<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0300</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0300</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECIMED]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-03002019000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Exercise Countermeasures for the Spine in Microgravity]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Contramedidas de los ejercicios para la columna vertebral en condiciones de microgravedad]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sayson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joselito V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hargens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ola Grimsby Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of California Department of Orthopaedic Surgery ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Diego ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-03002019000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-03002019000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-03002019000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Weakness and neuromuscular deconditioning of the anti-gravity spine muscles develop after 6-month missions in space. There is also a high incidence of herniated nucleus pulposus in cervical and lumbar discs with back pain post-flight. Prolonged microgravity reduces the physiological loading forces needed for spine homeostasis and may alter neuromuscular postural reflexes leading to injury upon return to 1G. Nine astronauts were tested using the Biering-Sorensen test to measure spine isometric endurance pre- and post-flight. The results show significant decrements in muscle isometric endurance and correlates with atrophy of the multifidus, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum and psoas, reduced cross-sectional area and functional cross-sectional area with MRI measurements. Current ISS exercise countermeasures appear to be insufficient in mitigating loss of spinal function due to lack of specifically designed exercises to address specific antigravity muscles. Intensity of resistance loading is proposed to be specific to the muscle isoform that needs the most optimal mechanotransduction using adjustable pulley resistance vectors in line or parallel to the target muscle fibre orientations. Pulley apparatus may be in the form of flywheel or pneumatic derived resistance. Since antigravity muscles are predominantly Type I muscle isoform, endurance and stability are the main functional qualities which would require higher repetitions in good form, moderate resistance, and multiple sets. This proposal is intended to define efficient type of spine exercises to counter the maladaptive effects from prolonged spaceflight and lead to accepted countermeasures. Supported by NASA Grants NNXlOAM18G and NNX13AM89G.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La debilidad y el desacondicionamiento neuromuscular de los músculos de la columna vertebral encargados de la anti-gravedad aparecen a partir del sexto mes de estancia en el espacio. En la etapa posterior al vuelo también se observa una elevada incidencia de núcleos pulposos herniados en discos cervicales y lumbares con dolor de espalda. La microgravedad prolongada reduce las fuerzas de carga fisiológica necesarias para la homeostasis de la columna vertebral, además de que puede alterar los reflejos posturales neuromusculares provocando lesiones al regresar a 1G. Nueve astronautas fueron evaluados con la prueba de Biering-Sorensen para medir la resistencia isométrica de la columna vertebral antes y después del vuelo. Los resultados muestran decrecimientos significativos en la resistencia isométrica muscular y correlatos con atrofia del multifidus, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum y psoas, reducción del área transversal y área transversal funcional con mediciones IRM. Las contramedidas actuales de la EEI para los ejercicios parecen ser insuficientes para mitigar la pérdida de función espinal provocada por la falta de ejercicios dirigidos a músculos antigravedad específicos. Se propone que la intensidad de la carga de resistencia sea específica para la isoforma muscular que requiere la mecanotransducción más óptima usando vectores de resistencia de polea ajustables alineados o paralelos a las orientaciones de la fibra muscular a que estén dirigidos. El dispositivo de poleas puede tomar la forma de volante o de resistencia derivada de fuerza neumática. Como los músculos antigravedad son predominantemente isoformas musculares Tipo I, la resistencia y la estabilidad son las principales cualidades funcionales que requerirían mayores repeticiones en buena forma, resistencia moderada y múltiples ciclos. La propuesta que aquí se presenta está dirigida a definir el tipo eficiente de ejercicios para la columna vertebral para contrarrestar los efectos de adaptación inadecuada provocados por un vuelo espacial prolongado, así como avanzar hacia la creación de contramedidas aceptables. Realizado con el apoyo de las subvenciones de la NASA NNXlOAM18G y NNX13AM89G.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biering-Sorensen Test]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anti-gravity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[muscle atrophy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mechanotransduction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[low back pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HNP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prueba de Biering-Sorensen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antigravedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[atrofia muscular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mecanotransducción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lumbalgia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HNP]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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