0.0 and 0.0 MJ/kg DM was considered for ground corn grain, swazi (Digitaria swazilandensis) chopped hay, soy bean (Glycine max) meal, African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) meal, urea and mineral salt, respectively. It was assumed that silage energy content was 10.5 DM, MJ kg-1, similar to that reported by Solís (2011) for this type of material.

Table 1 Chemical composition of evaluated experimental diets  

Diet components Substitution level of corn grains in the diet, % dry basis
T0 T32 T78 T100
Ground corn 55.12 37.27 12.36 0.00
Swazi hay 33.52 26.82 9.53 3.40
Soy bean cake 10.05 7.87 10.05 9.97
Sweet potato integral silage 0.00 19.49 59.78 73.21
Oil palm cake 0.00 7.43 7.02 12.26
Mineral salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Urea 0.81 0.65 0.77 0.74
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Chemical composition of the diet
CP (%) 12.08 11.92 12.30 12.20
ME, MJ kg-1 11.00 10.90 10.70 10.70
NDF (%) 39.54 38.60 37.34 33.34
Starch (%)* 37.18 34.34 36.53 34.55

Swasi: Digitaría swazilandensis, Oil palm cake: Elaeis guineensis, *Estimated starch

To study fermentation dynamics, in vitro technique of producing gas in glass bottles, described by Theodorou et al. (1994), was used. An amount of 1.0 g of dry matter (DM) of each treatment was incubated in 100 mL bottles in a culture medium (Menke and Steingass 1988) and inoculum of ruminal microorganisms, in a proportion of 20% of the total incubation volume (80 mL).

Ruminal content of two cannulated cows in rumen, fed ad libitum with grass forage and 2.0 kg of concentrated feed with free access to water and mineral salts, was used as inoculum. Ruminal liquor was collected before offering food in the morning.

The methodology described by Rodríguez et al. (2019) was used to determine gas production. It was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h by means of an HD8804 manometer, coupled to a TP804 pressure gauge (DELTA OHM, Italy). After each measurement, the gas was released until the external and internal pressures of the bottles were equal (pressure measured in Pascal (Pa)). Gas volume was estimated from pressure data, using the pre-established linear regression equation (Rodríguez et al. 2013):

Gas (mL) = (pressure [103 Pa]+4.95)/2.5858), R2= 0.981; (n=132)

Gas volume (mL) was expressed per gram of incubated organic matter (incOM). To estimate gas producton kinetics, single-phase model of Gompertz was used:

Y = A*Exp (-B*Exp(-C*t) )

where:

Y

- gas production at time t (mL g-1 incOM)

A

- potential of gas production (asymptote, when t = ∞; mL g-1 incOM)

B

- gas production relative rate (mL h-1)

C

- constant factor of microbial efficiency (h-1)

t

- incubation time (h)

In addition, the incubation time at which maximum speed (TVmax) of gas production was reached, based on the second derivative of Gompertz model, evaluated at zero (inflection point of this type of sigmoidal model). Maximum gas production rate (Vmax; mL g-1 incOM h-1) was also estimated, by replacing TVmax in the first derivative of the model.

Statistical analysis. To determine accumulated gas production, being a measure repeated in the same experimental unit, the methodology proposed by Gómez et al. (2019) was used. First, it was checked if data met normality assumption for Shapiro-Wilk (Oliveira-Borgatti et al. 2015) test. By not fulfilling this requirement, the generalized linear mixed model was used using Glimmix procedure (SAS 2010). Repetitions (bottles) were considered as random effect. Different distributions were tested on data: Poisson, Gamma, Normal Log and Igauss. The best fit was achieved with Gamma distribution and its link function was Log. For comparison of means, Tukey-Kramer fixed range test (Kramer 1956) was used for P <0.05. In the model, treatments (T0, T32, T78 and T100) were considered as effects with four bottles per treatment and four replicates, as well as incubation times and interaction (treatments x times). Four control bottles (bottles without substrate, to know the contribution of ruminal inoculum gas) were included. To simplify the analysis, incubation time (96 h) was divided into three phases. Initial stage included times 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, intermediate stage was composed 12, 16, 20 and 24, and the final stage had 36, 48, 72 and 96 h.

