<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1608-8921</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Médica Espirituana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Méd Espirit]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1608-8921</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1608-89212016000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedad periodontal, inflamación y diabetes mellitus]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Periodontal disease, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel Soca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santiago Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yamileisy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Mariana Grajales Coello.Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, Holguín.Cuba  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Holguín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>04</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212016000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1608-89212016000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1608-89212016000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>CARTA AL EDITOR</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Enfermedad periodontal, inflamaci&oacute;n y diabetes mellitus</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Periodontal disease, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus </b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Dr. Pedro Enrique Miguel Soca<sup>I</sup>, Lic. Yamileisy Santiago Mart&iacute;nez<sup>I</sup>. </b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">I&nbsp;Facultad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas Mariana Grajales Coello.Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas, Holgu&iacute;n.Cuba.    <br> </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> <hr noshade size=1 />    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>CARTA AL EDITOR</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Se&ntilde;or editor:</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Un estudio transversal sobre los factores de riesgo de la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes diab&eacute;ticos, encontr&oacute; como principales factores locales (act&uacute;an en la boca), los dientes ausentes (92,3 %), higiene bucal deficiente (71,2 %), c&aacute;lculos (65,4 %), caries (65,4 %) y h&aacute;bito de fumar (32,7 %) <sup>1</sup>, estos resultados coinciden en general con otras investigaciones realizadas <sup>2-6</sup>. Sin embargo, en esta investigaci&oacute;n no se estudian factores de riesgo sist&eacute;micos o generales cuyo efecto es en todo el organismo, menos investigados en Cuba por los estomat&oacute;logos, entre esos factores se destacan la obesidad, la hipertensi&oacute;n arterial y el s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico. Sugerimos a los autores citados<sup>1</sup> tenerlos en cuenta para pr&oacute;ximas investigaciones.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En esta carta nos referiremos a los v&iacute;nculos inflamatorios entre la enfermedad periodontal y la diabetes mellitus, un tema sujeto a pol&eacute;mica cient&iacute;fica debido probablemente al escaso conocimiento de los mecanismos que vinculan ambas enfermedades a pesar de su demostrada relaci&oacute;n.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La enfermedad periodontal es una enfermedad inflamatoria cr&oacute;nica caracterizada por la destrucci&oacute;n de las estructuras de soporte del diente cuando est&aacute; en estadios avanzados <sup>7</sup>. Adem&aacute;s, la diabetes es un importante factor de riesgo de la periodontitis y un estado proinflamatorio; aunque no est&aacute; clara la relaci&oacute;n entre el grado de hiperglicemia y la severidad de la periodontitis, los mecanismos que relacionan ambas enfermedades se vinculan con la respuesta inmunol&oacute;gica, la actividad de los neutr&oacute;filos y la biolog&iacute;a de las citoquinas.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Los agentes pat&oacute;genos aglutinan polimorfonucleares y monocitos en el periodontio, lo que genera estr&eacute;s oxidativo y destrucci&oacute;n del tejido periodontal; tambi&eacute;n se favorece la expresi&oacute;n hep&aacute;tica de mediadores proinflamatorios como la prote&iacute;na C reactiva, interleucina 6, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y fibrin&oacute;geno, lo que desencadena un proceso inflamatorio de bajo grado que acelera la disfunci&oacute;n endotelial, la aterosclerosis y la diabetes mellitus <sup>7</sup>. Algunas sustancias producidas por las bacterias en la cavidad bucal como los lipopolisac&aacute;ridos pueden tener un papel en la patogenia.