INFLUENCIA DE LA FASE FENOLÓGICA DE DOS CULTIVARES DE PIMIENTO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE Polyphagotarsonemus latus (BANKS)
H. Rodríguez*1, A. Montoya**, Ileana Miranda*, Yaritza Rodríguez***, Mayra Ramos****
* Grupo Plagas Agrícolas, Dirección de Protección de Plantas. Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA). Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional. Apdo. 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba. Correo electrónico: morell_66@isch.edu.cu, ** Facultad Agroforestal de Montaña (FAM). Centro Universitario de Guantánamo (CUG). El Salvador, Guantánamo, Cuba, *** Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas «Liliana Dimitrova» (IIHLD). Carretera Bejucal-Quivicán, km 33½, Quivicán, Mayabeque, Cuba, **** Departamento de Medio Ambiente. Facultad de Gestión de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y el Medio Ambiente, Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC). Carlos III y Luaces, Plaza de la Revolución, La Habana, Cuba
The severity of the damages caused by Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in the protected production of pepper have been related to the phenological phases of the crop. The influence of the phenological phases on the damages produced by P. latus on two Cuban pepper cultivars is evaluated in the present work. Groups of eight pots were formed with plants of each of the cultivars. The treatments consisted in the infestation of the apical zone of the plants with ten females of the broad mite at 5, 7, 10 and 14 weeks of seed germination, time periods corresponding to the different phenological phases. A group of eight plants of both cultivars were left uninfested as controls. After infestation, one leaf was collected from the apical zone of each plant every seven days for eight weeks to determine the number of mites. In addition, the leaf fresh and dry weights and the leaf area were determined. The trial was concluded after 22 weeks, when the height and the fresh and dry weights of the plants were determined. The number of mites present in each of the pepper phenological phases was statistically different in both cultivars. Both cultivars showed significant differences in the plant height and fresh and dry weights in relation to the remaining treatments and the control only when the mite was released at the vegetative growth phase. These results suggest that the pepper crop is more vulnerable to the attack of the broad mite at the initial life cycle phases of the crop. Therefore, it is when the crop must be protected with greater emphasis.
Key words: Capsicum annuum; damage; broad mite; Tarsonemidae; injury levels.
RESUMEN
La severidad de los daños que produce Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) en la producción protegida de pimiento ha sido relacionada con las fases fenológicas del cultivo. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la influencia de las mismas en los daños producidos por P. latus sobre dos cultivares cubanos de pimiento. Con las plantas de cada cultivar se formaron grupos de ocho macetas. Los tratamientos consistieron en infestar las plantas en la zona apical con 10 hembras del ácaro blanco a las 5, 7, 10 y 14 semanas de germinadas las semillas, periodos que se corresponden con las diferentes fases fenológicas. Se dispuso de un grupo de ocho plantas como control que no fueron infestadas, para ambos cultivares. A partir de la infestación, se extrajo una hoja de cada planta de la zona apical cada siete días, para determinar la cantidad de ácaros presentes por espacio de ocho semanas. A cada hoja se le determinó además, la masa fresca y seca y el área foliar. A las 22 semanas, cuando se dio por concluido el experimento, se midió la altura de las plantas, su masa fresca y seca. El número de ácaros presentes en cada una de las fases fenológicas del pimiento fueron estadísticamente diferentes, en ambos cultivares. Para los indicadores altura, masa fresca y seca de la planta, solo se observaron diferencias significativas cuando el ácaro fue liberado en la fase de crecimiento vegetativo con relación al resto de los tratamientos y el control, para ambos cultivares. Estos resultados sugieren que el cultivo del pimiento es más vulnerable al ataque de ácaro blanco en las fases iniciales del cultivo. Por tanto, este es el momento en que el cultivo debe ser protegido con mayor énfasis.
Palabras clave: Capsicum annuum; daño; ácaro blanco; Tarsonemidae; nivel de daño.
]]>
(Recibido 3-1-2011; Aceptado 13-5-2011)
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the protected agriculture system is worldwide recognized as an advanced agricultural technology that can have an effective influence on the production of fresh vegetable around all the year. The importance of this system has come increasing as the producer has mastered the technology and reached satisfactory results (1).
The conditions offered to the crop in these systems are also suitable for the development of new pests and the rise of others to levels that may be incompatible with the achievement of acceptable yields. In this context, an increase of the affectations by nematodes, insects and mites has occurred, and the latter have been the cause of considerable losses in some horticultural species grown under these systems (2,3).
The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is considered one of the major pests in the pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) (4,5,6,7,8,9 ), which causes the decrease of the plantation useful time and yields. Monitoring of this pest starts with the pepper seedlings and is maintained during the whole cycle of the crop (1). However, it is unnoticed very often and its presence is detected when the damage is irreversible.