Results and Discussion

Chemical composition of silage. Sweet potato integral silage showed good organoleptic characteristics: pH (3.5), DM (30.1%), CP (6.0), NDF (20.0,) ADF (17.0) and ammonia nitrogen /% total nitrogen (N-NH3 /% TN) (2.2%). The organoleptic characteristics and acidity were similar to those reported by Solís (2011), who ensiled integral sweet potato, in equal proportion tuber / foliage, using silo press technique.

In vitro ruminal fermentation of diets. In vitro gas production (mL g-1 incOM) showed interaction between treatments and incubation times (P <0.0001) in the three stages in which the fermentation was divided (table 2). Accumulated gas production increased as incubation time increased, but this increase depended on the treatment. Diets based on sweet potato integral silage showed higher accumulated gas volumes compared to the treatment without silage (T0), mainly the levels T78 and T100. There were no differences among these last during the incubation period (P <0.05).

Tabla 2 Accumulated in vitro gas production with the substitution of corn for sweet potato integral silage (mL g-1 incOM)  

Initial stage
Incubation times (h)
Treatments 2 4 6 8 10 SE± and probability
T0

0.72j

(2.05)

2.31g

(10.04)

3.25e

(25.91)

3.90c

(49.37)

4.32b

(75.03)

0.04

P<0.0001

T32

0.80j

(2.21)

2.44g

(11.43)

3.39e

(29.61)

4.01c

(55.20)

4.41b

(82.09)

T78

1.30i

(3.67)

2.74f

(15.48)

3.63d

(37.57)

4.24b

(69.11)

4.62a

(101.98)

T100

1.51h

(4.51)

2.83f

(16.95)

3.69d

(39.89)

4.29b

(73.17)

4.68a

(108.28)

Intermediate stage
Incubation times (h)
Treatments 12 16 20 24 SE± and probability
T0

4.61f

(100.07)

4.88d

(131.97)

5.07c

(159.50)

5.20b

(181.91)

0.02

P<0.0001

T32

4.67e

(106.86)

4.91d

(136.29)

5.08c

(161.36)

5.21b

(182.41)

T78

4.88d

(131.93)

5.09c

(162.29)

5.23b

(186.26)

5.32a

(205.11)

T100

4.92d

(137.24)

5.11c

(166.42)

5.24b

(189.04)

5.33a

(207.29)

Final stage
Incubation times (h)
Treatments 36 48 72 96 SE± and probability
T0

5.35f

(210.74)

5.45e

(231.63)

5.52d

(248.51)

5.56bcd

(260.74)

0.01

P<0.0001

T32

5.36f

(213.24)

5.46e

(234.88)

5.53cd

(252.79)

5.58abc

(265.04)

T78

5.45e

(233.07)

5.53cd

(252.70)

5.59ab

(268.28)

5.63a

(278.93)

T100

5.45e

(232.52)

5.53d

(251.50)

5.59ab

(266.93)

5.63a

(277.30)

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j: Transformed means with different letters differ at p<0.05; ( ): Original means, mL; p: probability value; SE±: standard error of transformed means

From the beginning of fermentation process (initial stage), treatments with sweet potato integral silage showed greater accumulated gas production, performance that remained until the end of this stage. However, there were no differences (P> 0.05) between T0 and T33, as well as between treatments with high levels of silage (T78 and T100). When comparing the accumulated gas production between hour 2 and 10, an increase of 73.0, 80.0, 98.0 and 103.8 mL g-1 incOM was observed for T0, T32, T78 and T100, respectively.

In diets with silage, sugars and carbohydrate complexes of sweet potato that did not fermented during silage process were responsible for this increased fermentative performance. Sweet potato tuber, main component of this silage, contains high sugar levels, between 8.26 and 31.65% (Aliaga and Nieto 2009), and 71.4% of starches (DeBlas et al. 2010). However, in the silage process, microorganisms use approximately 4.0% of sugars (Fernández 1999). This is not the case with starches, which remain as such in the silage (Martínez-Fernández et al. 2014).

In studies including potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), Noguera et al. (2006) also observed that increasing the availability of non-structural carbohydrates with rapid degradation in the diet, increased the final volume of gas production.

