SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.8 issue3Phenology of flora components in the use of natural and traditional medicine in the community of Verraco, Santiago de Cuba, CubaInfluence of two xylophagous fungi on the natural durability of ten timber species in Ucayali, Peru author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

My SciELO

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

  • Have no cited articlesCited by SciELO

Related links

  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO

Share


Revista Cubana de Ciencias Forestales

On-line version ISSN 2310-3469

Rev cubana ciencias forestales vol.8 no.3 Pinar del Río Set.-Dec. 2020  Epub Sep 02, 2020

 

Original article

In vitro propagation of Salix babylonica L. from nodal segments

Juan José Silva Pupo1  * 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1049-5740

Rosana Pérez Alarcón1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-8522

Yanexi Fonseca Carrasco1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9978-3532

Sergio Rodríguez Rodríguez1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-5092

1Centro de Estudios Biotecnología Vegetal. Universidad de Granma. Cuba.

Abstract

The objective of this work was to establish a route for the in vitro micropropagation of Salix babylonica. In the disinfection experiment, three treatments were used with 1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.1 % mercury bichloride and the third a double disinfection. with both disinfecting agents. With this last treatment, 71 % of disinfected nodal segments were obtained. 6-BAP 2 mg L-1 alone and in combination with gibberellic acid (5 mg L-1), AIA (1 mg L-1) and ANA (1 mg L-1) were used in the in vitro establishment experiment. The best response was achieved with the use of BAP only with 31,6 % of establishment and an average length of the nodal segments of 6,47 mm. For the multiplication experiment, a comparison was made of the Palomos-Ríos, Chung and Carrasco and MMULT-1 culture media. The multiplication of the nodal segments was higher in the Palomo-Ríos culture medium with 100 % sprouting and a number of 6,42 nodal segments. In the rooting stage, different concentrations of AIB (0.05 and 0.25 mg L-1) and a treatment without growth regulator were used. The highest rooting percentage was obtained in the basal culture medium without AIB with a 91,6 % response.

Keywords: Salix babylonica; Micropropagation; In vitro culture; Growth regulators.

Introduction

Native to temperate and subtropical zones, Salicaceae trees and shrubs, including poplars (Populus spp.) and willows (Salix spp.) are fast growing and easily vegetated. Many of the species are adapted to a wide range of climate and soil conditions, from the heat of the Chinese desert to the cold and wind of the South American Andes. They are easy to grow and are an important component of agroforestry systems, often for small-scale farmers. They supply a wide range of wood and non-wood products and services (Ball et al., 2005).

The species Salix babylonica has an ornamental use. However, it is also used in the phytoremediation of soils affected by hazardous substances (Ghasemi and Moktari, 2019), considered as an alternative for the elimination of sodium cyanide. This species is used for the production of renewable energy. In this regard, Doffo et al., (2017) reported the diversification of renewable sources such as forest biomass, produced by Salix; for this purpose, they considered that water availability is the main factor that determines the yield in dry biomass, while genotype and plantation density do not have a significant effect on the mentioned variable.

In addition, this species is known to be used for obtaining acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin. However, new applications in the field of medicine and particularly its antimicrobial effects have been reported recently. Wahab et al., (2018) determined that methanolic extracts of leaves and bark of S. babylonica possess antibacterial activity against Pseudomona aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also, González et al., (2019) indicated that compounds isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract S. babylonica could be a natural and functional alternative for the treatment of diseases caused by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes.

In other studies, Rivero et al., (2019) showed that oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of S. babylonica could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.

The application of biotechnological methods in different Salix species has focused mainly on micropropagation (Naujok, 2007; Chornobrov, 2015; López et al., 2016; Grendysz et al., 2017) to respond to the needs for accelerated propagation of different species and genotypes, the rooting of recalcitrant varieties and as a basis for the application of other in vitro cultivation techniques.

Skálová et al., (2012) developed micropropagation from apical shoot and nodal segments of common and endangered willow (Salix sp.) species, which can help reintroduce native genotypes into their natural sites. In addition, they cultivated isolated anthers in selected media and achieved the formation of S. caprea and S. viminalis.

