<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2074-8647</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biotecnología Vegetal]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biot. Veg.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2074-8647</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Biotecnología de las PlantasUniversidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2074-86472019000100015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Potato purple top, lethal wilt of oil palm, and papaya twisted neck syndrome: Phytoplasma-associated diseases in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Punta morada de la papa, Marchitez letal de la palma aceitera y Síndrome de cuello virado de la papaya: enfermedades asociadas a fitoplasmas en Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallegos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose B]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Insuasti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Veronica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivadeneira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuesta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INIAP National Department of Plant Protection ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mejía Pichincha]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INIAP National Department of Biotechnology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mejía Pichincha]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INIAP National Program of roots and tubers - Potato ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mejía Pichincha]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2074-86472019000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2074-86472019000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2074-86472019000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Phytoplasma are wall-less bacteria limited to the phloem vessels in higher plants. Diseases associated with phytoplasma, in the past, have not been a serious problem in Ecuador. Nevertheless, for climate change effects, their importance has been increasing suddenly. This research was focused on the detection of phytoplasma using nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), and papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants. Phytoplasma-specific PCR amplifications were generated by nested PCR in 50% samples of Twisted neck syndrome in papaya, 38% potato samples showing Purple top symptoms, and in all the samples showing symptoms of Lethal wilt of oil palm. A continual increase in the incidence of Potato purple top was observed, and there is a high risk of contamination in the southern production zones of the country. In potato, results of this study are more closely related to Candidatus Phytoplasma subgroup 16SrI. Lethal wilt continues to be a major threat to oil palm production. In papaya, members of the group 16SrXIII-E produce a disease similar as reported in this study.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Los fitoplasmas son bacterias sin pared celular limitadas al floema en plantas superiores. Las enfermedades asociadas a fitoplasmas, en el pasado, han sido poco frecuentes y severas en el Ecuador. Sin embargo, por efectos del cambio climático, su importancia se ha incrementado en un corto tiempo. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de detectar fitoplasmas mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) anidada, en plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum), palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) y papaya (Carica papaya). Amplicones del tamaño esperado para fitoplasma fueron obtenidos en el 50% de las muestras con síndrome de cuello virado de la papaya, 38% de plantas con sintomatología de punta morada de la papa y todas las muestras con marchitez letal de la palma aceitera. Punta morada ha ido incrementándose en incidencia y severidad, y existe alto riesgo de contaminación de la enfermedad en zonas de producción de semilla al centro-sur del país. En papa los resultados de este estudio están relacionados con Candidatus Phytoplasma sp. subgrupo 16SrI. La Marchitez Letal continúa siendo una seria amenaza para el cultivo de palma aceitera. En papaya, miembros del 16SrXIII-E producen sintomatología similar a la informada en el presente trabajo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Candidatus Phytoplasma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[crop production]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nested PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Candidatus Phytoplasma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producción de plantas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PCR-anidada]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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