During the initial stage of this study, treatments with high corn levels (T0 and T32) had the lowest gas productions, which could be related to their low sugar content (1.0 to 2.0), according to Martínez-Guardia et al. (2016). However, starches were high (72.0%), as described by DeBlas et al. (2016). Being protected by a protein matrix, starch degradation is slower than sugars. Depetris (2013) reported that this protein matrix, that covers corn starch granules, limits starch digestion, prevents microbial colonization and retards the action of amylolytic enzymes.

In this research, estimated starch levels (table 1) of diets were very similar, 36.2% (± 1.27) on average. This supports the approach that lower gas production in treatments with high levels of corn, in the initial fermentation stage, is related to the lower degradability of this carbohydrate.

In the intermediate stage, accumulated gas production increased as silage level and incubation times increased, with higher levels of gas production in high silage treatments. However, increase in gas production between 12 and 24 h decreased as silage level increased in the diet, with values of 82.0, 75.5, 73.2 and 70.5 mL g-1 incOM for T0, T32, T78 and T100 respectively. In relation to the initial stage, gas production increased in the control diet with corn (T0), but decreased in diets with silage. This decrease could be related to the appreciable reduction of sugars and fermentable starches. The highest gas productions in T0 can be attributed to the penetration of amylases in the protein matrix that surrounds and protects corn grain starch, which favored its fermentation, as described by Mendoza and Ricalde (2016) in studies of cattle feeding with diets rich in grains.

The variables under study, in the final fermentation stage, had a similar effect on the accumulated gas production. Gas production, between 36 and 96 h, decreased significantly, with values of 50.0, 51.8, 45.2 and 44.8 mL g-1 incOM for T0, T32, T78 and T100, respectively. This is attributed to the limited availability of fermentable substrates, but also to microbial recycling, especially at the end of fermentation (García 2009). Regarding diets with silage, criteria of LI Jian-nan et al. (2014) should be considered, who stated that silage process decreased in situ ruminal degradability of DM and sweet potato and potato tuber starch. These authors found that, at 24 and 72 h of incubation, 45.5 and 15.0% of sweet potato starch did not experience ruminal degradation.

The sweet potato integral silage treatments contained oil palm cake, cataloged by Rivadeneira (2018) as a medium quality food. In this study, results of in vitro degradation of this ingredient, fermented in parallel, indicated low contribution in gas production (3.75, 3.46, 3.20, 3.13, 2.60 and 2.20 mL h-1 at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively). This indicates that it had no significant effects on the performance of treatments, regarding gas production. All diets contained urea for CP balance. However, authors such as Carnevali et al. (2002) and Velásquez et al. (2013) indicated that urea does not contribute directly to gas production, it only helps to achieve the nitrogen level required for adequate microbial activity.

Table 3 shows kinetic parameters of accumulated gas production, estimated with Gompertz model. Treatments with sweet potato integral silage had a greater potential for accumulated gas production (parameter A), which is related to a greater nutrient availability, which favor microbial growth and, consequently, gas production. This performance is related to the content of available soluble carbohydrates, as well as with the quantity and quality of fiber from diets with silage. Relative rate or mean gas production rate (parameter B) showed very similar values among silage treatments, but with lower values than the treatment with the highest corn level (T0). This can be explained by the highest fermentative activity in the intermediate and final stages of incubation, due to the best availability of fermentable substrates. Microbial synthesis efficiency (parameter C) slightly increased in diets with silage, which indicated higher microbial growth per unit of time, greater substrate degradability and gas production (Rodríguez et al. 2017).

Table 3 Kinetic parameters of in vitro gas accumulated production, according to Gompertz model  

Treatment Parameter A (±SE)(1) Parameter B (±SE) Parameter C(±SE) SE(2) R2 Vmáx TVmáx
T0

244.16

(±1.85)

3.83

(±0.14)

0.10

(±0.003)

12.98 0.98 8.98 13.43
T32

248.01

(±2.11)

3.57

(±0.14)

0.11

(±0.003)

14.67 0.97 10.04 11.57
T78

260.34

(±2.13)

3.63

(±0.15)

0.13

(±0.004)

15.78 0.97 12.45 9.92
T100

258.00

(±2.21)

3.62

(±0.16)

0.13

(±0.004)

