<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202025000400003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Survival in Rural Cooperative Societies. An Ethnographic Analysis in Western México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Competitividad y Supervivencia en Sociedades Cooperativas Rurales. Un Análisis Etnográfico en el Occidente de México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Guardado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César Alí]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Israel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tecnológico Nacional de México; Instituto Tecnológico Mario Molina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Campus Puerto Vallarta]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Social economy has been used as a development strategy in various communities; however, its level of competitiveness has not always met expectations. This study analyzed the differences in competitiveness levels of cooperative societies in rural areas, employing both economic and perceptual indicators. Through an ethnographic approach that included observation and interviews, a sample of four cooperative societies was examined: two engaged in fishing production and two in tourism activities along the northern coast of Jalisco. The results revealed a duality between survival and competitiveness, highlighting two categories with significant gaps that reflect the polarization of this relationship. Furthermore, it was identified that strengthening internal competitiveness contributed to the survival, permanence, and consolidation of cooperatives, aligning with findings from previous studies. Although, as with any ethnographic study, limitations to generalizing the results were acknowledged, triangulation in data collection provided a deeper understanding of the observed characteristics and improved the accuracy of interpretations. This study underscores the importance of member commitment within cooperative societies to enhance competitiveness and suggests that strengthening this dynamic could lead to higher levels of development and sustainability for these organizations in rural areas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La economía social ha sido utilizada como estrategia de desarrollo en diversas comunidades; sin embargo, su nivel de competitividad no siempre ha alcanzado lo esperado. Este estudio analizó las diferencias en los niveles de competitividad de las sociedades cooperativas en áreas rurales, empleando indicadores económicos y perceptuales. Mediante un enfoque etnográfico, que incluyó observación y entrevistas, se examinó una muestra de cuatro sociedades cooperativas: dos dedicadas a la producción pesquera y dos a actividades turísticas en la costa norte de Jalisco. Los resultados evidenciaron una dualidad entre supervivencia y competitividad, destacando dos categorías con brechas significativas que reflejan la polarización de esta relación. Además, se identificó que el fortalecimiento de la competitividad interna contribuyó a la supervivencia, permanencia y consolidación de las cooperativas, coincidiendo con estudios previos. Aunque, como en cualquier estudio etnográfico, se reconocen limitaciones para generalizar los hallazgos, la triangulación en la recolección de datos permitió una comprensión más profunda de las características observadas y una interpretación más precisa. Este trabajo subraya la importancia del compromiso de los miembros de las sociedades cooperativas para fortalecer su competitividad y sugiere que este enfoque puede traducirse en mayores niveles de desarrollo y sostenibilidad para este tipo de organizaciones en áreas rurales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rural development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Development strategy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Collective economy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ethnography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Community participation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desarrollo rural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estrategia de desarrollo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Economía colectiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Etnografía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Participación comunitaria]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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