Pepper production has assumed new challenges in Cuba giving priority to the domestic consumption (population and tourism); and in the search of solutions, the use of pepper hybrids (F1) has been increased for their exploitation in protected crops and in the open field as well. These hybrids offer the possibility of showing the effect of heterosis, mainly under stress conditions; of accumulating dominant genes of resistance to several pathogens and of conserving the fruits in shelves; in addition of permitting the varietal protection and the profitability of the selection work, as well as a better adaptation to adverse conditions (10). ]]>
With this purpose, plant improvers have worked on obtaining multiresistant lines to diseases, mainly to viruses. The material derived from the improving process has been assessed and promising results has been reached with the cultivars HIRAM F1 and LPD-5 F1, which are the hybrids mostly used in the protected pepper production in Cuba at present (11). However, their behaviour when attacked by P. latus is unknown. Bearing all these facts in mind, this work was aimed to know the damages caused by P. latus and its relationship with the phenological phases of the two pepper hybrids in greenhouses.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse of the Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA, Mayabeque) with net walls and roof of plexiglass from November 2007 to April 2008. The pepper cultivars used were HIRAM F1 and LPD-5 F1. After one month of germinated, the seedlings were transplanted to 5 L plastic pots containing Compacted Red Ferralitic soil (12) and organic matter (cattle manure) in a 3:1 proportion. Eight pots/hybrids/treatment were used, which were the repetitions of the experiment. The temperature and the relative humidity were maintained at 26.63 ± 6.5°C and 64.08 ± 5.1%, respectively, measured with a digital thermo-hygrometer (Testo 608-H2).
Five groups with eight plants were formed of each cultivar. The treatments consisted in the infestation of the plants with the broad mite at 5, 7, 10 and 14 weeks after seed germination. Those time periods correspond with the plant phases: vegetative growth, blossoming, early fruiting and late fruiting, respectively.
At each infestation time, 10 broad mite females were released on the apical zone of each plant. The females were taken with a paintbrush (00); they were placed with an entomological pin on two pepper leaves (five on each leaf). For both cultivars, a group of eight plants were left uninfested as a control.
After plant infestation, they were sampled weekly during eight weeks. In each sampling, the number of mites present on one leaf collected from the apical zone of each plant was determined under a Zeiss Stemi SV-6 stereomicroscope. The area and the dry and fresh weights of these leaves were also determined.
Each leaf image was digitised with a NIKON D 200 digital camera at life-size and the same distance between the lens and the leaf (0.5 m). The leaf area was determined with these images using the Image Tool version 3 program .Then, the leaf fresh weight was determined with a Sartorius electronic balance and the dry weight determined after the leaves were placed in an ECOCELL stove at 70 ºC for seven days until constant weights were reached.
After 22 weeks, when the experiment was considered concluded, the plant height was determined in cm, as well as the plant fresh and dry weights. Prior to plant removal, the pots were abundantly watered to avoid damages to the root system. The roots were washed with water and wiped with absorbent paper. Thereafter, a procedure similar to the above described for the leaves was followed.
With the data recorded and taking account of the phenological phases of the pepper crop for each cultivar separately, the influence of the broad mite on each of the parameter assessed was determined by Simple Analysis of Variance and means compared by Duncan's Test. ]]>
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In both cultivars, the broad mite populations were preferably localized on the leaf underside. But when the population levels increased, they could also be found on the leaf upperside, mainly the females, which was the stage that migrated more easily. This is the habitual behaviour of this phytophagous, which prefers the most protected places of the young leaf underside for its development (4,5,13). A similar behaviour was shown by both cultivars; the population levels of the broad mite increased from the first to the third sampling, and then began to decrease gradually until minimum values in the eighth sampling (Fig. 1-2). It is known that when the leaves show severe symptoms, they become unsuitable for the normal development of the pest and it tends to migrate towards more favourable zones (5).
Table 1 shows that the numbers of mites present in each of the pepper phenological phases were statistically different. If the total population of the phytophagous is considered, the highest population levels were reached by both cultivars when the plants were infested at the vegetative growth phase, with values that differed significantly from the remaining treatments The plants infested at the blossoming phase were placed in a second group, although the population levels did not exceed the 40% of the population observed in the vegetative growth phase. The lowest population levels, with no significant difference among them, were observed when the plants were infested at the early and late fruiting phases.
This result is not entirely consistent with that informed by de Coss-Romero and Pena (4) in Florida. The highest mite levels were observed by these authors in the early fruiting phase, what does not agree with the results of the present study, while the lowest values were similarly detected in the late fruiting phase. It is known that, due to the characteristic of their oral parts, the tarsonemids are less capable of penetrating the lignified tissues (14), what is likely to happen with the l4 week-old pepper plants. Both de Coss-Romero and Pena (4) and Echer et al. (5) pointed out that it was a valuable result for the programs evaluating pepper resistance to the broad mite, suggesting that this evaluation could be carried out in early growth stages of the crop.
The leaf area values observed for the phenological phases of vegetative growth and blossoming demonstrate that they are the phases more affected by P. latus feeding since these values are significantly different from those of the uninfested control in both cultivars. All the phases showed a similar behaviour for the fresh and dry weight evaluations as these were not significantly different excepting the fresh and dry weights for the early fruiting phase in the cultivar HIRAM F1 and for the fresh weight in the late fruiting phase in the cultivar LPD-5 F1 (Table 2).
