<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202025000400008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Science and education diplomacy, South Caucasus: cooperation perspectives between Azerbaijan and Georgia (2002-2021) in Turkey's politics]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diplomacia en ciencia y educación, Cáucaso Sur: perspectivas de cooperación entre Azerbaiyán y Georgia (2002-2021) en la política de Turquía]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huseynli Abdulrahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Huseyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Baku State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Azerbaijan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202025000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The importance of science and education diplomacy in the South Caucasus has grown markedly since the early 2000s, being Turkey an important collaborator through many institutions such as: the Turkish Academy of Sciences, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, and the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. However, existing literature has yet to provide a comprehensive evaluation of how these initiatives have specifically shaped cooperation between Azerbaijan and Georgia under Turkey&#8217;s regional policies from 2002 to 2021. This study addresses that gap by employing a qualitative, historical-comparative methodology, drawing on official government documents, institutional reports, and statistical data to trace the evolution of bilateral science and education agreements. Findings reveal that TAS&#8217;s first protocol with the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences in 2003, renewed on ANAS&#8217;s 70th anniversary in 2015, and the 2008 protocol with the Georgian National Academy of Sciences have sustained joint symposiums, exchange programs, and co-publications. TÜB&#304;TAK&#8217;s project portfolio-including NATO-supported catalyst development (2002), metrology consultancy (2013), and cyber-defense training (2019)-and T&#304;KA&#8217;s extensive educational infrastructure investments have supplied critical material, and human resources. Political volatility-especially Turkey&#8217;s limited engagement with Armenia-remains a constraint on regional integration. The findings underscore the strategic role of science diplomacy as a &#8220;soft power&#8221; instrument and suggest that expanding direct institutional links, enhancing multilateral platforms, and resolving diplomatic impasses could magnify Turkey&#8217;s contributions to South Caucasus development. Future research should quantify the socio-economic impacts of these collaborations and explore pathways for inclusive trilateral engagement.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La importancia de la diplomacia científica y educativa en el Cáucaso Sur ha crecido notablemente desde principios de la década de 2000, siendo Turquía un importante colaborador a través de numerosas instituciones, como la Academia Turca de Ciencias, el Consejo de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Turquía y la Agencia Turca de Cooperación y Coordinación. Sin embargo, la literatura existente aún no ha proporcionado una evaluación exhaustiva de cómo estas iniciativas han moldeado específicamente la cooperación entre Azerbaiyán y Georgia en el marco de las políticas regionales de Turquía entre 2002 y 2021. Este estudio aborda esta deficiencia mediante una metodología cualitativa histórico-comparativa, basada en documentos oficiales gubernamentales, informes institucionales y datos estadísticos para rastrear la evolución de los acuerdos bilaterales de ciencia y educación. Los hallazgos revelan que el primer protocolo de la TAS con la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Azerbaiyán en 2003, renovado con motivo del 70.º aniversario de la ANAS en 2015, y el protocolo de 2008 con la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Georgia han permitido la celebración de simposios conjuntos, programas de intercambio y copublicaciones. La cartera de proyectos de TÜB&#304;TAK -que incluye el desarrollo de catalizadores con apoyo de la OTAN (2002), la consultoría en metrología (2013) y la formación en ciberdefensa (2019)- y las cuantiosas inversiones de T&#304;KA en infraestructura educativa han proporcionado materiales y recursos humanos cruciales. La volatilidad política -en particular, la limitada colaboración de Turquía con Armenia- sigue siendo un obstáculo para la integración regional. Los hallazgos subrayan el papel estratégico de la diplomacia científica como instrumento de "poder blando" y sugieren que la ampliación de los vínculos institucionales directos, el fortalecimiento de las plataformas multilaterales y la resolución de los impasses diplomáticos podrían potenciar las contribuciones de Turquía al desarrollo del Cáucaso Meridional. Las investigaciones futuras deberían cuantificar el impacto socioeconómico de estas colaboraciones y explorar vías para una colaboración trilateral inclusiva.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Science diplomacy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Turkey-Azerbaijan scientific relations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Turkey-Georgia academic partnerships]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Regional development policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[politics in the South Caucasus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diplomacia científica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Relaciones científicas entre Turquía y Azerbaiyán]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colaboraciones académicas entre Turquía y Georgia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Política de desarrollo regional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Política en el Cáucaso Sur]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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