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En los pacientes diab&eacute;ticos con hiperglucemia se reduce la secreci&oacute;n de saliva por la glucosuria y poliuria, y se favorece la aparici&oacute;n de enfermedades bucales como liquen plano, leucoplasia y reacciones liquenoides, debido principalmente a trastornos de la respuesta inmune <sup>8</sup>. La enfermedad periodontal es m&aacute;s frecuente en diab&eacute;ticos que en la poblaci&oacute;n sana, y el control de la glucemia es uno de los m&aacute;s importantes factores de riesgo relacionados con la periodontitis. Diferentes estudios han demostrado que la prevalencia y severidad de complicaciones diab&eacute;ticas no bucales como retinopat&iacute;a, neuropat&iacute;a, nefropat&iacute;a y enfermedad cardiovascular se relaciona con la severidad de la periodontitis <sup>8-10</sup>.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La enfermedad periodontal se vincula con la diabetes mellitus esencialmente por un proceso inflamatorio de baja intensidad y cr&oacute;nico, debido a la secreci&oacute;n aumentada de citoquinas proinflamatorias por el tejido de soporte del diente y por el tejido adiposo blanco, cuyos aspectos pol&eacute;micos requieren investigaciones para esclarecerlos. El v&iacute;nculo entre ambas es en las dos direcciones, la enfermedad periodontal es m&aacute;s frecuente y severa&nbsp; en diab&eacute;ticos y los pacientes diab&eacute;ticos con periodontopat&iacute;as presentan peor pron&oacute;stico y&nbsp; mal control de la diabetes.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>DeCS:</b> ENFERMEDADES PERIODONTALES; DIABETES MELLITUS; INFLAMACI&Oacute;N; FACTORES DE RIESGO.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Palabras clave: </b>Enfermedad periodontal; inflamaci&oacute;n; diabetes mellitus; factores de riesgo.</font></p>        <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Mr. Editor:</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">A cross-sectional study about the factors of risk of the periodontal diseases in diabetic patients, found as main local factors (acting in the mouth), the absent teeth (92.3 %), deficient oral hygiene (71.2 %), calculations (65.4 %), cavities (65.4%) and smoking habit (32.7 %) <sup>1</sup>, these results matches in general with other investigations made <sup>2-6</sup>. However, in this investigation are not studied generally or systematic factors of risk whose effect is in the whole organism, less investigated in Cuba by the stomatologyst, among those factors stand out obesity, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. We suggest the quoted authors <sup>1</sup> to keep them in mind for further investigations.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">In this letter we will refer to the inflammatory bonds between the periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus, a topic subject to scientific polemic probably to the low knowledge of the mechanisms that link both diseases in spite of their demonstrated relationship.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The periodontal disease is an inflammatory chronicle disease characterized by the destruction of the structures of support of the tooth when it is in advanced stadiums <sup>7</sup>; the diabetes is an important factor of risk of the periodontitis and a state proinflamatory ; although it is not clear the relationship between the hyperglycemia grade and the severity of the periodontitis, the mechanisms that relate both diseases are linked with the immunologic answer, the activity of the neutrophils and the biology of the cytokines.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The pathogens agents agglutinate polimorfonuclear and monocytes in the periodontal, what generates oxidative stress and destruction of the periodontal tissue; it is also favored the hepatic expression of proinflamatory mediators like the C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and fibrinogen, what unchains an inflammatory process of low grade that accelerates the endothelial dysfunction, the atherosclerosis and the diabetes mellitus <sup>7</sup>. Some substances taken place by the bacteria in the oral cavity as the lipopolysaccharides can have a paper in the pathogenic</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">In the diabetic patients with hyperglycemia decreases the secretion of saliva for the glycosuria and polyuria, and the appearance of oral diseases is favored as plane lichen, leukoplakia and reactions liquenoides, due mainly to dysfunctions of the immune response <sup>8</sup>. The periodontal disease is more frequent in diabetics than in the healthy population, and the control of the glycaemia is one of the more important factors of risk related with the periodontitis. Different studies have demonstrated that the prevalence and severity of diabetic complications not oral as retinopathies, neuropathies, nephropathies and cardiovascular diseases are related with the severity of the periodontitis <sup>8-10</sup>. The periodontal disease is linked essentially with the diabetes mellitus by an inflammatory process of low intensity and chronic, due to the increased secretion of cytokines proinflamatory for the tissue of support of teeth and for the white fatty tissue whose polemic aspects require investigations to clarify them. The bond among both is in the two directions; the periodontal disease is more frequent and more severe in diabetics and the diabetic patients with periodonthopathies present worse prognosis and bad control of the diabetes.