16.61 0.97 12.34 9.90

(1)Standard error of the parameter; (2) Standard error of the curve; Parameter A: mL g-1 incOM; Parameter B: mL h-1; Parameter C: h-1; Vmax: mL g-1 incOMh-1; TVmax: mL h-1

The curvilinear performance of gas production speeds is presented in figure 1. Regardless of the treatment, in the first 18 h of incubation, the highest gas production speeds were obtained, mainly in treatments with high silage levels. These performances depended on the availability of fermentable substrates, especially sugars, and easily fermented starches. Practically after 48 h of incubation, the fermentative activity was minimal, which can be related to substrate depletion, but also with microbial recycling (Cone et al. 1997), as a result of the accumulation of intermediate and final products of its metabolism. They act, physically or chemically in the medium, and affect microbial activity.

Figure 1 Performance of gas production speed (mL g-1 incOM h-1) in the time 

It is concluded that diets with the highest levels of sweet potato integral silage achieved higher accumulated gas productions. In the first 18 h of incubation, silage diets showed greater fermentative activity, while in high corn levels, this performance occurred after this time. Diets with this type of silage showed greater nutrient availability for ruminal microorganisms, which favors energy contribution for different metabolic processes in the rumen.

References

Aliaga, P. and Nieto, C. (2009) ‘Contenido de azúcares en raíces reservantes de 106 clones de camote ( Ipomoea batatas ( L .) Lam .) de la colección de germoplasma’, Anales científicos UNALM, 70(2), pp. 1-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/ac.v70i2.493. [ Links ]

Bernstein, J. (1983) Análisis de alimento. Tomo 1. Edited by A. L. Wintra and K. B. Winto. Pueblo y Educacion. [ Links ]

Carnevali, A., Chicco, C. F., Shultz, T. A., Rodríguez, S. and Shultz, E. (2002) ‘Efecto de la suplementación con melaza y urea’, Sitio Argentino de Produccion Animal, pp. 1-5. Available at: http://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/informacion_tecnica/suplementacion_proteica_y_con_nitrogeno_no_proteico/04-efecto_de_suplementacion_con_melaza_y_urea.pdf. [ Links ]

Chaney, A. L. and Marbach, E. P. (1962) ‘Modified Reagents for Determination of Urea and Ammonia’, Clinical Chemistry, 8(2), pp. 130-132. [ Links ]

Cone, J. W., van Gelder, A. H. and Driehuis, F. (1997) ‘Description of gas production profiles with a three-phasic model’, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 66, pp. 31-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01147-9.pdf. [ Links ]

DeBlas, C., García-Rebollar, P. and Mateos, G. G. (2010) Tablas FEDNA de composición y valor nutritivo de alimentos para la fabricación de piensos compuestos (3a edición). Available at: http://www.fundacionfedna.org/ingredientes-para-piensos (Accessed: 6 April 2017). [ Links ]

DeBlas, C., Mateos, G. and García-Rebollar, P. (2016) ‘Maíz nacional (rev. Nov. 2016)’, Tablas FEDNA de valor nutritivo de Forrajes y Subproductos fibrosos húmedos. Available at: http://www.fundacionfedna.org/node/370. [ Links ]

Depetris, G. (2013) ‘Valor nutricional del grano y ensilaje de maíz en la alimentación de bovinos para carne’, in Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria (ANAV). Balcarce , pp. 59-68. Available at: http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/47597/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 13 April 2017). [ Links ]

Egaña, J. I. (2000) ‘Efectos de diferentes procesamientos de los granos de cereales sobre su valor nutritivo para animales rumiantes.’, TecnoVet. Available at: http://www.tecnovet.uchile.cl/index.php/RT/article/viewArticle/5246/5126 (Accessed: 7 April 2017). [ Links ]

FAOSTAT (2016) FAOSTAT. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QC (Accessed: 6 April 2017). [ Links ]

Fernández, A. (1999) ‘El silaje y los procesos fermentativos ¿Qué es el silaje?’, in Silaje de planta entera,. EEA INTA Bordenave, pp. 4-11. Available at: http://www.martinezystaneck.com.ar/upload/publicacion/EL_SILAJE_Y_SUS_PROCESOS_FE.PDF (Accessed: 3 September 2017). [ Links ]

