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Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science

Print version ISSN 0864-0408On-line version ISSN 2079-3480

Cuban J. Agric. Sci. vol.54 no.1 Mayabeque Jan.-Mar. 2020  Epub Mar 01, 2020

 

ANIMAL SCIENCE

Evaluation of vinasse as supplement in blood indicators in breeding sows

María C. González1  * 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1686-321X

Zoraya Rodríguez2 

Lorenza Hernández1 

R. Bocourt †2 

M. de J. Yero3 

1Universidad de las Tunas, Calle 28 No. 33, C.P. 177300

2Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba

3Instituto de Investigaciones Porcinas, Carretera del Guatao, km 1, Punta Brava, La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba

Abstract

In order to determine the effects of vinasse as a supplement during the last third of gestation and lactation in blood indicators of breeding sows, an experiment was carried out under production conditions, in the Unidad Empresarial de Base Porcino No.1, Jesús Menéndezmunicipality, in Las Tunas province. The vinasse used came from the “Antonio Guiteras Holmes” distillery, located in Las Tunas. An amount of 48 hybrid sows (Yorkshire/Landrace) were used, which had between four and five parturitions. They were distributed according to a completely randomized design in four treatments (12 animals per group). Control sows consumed industrial feed and three treatments supplemented with 2.4%, 3.4% and 4.6% of vinasse, respectively. Each sow constituted an experimental unit. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hto) values of sows supplemented with vinasse were among the normal physiological parameters, with superior values that do not differ from each other, except in the 2.4% treatment, in which they did not differ from the control (P <0.0001). In the final evaluation, the inclusion of 4.6% of vinasse showed the best results for both indicators (P<0.001), with values of 12.82g / L-1 and 39.29%, respectively. Leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes proportionally increased to the level of the vinasse used. Total serum proteins increased with respect to control, regardless of vinasse level. It is concluded that the inclusion of up to 4.6% of vinasse, as a supplement in the diet of breeding sows, during the last third of gestation and lactation, improves blood indicators and favors those associated with immunological activity.

Keywords: sows; vinasse; hematology

Introduction

Several authors have studied feeding systems in breeding sows, ranging from traditional diets to the use of protein forages and sugar cane, without causing changes in blood cells of sows (Sarria and Serrano 2010 and Contino et al. 2008). However, it is known that currently pig production undergoes nutritional and environmental changes that cause stress in animals. This generates greater susceptibility to possible infections and negative effects that may occur in physiology and animal performance (Miranda et al. 2018).

Production of alcohol from sugar cane generates large amounts of vinasse, which becomes a pollutant of the environment when it is disposed (Santos et al. 2014). This residue, due to its physical-chemical characteristics, shows potentialities for use in animal feed (Scull et al. 2012), and as an additive for pigs (Hidalgo 2017).

Because of its composition, vinasse could also be used as a supplement (Hidalgo et al. 2009), since it has organic acids, yeasts, vitamins and minerals. Its use for the production of young animals decreased feeding costs and showed greater productive efficiency (Martínez et al. 2010). In addition, when used in animal feed, it increases resistance to stress and acts as a stimulant of the innate immune response (Rosentrater 2006). It is known that stress and bacterial infections are the cause of pathological processes that have an impact on blood conditions (Ayala et al. 2008) and affect the health of animals.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vinasse, used as a supplement, during the last third of gestation and lactation, on hematological indicators of sows in Las Tunas province.

Materials and Methods

The experimental study was carried out under production conditions, during the years 2012 and 2013, in the Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) Porcino No.1, of the Consejo Popular “Pueblo Viejo”, in "Jesús Menéndez" municipality. This region is located north of Las Tunas province. It limits with the Atlantic to the north, borders Majibacoa municipality to the south, Holguin province to the east and Puerto Padre municipality to the west.

The vinasse used came from the “Antonio Guiteras Holmes” distillery, located in Puerto Padre municipality. This industry is located north of Las Tunas province. It borders the Atlantic to the north, and to the south with Majibacoa municipality. Jesús Menéndez municipality is located to the east, and Tunas and Manatí municipalities to the west.

Animals and experimental design. An amount of 48 hybrid breeding sows (Yorkshire/Landrace) during the last third of gestation and lactation were used. These were females that had between four and five parturitions. They were distributed at random, according to a completely randomized design in four treatments (12 animals per each). Control sows consumed industrial feed (ind) and three treatments supplemented with 2.4%, 3.4% and 4.6% of vinasse, respectively. Each sow constituted an experimental unit.

Food, management and supplementation. All animals were subjected to equal management and feeding conditions. The food offered was industrial feed, from the Granma factory, which met the minimum requirements recommended by the NRC (1998) for the categories under study. Vinasse volume was calculated according to the total consumed dry matter to ensure the level proposed in the treatment.

Management of sows was carried out according to the Manual de Procedimientos Técnicos para la Crianza Porcina (IIP 2008). The facilities maintained the required sanitary conditions. Breeding sows were housed in individual cages. They had water at will, 24 hours a day, and photoperiod was controlled.

Experimental procedure. For blood sampling, animals were immobilized and 15 ml of blood was taken from the orbital sinus using a California type needle. From the sample, 10 mL were taken and deposited in test tubes without anticoagulant, according to the technique described by Banks (1996). Once the blood coagulated at room temperature, serum was separated by centrifugation. The remaining 5ml were deposited in a test tube with anticoagulant.

All determinations were performed in the laboratory of the Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria (IMV) of Las Tunas. Total serum proteins were determined by the methodology of Kred and Pedroso (1982). Hemoglobin was performed by the cyano-methemoglobin method, described by Carmona (2012) and the total white blood cell count, with the Newbauer chamber.