Imran et al., (2018) produced non-embryogenic synthetic seeds; by encapsulating nodal segments of S. tetrasperma in a calcium hydrogel culture medium, they observed that the encapsulated buds survived cold storage at 4°C for up to 8 weeks and achieved a 71 % conversion rate to seedlings.

Biotechnological methods have also been used for cryopreservation of germplasm (Bonnart et al., 2014) and obtaining callus as a basis for indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (Santos, 2005).

For Cuba, the species S. babylonica has wide possibilities of ornamental use, in phytoremediation, obtaining secondary metabolites and as an energy biomass. However, it is limited by the scarce presence of this tree, so it is of interest to have in vitro propagation methods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to establish a way for the micropropagation of S. babylonica in the different stages of the process under in vitro conditions.

Materials and methods

Vegetal material

Woody branches of 10 cm long cuttings of the species S. babylonica planted in the gardens of the University of Granma were sectioned. The cuttings were placed in glass jars with a volume of 50 ml of distilled water for a period of 15 to 30 days until sprouting, from which the nodal segments were taken (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. - Obtaining nodal segments of Salix babylonica. A) axillary shoots with leaves, B) shoots without leaves to cut the nodal segments, C) nodal segments before disinfection 

Culture media and conditions

The basal culture means used to carry out the different experiments was composed of the salts and vitamins MS (Murashige and Skoog, 2006), sucrose 30 g L-1, as gelling agent Agar 6.0 g L-1 and the pH was adjusted to 5.7 with pH meter (Crison Basic 20) and the variations were regulated with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The culture mean was then distributed in test containers of 24 x 140 mm, at a rate of 10 ml per test container. In experiment III the culture means used are specified.

Sterilization was carried out in a vertical autoclave (BK-75) at 121 ºC temperature and 1.2 kgf.cm-2 pressure for 20 minutes. The culture means were kept in the dark for three days before use, in order to detect any type of contamination.

The vegetal material was cultivated on containers using the horizontal laminar flow cabin (FASTER) under aseptic conditions. The growing conditions in the growth chambers with sunlight were: temperature, 25 °C; relative humidity, 70-80 % and in daylight conditions.

Experiment I. Disinfection of the nodal segments of Salix babylonica using sodium hypochlorite and mercury bichloride.

The aim of the experiment was to disinfect the S. babylonica nodal segments using the different treatments of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and mercury bichloride (HgCl2).

The nodal segments were placed in a glass bottle (250 ml) containing a 1 % solution of water and detergent. They were then placed in the magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes to remove sediment and large particles. At the end, they were washed with running water and distilled water. Subsequently, 50 explants were placed in three different bottles for each of the disinfection treatments.

In the laminar flow cabin, the nodal segments were immersed using the three disinfection methods described below:

T1: 1 % active chlorine NaClO for 20 minutes.

T2: 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 minutes.

T3: double disinfection was carried out with 1 % NaClO and 0.1 % HgCl2 for 20 and 10 minutes respectively.

For each of the treatments, four rinses were performed with sterile distilled water, after the application of the disinfectants. They were cut to a length of approximately 1 cm and sown vertically in the culture mean described in that section with the addition of 6-BAP (2.0 mg L-1) at a rate of one explant per test container with 50 explants per treatment.

The evaluation of the results was carried out 14 days after sowing by means of the variable percentages of disinfected explants, contaminated by bacteria, fungi and the necrotic ones.

Experiment II. In vitro establishment of Salix babylonica nodal segments with the use of different growth regulators

The objective of this experiment was to achieve in vitro establishment of S. babylonica nodal segments using different combinations of 6-benzylamine purine (6-BAP) with gibberellic acid (AG3), indolacetic acid (AIA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (ANA) in culture means.

