<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202025000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Heroic codes in Sumerian and Anglo-Saxon epics]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Códigos heroicos en las épicas sumerias y anglosajonas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hamida Aliyeva]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Azerbaijan University of Languages  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Azerbaijan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT One of the main spheres of learning the history of literature is literary relations and research about correlations between different literatures. Analysis of this problem shows the specific features of literatures of different nations and discovers their universal value. On this ground, making a comparative-typological analysis between the old Sumerian literary monument "The Epic of Gilgamesh" and the largest well-known example of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry "Beowulf" reveals very interesting points. It is known that "The Epic of Gilgamesh" represents the archaic period of Near Eastern culture, while "Beowulf" represents Old Middle Ages West European literature. Although these two monuments are different and apart from each other from areal and cultural points of view, many features characteristic of archaic epic (mythological plot, main characters combining the features of totemic ancestors and cultural heroes, their possession of supernatural power, the scenes of fight between them and various creatures, etc.) and the common features between the main characters Gilgamesh and Beowulf connect them. The common points combining these two heroes are mainly their representation of the good side in the confrontation between evil and good and their acceptance of the savior mission. This article draws parallels between the images of Gilgamesh and Beowulf and examines heroic codes, based on a comparative analysis of ancient Sumerian and Early Medieval Anglo-Saxon epic poetry.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Una de las principales áreas del estudio de la historia de la literatura son las relaciones literarias y la investigación sobre las correlaciones entre diferentes literaturas. El análisis de este problema revela las características específicas de las literaturas de diferentes naciones y descubre su valor universal. Sobre esta base, un análisis tipológico comparativo entre el antiguo monumento literario sumerio "La Epopeya de Gilgamesh" y el mayor ejemplo conocido de poesía épica anglosajona, "Beowulf", revela puntos muy interesantes. Se sabe que "La Epopeya de Gilgamesh" representa el período arcaico de la cultura de Oriente Próximo, mientras que "Beowulf" representa la literatura de Europa Occidental de la Edad Media. Si bien estos dos monumentos son diferentes y distantes entre sí desde un punto de vista territorial y cultural, muchos rasgos característicos de la epopeya arcaica (trama mitológica, personajes principales que combinan rasgos de ancestros totémicos y héroes culturales, su posesión de poderes sobrenaturales, las escenas de lucha entre ellos y diversas criaturas, etc.) y los rasgos comunes entre los personajes principales, Gilgamesh y Beowulf, los conectan. Los puntos en común que unen a estos dos héroes son principalmente su representación del lado bueno en la confrontación entre el bien y el mal, y su aceptación de la misión salvadora. Este artículo establece paralelismos entre las imágenes de Gilgamesh y Beowulf y examina los códigos heroicos, basándose en un análisis comparativo de la poesía épica sumeria antigua y la anglosajona de la Alta Edad Media.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epic poetry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Symbol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mythological conscience]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Historical process]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Parallelisms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Poesía épica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Símbolo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Conciencia mitológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Proceso histórico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paralelismos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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