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>MeSH:</b> PERIODONTAL DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; INFLAMMATION; RISK FACTORS.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Keywords: </b>PERIODONTAL DISEASES; INFLAMMATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; RISK FACTORS.</font></p>       <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">1.&nbsp;Yanes Ruiz Y, Rubio R&iacute;os G, Torres L&oacute;pez MC, Ca&ntilde;izares Obreg&oacute;n Y. Factores de riesgo relacionados de la enfermedad periodontal. Pacientes diab&eacute;ticos. Zaza del Medio. Taguasco. 2010. Gac M&eacute;d Espirit [Internet]. 2016 [citado: 2016/Abr/14];18(1). Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212016000100003" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212016000100003</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">2.&nbsp;Paez Gonz&aacute;lez Y, Tamayo Ortiz B, Batista Bonillo A, Garc&iacute;a Rodr&iacute;guez YC, Guerrero Ricardo I. Factores de riesgo de periodontopat&iacute;as en pacientes adultos. CCM [Internet]. 2015 [citado 2016 Feb 25]; 19(2): 269-281. Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812015000200009" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812015000200009</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">3.&nbsp;Pe&ntilde;a Lage M, Manresa Reyes L, Rodr&iacute;guez Legr&aacute; E. Enfermedad periodontal y s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico. CCM [Internet]. 2014 [citado 2016&nbsp; Feb&nbsp; 25] ;&nbsp; 18(2): 324-326. Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812014000200014" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812014000200014</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">4.&nbsp;Laplace P&eacute;rez BN, Legr&aacute; Matos SM, Fern&aacute;ndez Laplace J, Qui&ntilde;ones M&aacute;rquez D, Pi&ntilde;a Su&aacute;rez L, Castellanos Almestoy L. Enfermedades bucales en el adulto mayor. CCM [Internet]. 2013 [citado 2016 Feb 25]; 17(4): 477-488. Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812013000400008" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1560-43812013000400008</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">5.&nbsp;Cruz Hern&aacute;ndez I, Rubio R&iacute;os G, Torres L&oacute;pez MC. Enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria cr&oacute;nica. Municipio Fomento. 2010. Gac M&eacute;d Espirit [Internet]. 2013 Ene-abr [citado 2016 Abr 15]; 15 (1): 30-36. Disponible en: <a href="http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/gme/pub/vol.15.(1)_05/p5.html" target="_blank">http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/gme/pub/vol.15.(1)_05/p5.html</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">6.&nbsp;Rubio Rios G, Cruz Hern&aacute;ndez I, Torres L&oacute;pez MC. Estado periodontal e higiene bucal en mayores de 15 a&ntilde;os. &Aacute;rea Norte. Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus 2010. Gac M&eacute;d Espirit [Internet]. 2013 Ene-Abr [citado&nbsp; 2016&nbsp; Abr&nbsp; 15];&nbsp; 15 (1): 48-55. Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212013000100007" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212013000100007</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">7.&nbsp;Miguel Soca PE, Silva Campos L. Periodontitis e hiperglucemia. AMC [Internet]. 2015&nbsp;&nbsp; Ene- feb [citado 2016 Abr 15];&nbsp; 19 (1): 5-6. Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1025-02552015000100003" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1025-02552015000100003</a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">8.&nbsp;Llamb&eacute;s F, Arias-Herrera S, Caffesse R. Relationship between diabetes and periodontal infection.&nbsp; World J Diabetes [Internet].&nbsp; 2015 [cited 2016 Feb 25]; 6(7):927-35. Available from:&nbsp; <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499526/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499526/</a></font><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">9.&nbsp;Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Konstantinidis A, Makrilakis K, et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2012 jan [cited: 2016/; 55(1): 21&ndash;1. Available from: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228943/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228943/</a></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">10.&nbsp;Schallhorn RA. Understanding the Inter-relationship Between Periodontitis and Diabetes: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2016[citado&nbsp; 2016&nbsp; Oct&nbsp; 15]; 37(6):368-70. Disponible en: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27684587" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27684587</a></font><p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Recibido: 2016-04-15    <br>Aprobado: 2016-10-17</font></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>Dr.Pedro Enrique Miguel Soca.</i> Facoltad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas Mariana Grajales Coello. Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas, Holgu&iacute;n. Cuba.</font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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