A completely randomized design was used based on a better disinfection result from the previous experiment. Four treatments were used:

T1: 6-BAP 2 mg L-1

T2: 6-BAP (2 mg L-1) + AG3 (5 mg L-1)

T3: 6-BAP (2 mg L-1) + AIA (1 mg L-1) y

T4: 6-BAP (2 mg.L-1) + ANA (1 mg L-1)

Results were evaluated 28 days after planting and the following variables were determined: Percentage of establishment and length of shoot (mm).

Experiment III. Multiplication of Salix babylonica nodal segments in three culture media.

The aim of this experiment was to multiply the nodal segments of S. babylonica in three specific culture media.

Nodal segments obtained in vitro from the previous experiment were used. The evaluation of the results was made after 28 days of sowing for the following variables: sprouted explants (%) and number of nodal segments per explant (Table 1).

Table 1 - Culture media used for the multiplication of Salix babylonica nodal segments 

Components Media of Chung and Carrasco (1998) Media Palomo-Ríos (2015) MMULT-1
Salts MS 50 % 50 % 100 %
Vitamins MS 100 % 100 % 100 %
Myoinositol 100 mg L-1 100 mg L-1 100 mg L-1
6-BAP 0.1 mg L-1 -- 2 mg L-1
AIA - - 1 mg L-1
IBA - 0,1 mg L-1 -
AG3 1 mg L-1 - -
Sucrose 30 g L-1 30 g L-1 30 g L-1
Agar 6 g L-1 6 g L-1 6 g L-1
pH 5.7 5.7 5.7

MMULT-1: Means of multiplication

Experiment IV. Induction of in vitro rooting of Salix babylonica nodal segments with the use of indol-butyric acid (AIB)

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of AIB on the rooting of nodal segments of S. babylonica from the in vitro multiplication phase.

For this experiment, nodal segments obtained in the previous experiment in the Palomo-Ríos environment were used. Each treatment consisted of 25 explants. The treatments consisted of the addition to the MS basal culture medium by different concentrations of AIB (0; 0.05 and 0.25 mg L-1). The results were recorded at 28 days of cultivation in the media and the variables assessed were: rooting percentage, number of roots and leaves.

Statistical analysis

A completely randomized design was applied in each of the experiments conducted. For quantitative variables such as number of leaves, number of roots and number of buds, a non-parametric analysis of Kruskal-Wallis was performed, after the data did not respond to the precepts of the analysis of variance. For these analyses, the statistical package InfoStat (Di Rienzo et al., 2014).

For data expressed in percentage, such as explants disinfected, sprouted, contaminated by fungi, bacteria and burned by the disinfectant, sprouting and rooting, we applied the analysis of comparison of proportions with the statistical package CompraPro, according to Castillo and Miranda (2014).

Results and discussion

Experiment I. Disinfection of the nodal segments of Salix babylonica using sodium hypochlorite and mercury bichloride

As shown in Figure 2, the double disinfection with 1 % sodium hypochlorite and 0.1% mercury bichloride for 20 and 10 minutes respectively, was the treatment with the best results for the disinfection of the nodal segments of S. babylonica, obtaining 71.4 % of explants disinfected after 14 days, with statistical differences in relation to the other two treatments.

Fig. 2. - Effect of sodium hypochlorite and mercury bichloride on the percentage of disinfected explants in Salix babylonica. Treatments I-T1, II-T2 and III-T3 

It is probably that the concentration and application time of the disinfectants had a favourable influence on the removal of microbial contaminants in the nodal segments of S. babylonica, which allowed the spectrum of antimicrobial activity to be extended by double disinfection.

The results of disinfection in this species are varied, depending on the disinfectant agents used. Chung and Carrasco (1998) verified that a mixture of fungicides (Benlate ®-Captan®) and sodium hypochlorite at 10 % for 20 and 30 minutes allowed maintaining aseptic levels higher than 70 % in Salix sp. On the other hand, López et al., (2016) obtained superior results in the in vitro propagation of this same species, obtaining 90 % of germ-free explants with the use of sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 2 % for 15 minutes.