García, A. (2009) Estimación de la digestibilidad in vivo de la materia orgánica de ensilados mediante la técnica de producción de gas: Implicaciones metodológicas. Universidad Pública de Navarra. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224920714 (Accessed: 25 May 2018). [ Links ]

Goering, H. and van Soest, P. (1970) Forage Fiber Analysis. Washington: USDA. [ Links ]

Gómez, S., Torres, V., Medina, Y., Rodríguez, Y., Sardiñas, Y., Herrera, M. and Rodríguez, R. (2019) ‘Application of the linear mixed and generalized mixed model as alternatives for analysis in experiments with repeated measures’, Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 53(1), pp. 7-12. Available at: http://cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/853/878. [ Links ]

Huntington, G. B., Harmon, D. L. and Richards, C. J. (2006) ‘Sites , rates , and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle’, J. Anim. Sci, 84, pp. 14-24. [ Links ]

Knowles, P. (2012) ‘Uso de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y otras fuentes de almidones no convencionales en la alimentación de rumiantes’, Revista Colombiana de. Available at: http://www.iatreia.udea.edu.co/index.php/rccp/article/view/324792 (Accessed: 10 March 2017). [ Links ]

Kramer, C. Y. (1956) Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications. Biometrics. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3001469. [ Links ]

Latimer, G. W. (2016) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 20th edn. Rockville, MD: AOAC International. [ Links ]

LI Jian-nan, Qiu-feng, L., Yan-xia, G., Yu-feng, C., Jian-guo, L. and Yun-qi, L. (2014) ‘Effect of Ensiling on Degradability of Dry Matter and Starch in Rumen about Potato Residues and Sweet Potato Residues .’, China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 41:6, pp. 89-93. Available at: http://en.oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4843.s.20140624.1043.019.html?Links ]

Martínez-Fernández, A., Argamentería, A. and De-La Rosa, B. (2014) Manejo de forrajes para ensilar. Edited by SÉRIDA. Asturias, España: SERIDA. Available at: http://www.serida.org/publicacionesdetalle.php?id=6079. [ Links ]

Martínez-Guardia, M., Palacios, I. and Medina, H. (2016) ‘Composición química del grano de maíz ( Zea mays ) Chococito del Municipio de Quibdó, Colombia’, Revista Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 7:1. doi: https://doi.org/10.22490/issn.2145-6453. [ Links ]

Meléndez, P. (2003) ‘El almidón y su importancia en la nutrición de las vacas lecheras’, 113. Available at: http://milksci.unizar.es/bioquimica/temas/azucares/almidon.html (Accessed: 18 March 2017). [ Links ]

Mendoza, G. and Ricalde, R. (2016) Alimentación de ganado bovino con dietas altas en grano. Segunda Ed. Xochimilco: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Available at: http://www.casadelibrosabiertos.uam.mx/contenido/contenido/Libroelectronico/Bovinos.pdf (Accessed: 13 August 2018). [ Links ]

Menke, K. . and Steingass, H. (1988) ‘Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid’, Animal Research and Development, 28, pp. 7-55. [ Links ]

Noguera, R. R., Bolivar, I. C. and Ramírez, D. M. (2006) ‘Efecto de la inclusión de papa ( Solanum tuberosum) en la cinética de fermentación in vitro del pasto kikuyo ( Pennisetum clandestinum)’, Livestock Research for Rural Development, 18:5 Artic. Available at: http://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd18/5/nogu18062.htm. [ Links ]

NRC (1984) Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Scienses. doi: 10.17226/9791. [ Links ]

NRC (1996) Nutrient requirements of beef cattle . Seventh Re. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Available at: http://nutrition.dld.go.th/nutrition/images/knowledge/beef-cattle.pdf. [ Links ]

Ojeda, Á., Matos, A. A. and Cardozo, A. R. (2010) ‘Composición química, degradabilidad y producción de gas in vitro del follaje de doce cultivares de batata (Ipomoea batatas Lam)’, Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 44(3). Available at: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1930/193015664008.pdf (Accessed: 12 March 2017). [ Links ]

Oliveira-Borgatti, L., Pavan-Neto, J., Tobias-Marino, C., Marques-Meyer, P. and Mazza-Rodrigues, P. (2015) ‘Fractionation of dry matter losses of sugarcane silage treated with alkalis or urea’, Agrocencia, 49, pp. 411-422. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952015000400005. [ Links ]