When the influence of P. latus on plant height and plant fresh and dry weights was analysed, significant differences in plant height could only be observed in both cultivars when the mite was released at the vegetative growth phase in relation to the remaining treatments and the control. In the LPD-1 F1 cultivar, the fresh and dry weights showed a similar behaviour, as it was expected; the lowest value was observed when the plants were infested with the mite at the vegetative growth phase, which differed significantly from the remaining treatments. In this cultivar, significant differences were not detected between the control and the blossoming and late fruiting phases, whereas the highest value was shown by the early fruiting phase (Table 3). Significant differences among the treatments were found for the LPD-5 F1 cultivar. The lowest value was observed in the vegetative growth phase; blossoming and early and late fruiting phases showed medium values and with no significant differences among them and the highest value was for the uninfested control.
The high stress levels induced by P. latus feeding provoke a reduction in the fruit quantity and quality, vegetative growth and differentiated blossoming development, due to some anatomical, physiological or biochemical differences among the plants in vegetative growth or reproductive stages. This reduction is caused by the systematic feeding on leaf young tissues, which are more susceptible than the plants with a higher number of mature leaves (4).
This population behaviour and the affectations of the normal plant development that they mean were evident in the number and mean weight of fruits per plant (Table 4). In the LPD-1 F1 cultivar, significant differences were only observed between the vegetative growth phase, with the lowest values, and the remaining phases and the control. This result is in agreement with that previously described for this hybrid. In the case of the LPD-5 F1 cultivar, no differences were found in the mean of fruits per plant, but they were in the fruit weight. For this parameter, the lowest value was found in the vegetative growth phase differing from the remaining ones.
]]>
The understanding of P. latus population behaviour in response to the phenological phases of these two pepper cultivars contributes to improve the monitoring programs and to the design of more effective management strategies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Eduardo Sistachs PhD. for improving the English text and Reynaldo Chico for technical assistance.
REFERENCIAS
1. Casanova AS, Gómez O, Hernández M, Chailloux M, Depestre T, et al. Manual para la Producción Protegida de Hortalizas. Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas «Liliana Dimitrova». Segunda Edición. Editorial Liliana, Ministerio de la Agricultura, 2007; 179 p.
2. Hanafi A. Invasive pests and diseases: a challenge to IPM in greenhouse crops. Phytoparasitica. 2005;33:423-426. ]]>
3. Gómez L, Rodríguez MG, González E, Díaz-Viruliche L, Wagner F. Evaluación de materiales orgánicos para la biofumigación en instalaciones de Cultivos Protegidos. Rev Protección Veg. 2006;21(3):178-175.
4. De Coss-Romero M, Pena JE. Relationship of broad mite (Acari: Tarsonemidae) to host phenology and injury levels in Capsicum annuum. Fla Entomologist. 1998;81(4):515-526.
5. Echer MM, Fernandes MCA, Ribeiro RLD, Peracchi AL. Avaliação de genótipos de Capsicum para resistência ao ácaro branco. Hort bras. 2002;20(2):217-221.
6. Weintraub PG. Integrated control of pests in tropical and subtropical sweet pepper production. Pest Management Sci. 2007;63:753-760.
7. Gerson U, Weintraub PG. Mites for the control of pests in protected cultivation. Pest Management Sci. 2007;63:658-676. ]]>
8. Tal C, Coll M, Weintraub PG. Biological control of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) by the predaceous mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). IOBC/wprs Bull. 2007;30:25-36.
9. Gómez L, Rodríguez MG, Enrique R. Factores limitantes de la producción protegida de hortalizas en Cuba. Rev Protección Veg. 2009;24(1):23-28.
10.Rodríguez Y, Depestre T, Rodríguez RM, Delgado A. Obtención de cinco híbridos cubanos de pimiento. Temas de Ciencia y Tecnología. 2004;8(23):25-27.
11.Rodríguez Y, Depestre T, Rodríguez RM, Delgado A. Creación varietal en pimiento (Capsicum annuum L. Temas de Ciencia y Tecnología. 2007;11(31 ):21-37.
12.MINAGRI (Ministerio de la Agricultura). Instituto de Suelos. Nueva versión de la clasificación genética de los suelos de Cuba. La Habana. AGRINFOR, 1999; 64 p. ]]>
13.Palevsky E, Soroker V, Weintraub PG, Mansour F, Abo-Moch F, Gerson U. How species-specific is the phoretic relationship between the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and its insect host? Exp Appl Acarol. 2001;25:217-224.
14.Jeppson LR, Keifer HH, Baker EW. Mites injurious to economic plant. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1975; 614 p.
1Current address: Departamento Biología-Sanidad Vegetal. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad Agraria de La Habana (UNAH). Carretera de Tapaste. San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque. CP 32 700. Correo electrónico: morell_66@isch.edu.cu ]]>