Chornobrov et al., (2019) evaluated in the disinfection of Salix spp. as disinfectant agents, mercury bichloride, silver nitrate and sodium hypochlorite in different concentrations and exposure times. The best results were obtained with 85 % of explants disinfected in a combined treatment of 0.1 % HgCl2, then 1 % silver nitrate and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite for 5-6 minutes in each solution in the order described.

The microbial contamination caused by fungi and bacteria was observed from the seven days of culture, the highest contamination was caused by fungi as shown in Table 2. For this microbial group the highest contamination was observed in the treatment with sodium hypochlorite with 63.5 % and with mercury bichloride with 49.0 %.

Table 2 - Effect of sodium hypochlorite and mercury bichloride on the percentage of explants contaminated by bacteria, fungi and necroses in the disinfection of Salix babylonica nodal segments 

Treatments Disinfectants Explants contaminated by bacteria (%) Explants contaminated by fungi (%) Necrosed (%)
T1 NaClO (1%) 11,5±0,13 63,5±0,08b 7,7±0,13
T2 HgCl2 (0,1%) 9,8±0,10 49,0±0,10b 3,9±0,13
T3 NaClO+ HgCl2 10,2 ±0,09 16,3 ±0,13a 2,0±0,14

Different letters per column differ significantly for P < 0.05

For contamination caused by bacteria, no significant differences were obtained between the three treatments evaluated; the range of contamination was between 9.8 and 11.5 %. As an important element, it should be noted that there were no major effects on the explants by necrosis. The values obtained were low, less than 8 %, with no significant differences between the treatments. These results show the importance of the combined use of disinfectant agents that manage to eliminate the two main microbial contaminants of tissue culture, bacteria and fungi, particularly in woody species. For the following experiments, the combined treatment for the elimination of the contaminating microorganisms was used as a method of disinfection.

Experiment II. In vitro establishment of Salix babylonica nodal segments with the use of different growth regulators

The results of in vitro establishment of S. babylonica nodal segments are presented in Table 3. Establishment rates ranged from 28.3 to 32.6 % response. The treatments with growth regulators only with BAP, BAP+AG3 and BAP+ANA had significant differences for 5 % with the culture medium with BAP+AIA, according to the ratio comparison analysis. These results demonstrate the complexity of woody plants for in vitro cultivation. However, the achievement of these percentages of in vitro establishment can be considered a satisfactory result.

For the variable shoot length, there was no significant difference between the treatments, since the values were in the range of 7.54 and 4.42 mm, which shows a small size of the shoots at 28 days of cultivation. These results could be related to the stress suffered by explants when they are transferred from natural ex-vitro conditions to in-vitro conditions.

Table 3 - Effect of different growth regulators on the variables evaluated in the in vitro establishment at 28 days of culture 

Treatment Growth Regulators Establishment (%) Length of shoot (mm)
T1 6-BAP (2 mg L-1) 31,9±0,12a 6,47±3,02
T2 6-BAP (2 mg L-1 +AG3 (5 mg L-1) 31,9±0,12a 6,07±1,71
T3 6-BAP (2 mg L-1)+AIA (1 mg L-1) 28,3±0,12b 7,54±4,14
T4 6-BAP (2 mg L-1)+ANA (1 mg L-1) 32,6±0,12a 4,40±1,80

Different letters per column differ significantly for P < 0.05

It is also considered that there were no significant differences in the results, because in all the culture media 6-BAP was used as cytokinin at a rate of 2 mg L-1 and another element that could be related to the response; the use of AIA and ANA at a concentration of 1 mg L-1 causes the formation of a basal callus, which affects the development of the axillary bud that originates the nodal segment. It is therefore suggested that future research should use different concentrations of other cytokines such as kinetin, TDZ and the new cytokines of the topoline type, which are difficult to degrade by the action of cytokine oxidases.

Chung and Carrasco (1998), in in vitro culture studies of several Salix species, used the exogenous application of three concentrations of GA3 (0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) in the presence or absence of 6-BAP; they determined that the best results are obtained with the highest concentration of GA3 (1.0 mg L-1) in the presence of 0.1 mg L-1 of 6-BAP, allowing a fast and vigorous development in 76 % of the different origins of the analysed species.