Quezada, E. (2001) Evaluación nutricional del ensilado de follaje y raíces de camote (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) en la alimentación de vacas lecheras. M.Sc. Thesis. UNALM. [ Links ]

Rendón, M. E., Noguera, R. and Posada, S. (2013) ‘Ruminal degradation kinetics of the corn silage with different levels of de inclusión of vinasse’, CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, 8(2), pp. 42-51. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1900-96072013000200004&lang=pt. [ Links ]

Rivadeneira, I. (2018) Efecto del hidróxido de Calcio sobre el valor nutricional de la torta de palmiste. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas. Available at: https://repositorio.espe.edu.ec/bitstream/21000/14244/1/T-IASA I-005430.pdf (Accessed: 14 May 2018). [ Links ]

Rodríguez, R., Borges, E., Gutiérrez, D., Elías, A., Gómez, S. and Moreira, O. (2017) ‘Evaluación de la inclusión de Moringa oleifera en el valor nutritivo de ensilajes de Cenchrus purpureum vc . Cuba CT-169’, Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science , 51(4), pp. 447-457. Available at: http://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/768/784. [ Links ]

Rodríguez, R., Galindo, J., Ruíz, T., Solis, C., Scull, I. and Gómez, S. (2019) ‘Valor nutritivo de siete ecotipos de Tithonia diversifolia colectados en la zona oriental de Cuba’, Livestock Research for Rural Development , 31(8). Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/8/ruiz31119.html. [ Links ]

Rodríguez, R., Lores, J., Gutiérrez, D., Ramírez, A., Gómez, S., Elías, A., Aldana, A. I., Moreira, O., Sarduy, L. and Jay, O. (2013) ‘Inclusión del aditivo microbiano Vitafert en la fermentación ruminal in vitro de una dieta para cabras’, Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola , 47(2). Available at: http://www.ciencia-animal.org/revista-cubana-de-ciencia-agricola/articulos/T47-N2-A2013-P171-R-Rguez.pdf (Accessed: 6 May 2017). [ Links ]

Sánchez, H. (1996) Valor nutricional del ensilaje de raíces no comerciales y follaje de camote. M.Sc. Thesis. UNALM. [ Links ]

SAS (2010) ‘User’s guide: Statistics. Version 9.3. Cary, N.C., USA’. SAS Institute. [ Links ]

Solís, C. (2011) Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. Universidad de Panamá. Available at: https://docplayer.es/75574937-Universidad-de-panama-vicerrectoria-de-investigacion-y-postgftado-facultad-de-ciencias-agropecuarias-programa-de-maestria.html. [ Links ]

Solís, C. and Ruiloba, M. H. (2017) ‘Evaluation of different levels of integral silage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as energetic source for growing cattle’, Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science , 51(1), pp. 35-46. Available at: http://cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/682. [ Links ]

Theodorou, M. K., Williams, B. A., Dhanoa, M. S., McAllan, A. B. and France, J. (1994) ‘A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds’, Animal Feed Science and Technology ., 48(3-4), pp. 185-197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90171-6>. [ Links ]

Tique, J., Chaves, B. and Zurita, J. H. (2009) ‘Evaluación agronómica de diez clones promisorios CIP y dos materiales nativos de Ipomoea batatas L.’, Agronomía Colombiana, 27:2, pp. 151-158. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/agc/v27n2/v27n2a03.pdf (Accessed: 6 April 2017). [ Links ]

Vargas, E. and Zumbado, M. (2003) ‘Composición de los subproductos de la industrialización de la palma africana utilizados en la alimentación animal en Costa Rica’, Agronomía Costarricense, 27(1), pp. 7-18. [ Links ]

Velásquez, R., Noguera, R. and Posada, S. (2013) ‘Procesamiento del grano de maíz sobre la cinética de degradación de la materia seca in vitro’, Rev.MVZ Córdoba, 18(3), pp. 3877-3885. Available at: http://revistas.unicordoba.edu.co/revistamvz/mvz-183/v18n3a18.pdf (Accessed: 6 May 2017). [ Links ]

Received: June 26, 2019; Accepted: December 19, 2019

Creative Commons License