Hematocrit measuring was performed according to the method of Wintrobe (1971). The differential count of leukocytes on smears, stained by the Giemsa method, was also determined, according to Peralta (2018).

Statistical analysis. Data was processed using the statistical package Infostat, version 2.0 (Di Rienzo et al. 2012). Analysis of variance was performed, according to a completely randomized design. The differences between means were documented with the Duncan multiple range test (1955).

Results and Discussion

During the experimental period, animals showed no clinical signs compatible with pathologies or clinical conditions that could influence the results of the metabolic profile. Table 1 shows the results of blood indicators, determined at the beginning and end of this study. All values are among the normal physiological parameters for the species and category, according to Kraft (1998), and coincide with those reported by Clark and Coofer (2008) for healthy sows (Hb 10-16g / L-1 and Hto 30-45 %). This indicates that the inclusion of vinasse, during the last third of gestation and lactation, had no negative effect on the health of sows.

Table 1 Values of blood indicators of sows with the inclusion of vinasse in the diet during lactation  

Indicators Normal values Treatments ±SE and Sig.
Control 2.4% 3.4% 4.6%
Hb, gL-1 (beginning) (final) 9-17 12.17a 12.20ab 12.27b 12.38b ±0.08 P<0.001
12.79ª 12.79ª 12.80ª 12.82b ±0.02 P<0.001
Hto,% (beginning) (final) 32-50 37.14ª 37.17ab 37.18bc 37.21c ±0.01 P=0.008
39.12ª 39.15ab 39.18b 39.29c ±0.02 P<0.001

a,b,c,d: Different letters in the line indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

Hb: Hemoglobin, Hto: Hematocrit, gL-1: gram per liter

In the initial evaluation, Hb and Hto of sows supplemented with vinasse showed higher values, which did not differ from each other, except the treatment with 2.4% inclusion, which showed values ​​that did not differ from the control (P <0.001). In the final evaluation, the inclusion of 4.6% of vinasse showed the best results for both indicators (P <0.001).

Hematological and biochemical parameters are not easily affected, although they are influenced by age, breed, season, as well as sex and nutritional and health status, along with stress (Douglas and Jane 2010). Increases in Hb and Hto values ​​at the end of the experimental phase indicate that the use of this supplement in the diet, with 4.6% of vinasse, improved the physiological conditions of sows. This result could suggest that a sow is better prepared for fetal Hb synthesis, which occurs at the end of gestation.

It is known that vitamin B12, folic acid and iron are stimulants of hematopoiesis. According to Rodríguez (2017) and Flores (2015), vinasses, as residuals of the fermentation process, have high availability of these nutrients, especially minerals.

Notwithstanding the previous information, in this study, blood indicators showed lower values ​​than those reported by Almaguel et al. (2012) for pigs fed with intermediate sugar cane molasses and cereal diet. This performance could be due to the fact that vinasse received a thermal treatment at 90-1000C, at the end of the factory processing, which could inactivate part of the vitamins, and could negatively influence hematopoiesis.

Leukocytesand lymphocytes were proportionally elevated to the level of vinasse used (table 2). The results show greater immunological activity, associated with the action exerted by yeasts in the immune system (Cevallos et al. 2007).

Table 2 Final leukogram of control sows, supplemented with growing levels of vinasse in the diet, during the last third of gestation and lactation  

Indicators Normal values Control Vinasse 2.4% Vinasse 3.4% Vinasse 4.6% SE and Sig.
Leukocytes, % 9-17 12.59a 12.94b 13.77c 14.13d ±0.01
P<0.001
Neutrophils, % 20-70 32.13a 30.11b 29.86c 29.04d ±0.02
P<0.001
Lymphocytes, % 35 - 75 55.45ª 55.97ª 57.81b 59.69c ±0.53
P<0.001
Total serum proteins, % 3 - 6 3.72ª 3.80b 3.83b 3.84b ±0.02
P<0.001

a,b,c,d: Different letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

Regarding the increase of neutrophils and lymphocytes, Almaguel et al. (2012) reported that, in pigs, this performance is due to the adaptation of the organism to the change of diet. Similar results were obtained by Miranda et al. (2018) in piglets supplemented with two microbial preparations during the first 42 d of age.

According to Church and Pond (1990), proteins should not exceed 6%. In this experiment, they were increased with respect to control, regardless of vinasse level. Proteins include albumin, responsible for maintaining the osmotic balance, and globulins, which are synthesized in the endothelial reticulum system. The latter include gammas and immunoglobulins, which guarantee antibody production and influence on the modulation of innate and adaptive immune response (Milián 2009 and Ayala et al. 2012).

Although blood immunoglobulin concentrations were not determined, it can be inferred that, with the intake of the supplement, the immune system and health of sows were strengthened. González et al. (2019) determined that the inclusion of up to 4.6% of vinasse, as a supplement in the diet of sows during the last third of gestation and lactation, improved the integrity of intestinal membranes, which showed greater height of villi and depth of crypts. These reforms of intestinal health favor the increase of digestive capacity. In addition, they make possible for an organ such as the spleen, associated to immune response, to show higher weight. All this favors the increase of available nutrients, capable of improving some biological functions of sows, thanks to the action of the supplement.

Conclusions

The inclusion of up to 4.6% of vinasse, as a supplement in the diet of breeding sows, during the last third of gestation and lactation, improves blood indicators and favors those associated with immunological activity.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to technicians and researchers of the group of Applied Biostatistics,of the Institute of Animal Science, for their collaboration in the statistical processing of results.

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Received: July 31, 2019; Accepted: October 22, 2019

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