In the species S. viminalis, Grendysz et al., (2017) successfully established explants of three varieties of the above-mentioned species in the medium Murashige-Skoog (2006), without growth regulators for two weeks until root formation. The nodal segments were then transferred to culture media with kinetin in concentrations of 0.5; 1 and 2 mg L-1. The authors do not present quantitative results, but images that corroborate these good results.

Experiment III. Multiplication of Salix babylonica nodal segments in three culture media

Table 4 shows the results of the comparison of the three media. The best results were obtained with the Palomo-Rios culture medium with 0.1 mg L-1 of AIB for the variables evaluated with significant differences for 5 % in relation to the other two culture media used, where the percentage of sprouting was 100 % and the number of nodal segments was 6.42 at 28 days of culture. On the other hand, the medium of Chung and Carrasco, presenting 6-BAP at a concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 and AG3 at 1 mg L-1 had a favourable morphological response of the explants obtaining 88.09 % of sprouting and an average of 1.91 nodal segments. The values reached in the Palomo and Rios environment for the nodal segments is a favourable indicator for the in vitro propagation of this species. It is expected that each nodal segment will emit new segments when subcultured in the new in vitro multiplication cycles, which should be evaluated in further research.

Table 4 - Influence of different culture media on the sprouting rate and the number of nodal segments in the in vitro multiplication of Salix babylonica L at 28 days of culture 

Treatments Culture media Sprouting (%) Number of SN
T1 Chung and Carrasco (6-BAP-0,1 mg L-1 y AG3-1 mg L-1) 88.09 ±0.05b 1.91±1.57b
T2 Palomo-Rios (AIB-0,1 mg L-1) 100± 0.00a 6.42±2.32a
T3 MMULT-1 (6-BAP-2 mg L-1 and AIA-1 mg L-1) 54.71 ±0.10c 0.00±0.00c

Different letters per column differ significantly for P < 0.05

The Palomo-Ríos and Chung and Carrasco propagation media only present 50 % of the Murashige-Skoog salts, which favours that the nodal segments had a better in vitro response with this salt concentration and with low concentrations of the growth regulators used, unlike the MMULT-1 media where the Murashige-Skoog salts were used at 100 % and the BAP and AIA concentrations were higher.

Palomo et al., (2015) described a method of micropropagation that could generate seedlings on the order of 5000 viable and transplantable clones from a single plant in just 24 weeks and was used to produce export-tested plant breeding material to overcome the restriction on international transport of woody cuttings. This method could represent a valuable biotechnological complement to willow breeding programs and could accommodate early selection by molecular or biochemical markers.

Figure 3 shows the development of the explants in each of the treatments used, which shows that not all had the same response in vitro, noting that the seedling in the middle Palomo-Ríos (T2) the shoot has a greater growth with emission of roots and leaves with a greater foliar area. In the Chung and Carrasco medium (T1) the shoot, roots and leaves show less development.

Fig. 3. - In vitro plants of Salix babylonica in the different culture media used in multiplication, 1-1-T1, 2-T2 and 3-T3 

According to the results obtained in this same species by López et al., (2016), the low concentrations of growth regulators used as 6-BAP (0.045 mg L-1), ANA (0.020 mg L-1) and AG3 (0.050 mg L-1) were efficient, since they promoted a greater number of shoots and length per explant with 5.6 and 12.4 mm, respectively.

Other authors, such as Chung and Carrasco (1998), used different doses of AG3 (0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) in the presence or absence of BAP (0.1 mg L-1) and BAP alone in the micropropagation of leaf meristems of different species of Salix spp. in the multiplication and rooting phase. They determined that the treatments that gave the best results were: the use of 1.0 mg L-1 of AG3 and 0.1 mg L-1 of BAP and the combination of both hormonal concentrations.

In research carried out by Regueira et al., (2018) on the species S. viminalis, they determined that the type of explant influenced the quality of the shoot and the multiplication coefficient, with basal segments showing a greater capacity for proliferation than the apical and middle shoot segments. Willow shoots grown in containers plantform™ and RITA® produced higher multiplication coefficients than shoots grown in semi-solid medium.

In summary, the Palomo-Ríos medium achieved 100 % sprouting and an average number of nodal segments with a significant difference in relation to the other two media used.

Experimento IV. Rooting induction in nodal segments of Salix babylonica using indol-butyric acid (AIB)

The evaluation of the rooting of the shoots obtained from the multiplication showed that in the analyzed variable percentage of rooting, there was a significant difference between all the evaluated treatments, being the treatment 1 without growth regulators where the highest percentage was obtained, with 91.66. These results may be related to the presence of endogenous auxins that favour rooting, since it was observed that when semi-yellowish cuttings were placed in distilled water to obtain the shoots for in vitro cultivation, the cuttings were able to form roots.

In the evaluation of the number of leaves and roots, the best results were obtained in T1 and T2 with an average of 4.27 and 5.04 for the first variable and for the second the values were 1.88 and 2.67, with significant differences for 5 % with T3 for both variables, as can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5 - Effect of different AIB concentrations on rooting percentage, number of leaves and roots in the rooting phase at 28 days of cultivation 

Treatment AIB (mg L-1) Percentage of rooting Number oy leaves Number of roots
T1 0,00 91,66±0,04a 4,27±1,00a 1,82±1,71a
T2 T3 0,05 0,25 78,26±0,06b 9,52±0,14c 5,04 ±1,77a 1,95±1,60b 2,67±1,90a 0,43±1,16b

Different letters per column differ significantly for P < 0.05

These results show that the increase in AIB concentration reduced the favourable behaviour in root induction, which caused a tendency to inhibit the rooting process, as shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4. - In vitro Salix babylonica plants rooted in MS culture medium at 28 days of culture 

Other authors, such as López et al., (2016), obtained the best results at this stage in this same species, using 1 mg L-1 of AIA, since it promoted the greatest number and length of roots with 2.19 and 2.41 respectively.

On the other hand, Naujoks (2007) induced root formation in S. caprea with an AIB treatment at 50 mg L-1 for three weeks and then transfer to a culture medium without auxins for root development.

Gómez et al., (2014) obtained excellent results when they used AIB at 0.5 mg L-1 in the in vitro rooting of the plant Populus tremula, a species of the same family as S. babylonica.

The results indicate that the use of AIB-type auxins is not necessary for the induction of roots obtained in vitro from the species studied.

Conclusions

The results achieved in the investigation allow us to have a protocol for the in vitro propagation of Salix babylonica that covers the stages of disinfection of explants, establishment, multiplication and in vitro rooting. The disinfection of nodal segments was obtained with a double disinfection, first with 1 % sodium hypochlorite and then 0.1 % mercury bichloride for 20 and 10 minutes, respectively, with 71 % of nodal segments disinfected. In vitro establishment was achieved in the culture medium only by using BAP 2 mg L-1 as 31.9 % of establishment was obtained. Nodal segment multiplication was higher in Palomo-Ríos culture medium with 100 % sprouting and 6.42 nodal segments. Rooting was obtained in basal culture medium without AIB with 91.6 % response.

Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the project "In vitro Plant biotechnology to increase food security in eastern Cuba", financed by the VLIR of Belgium to carry out this research and to the laboratory technician Leidis Arceo Elías for her support and dedication in processing the samples.

Referencias bibliográficas

BALL, J., CARLE, J. y LUNGO, A. del, 2005. Contribución de álamos y sauces a la silvicultura sostenible y al desarrollo rural Unasylva [en línea], vol 56. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://www.fao.org/3/a0026s/a0026s02.htm . [ Links ]

BONNART, R., WADDELL, J., HAIBY, K., WIDRLECHNER, M. P. & VOLK, G. M. 2014. Cryopreservation of Populus Trichocarpa and Salix Dormant Buds with Recovery by Grafting or Direct Rooting. Cryoletters, Vol 35, Number 6, November, pp. 507-515 Disponible: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38935709.pdfLinks ]

CASTILLO DUVERGEL, Y. y MIRANDA, I., 2014. COMPAPROP: Sistema para comparación de proporciones múltiples. Revista Protección Vegetal [en línea], vol 29, no. 3, pp. 231-234. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. ISSN 1010-2752. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-27522014000300013 . [ Links ]

CHORNOBROV, O.YU., 2015. Biotechnological aspects of Salix matsudana Koidz. «Tortuosa» rehd. plants micropropagation. Ukranian Journal of Forest and Wood Sciences [en línea], vol 219. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gn9ZSTy5SOEJ:journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Lisivnytstvo/article/view /10382+&cd=2&hl=es&ct=clnk&gl=cu . [ Links ]

CHORNOBROV, O.Y., BILOUS, S., CHORNOBROV, O. & MANKO, M. 2019. Peculiarities of morphogenesis of the endangered species of wilow (Salix spp.) in vitro. Biologija, Vol 65 No 1. P. 48-55. Disponible en: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Peculiarities-of-morphogenesis-of-the-endangered-of-Chornobrov-Bilous/6d548a55153f37fb2acf588af70b54e27b126319Links ]

CHUNG, P. y CARRASCO, B., 1998. Micropropagación de Salix spp. a través de meristemos foliares. Ciencia e Investigación Forestal [en línea], vol 12, no. 1, pp. 63-77. Disponible en: https://bibliotecadigita infor.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12220/10921/18619.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. [ Links ]

DI RIENZO, J.A., 2005. Estadísticas para las ciencias agropecuarias [en línea]. S.: Editorial Brujas. [Consulta: 23/03/2020]. ISBN 978-987-1142-68-2. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://dspace.utalca.cl/handle/1950/3425 . [ Links ]

DOFFO, G.N., ACHINELLI, F.G., RODRÍGUEZ, M.E. y LUQUEZ, V.M., 2017. Rendimiento de un sistema de rotación corta de alta densidad con Salix spp. en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bosque (Valdivia) [en línea], vol 38, no. 3, pp. 587-592. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. ISSN 0717-9200. DOI 10.4067/S0717-92002017000300016. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0717-92002017000300016&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es . [ Links ]

GHASEMI, R. y MOKHTARI, R., 2019. Cyanide acclimation in willow (Salix babylonica), a prospect for the phytoremediation of cyanide. Journal of Plant Process and Function [en línea], vol 7, no. 28, pp. 61-69. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-641-en.htmLinks ]

GÓMEZ, A., PINTOS, B., GRAU, J. y BUENO, M., 2014. Micropropagación de Populus tremula Reduca[en línea], vol 7, pp. 1-11. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264228990_Micropropagacion_de_Populus_tremula_ Links ]

GONZÁLEZ ALAMILLA, E., GONZÁLEZ CORTÁZAR, M., CARRANZA, B., RIVAS JACOBO, M., HERRERA CORREDOR, C., OJEDA RAMÍREZ, D., ZARAGOZA, A. y RIVERO, N., 2019. Chemical Constituents of Salix babylonica and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Animal Bacteria. Molecules [en línea], vol 24. DOI 10.3390/molecules24162992. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335241099_Chemical_Constituents_of_Salix_babylonica_L_and_Their_Antibacterial_Activity_Against_Gram-Positive_and_Gram-Negative_Animal_Bacteria. [ Links ]

GRENDYSZ, J., JACEK, W. y DANUTA, K., 2017. Influence of micropropagation with addition of kinetin on development of a willow (Salix viminalis). World Scientific News [en línea], vol 70, pp. 201-215. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322931611_Influence_of_micropropagation_with_addition_of_kinetin_on_development_of_a_willow_ Salix_viminalis_ [ Links ]

IMRAN, K., AHMAD, N., ANIS, M., ALATAR, A.A. & FAISAL, M. 2018. In vitro conservation strategies for the Indian willow (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.), a vulnerable tree species via propagation through synthetic seeds. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. Vol 16, October, pp. 17-21. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878818118300045Links ]

LÓPEZ, M., SOLÓRZANO, F., POMAGUALLI, D., LÓPEZ, T. y VERGARA, G., 2016. Propagación in vitro del sauce llorón (Salix babilonica Lin.) a partir de segmentos nodales. Revista de Investigación Talentos [en línea], vol 3, no. 2, pp. 22-29. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. ISSN 2631-2476. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://190.15.128.230/index.php/talentos/article/view/59 . [ Links ]

MURASHIGE, T. y SKOOG, F., 2006. A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures. Physiologia Plantarum [en línea], vol 15, pp. 473-497. DOI 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227590930_A_Revised_Medium_for_Rapid_Growth_and_Bio_Assays_with_Tobacco_Tissue_CulturesLinks ]

NAUJOKS, G. 2007. Micropropagation of Salix caprea Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, S.M. Jain and H. Häggman (eds.), 213-220. Springer. Disponible en: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781402063510Links ]

PALOMO RIOS, E., MACALPINE, W., SHIELD, I., AMEY, J., KARAOÐLU, C., WEST, J., HANLEY, S., KRYGIER, R., KARP, A. y JONES, H., 2015. Efficient method for rapid multiplication of clean and healthy willow clones via in vitro propagation with broad genotype applicability. Canadian Journal of Forest Research [en línea], vol 45, pp. 1-6. DOI 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0055. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282160376_Efficient_method_for_rapid_multiplication_of_clean_and_healthy_willow_clones_via_in_vitro_propagation_with_broad_genotype_applicability. [ Links ]

REGUEIRA, M., RIAL, E., BLANCO, B., BOGO, B., ALDREY, A., CORREA, B., VARAS, E., SÁNCHEZ, C. y VIDAL, N., 2018. Micropropagation of axillary shoots of Salix viminalis using a temporary immersion system. Trees[en línea], vol 32, no. 1, pp. 61-71. [Consulta: 09/06/2020]. ISSN 1432-2285. DOI 10.1007/s00468-017-1611-x. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00468-017-1611-x . [ Links ]

RIVERO, N., HERNÁNDEZ ALVARADO, J., CARRANZA, B., DELGADILLO, OJEDA RAMÍREZ, D., SOSA GUTIÉRREZ, C., UBALDO, VEGA SÁNCHEZ, V. y ZARAGOZA, A., 2019. Salix babylonica as a Natural Anticoccidial Alternative in Growing Rabbits. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [en línea], pp. 1-8. DOI 10.1155/2019/2107231. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335480904_ Salix_babylonica_L_as_a_Natural_Anticoccidial_Alternative_in_Growing_Rabbits. [ Links ]

SANTOS, B.R., PAIVA, R., MARTINOTTO, C., NOGUEIRA, R.C., DUARTE, P. 2005. Indução de calos friáveis em explantes foliares de Salix (Salyx humboldtiana Willd). Cienc. Rural vol 35 no.3 Santa Maria May/June. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782005000300004&lang=ptLinks ]

SKÁLOVÁ, D., NAVRÁTILOVÁ, B., RICHTEROVÁ, KNIT. M., SOCHOR, M., & RADIM VAŠUT, R. 2012. Biotechnological methods of in vitro propagation in willows (Salix spp.). Central European Journal of Biology. Vol 7. No.5. 931-940. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240919703_Biotechnological_methods_of_in_vitro_propagation_in_willows_Salix_sppLinks ]

WAHAB, G., SALLAM, A., ELGAML, A., LAHLOUB, M.F. y AFIF, M., 2018. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salix babylonica extracts. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences [en línea], vol 6, pp. 1-6. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325229842_Antioxidant_and_antimicrobial_activities_of_ Salix_babylonica_extracts. [ Links ]

Received: June 04, 2020; Accepted: July 03, 2020

Creative Commons License Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons