<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7493</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Cirugía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Cir]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7493</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-74932012000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Actualización en el tratamiento del cáncer pulmonar de células no pequeñas en etapa IIIA con afectación N2]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Update on treatment of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with N2 disease]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armas Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bárbaro Agustín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armas Moredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Carlos J. Finlay Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Camagüey ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>233</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-74932012000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-74932012000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-74932012000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los pacientes afectados de cáncer de células no pequeñas del pulmón en etapa IIIA, con afectación ganglionar N2, son comunes y considerados por muchos médicos como un subgrupo heterogéneo, y su tratamiento es controversial. Con el objetivo de realizar una revisión bibliográfica actualizada del tema en cuestión y definir cuáles son las opciones de tratamiento de estos enfermos en esta etapa, se realizó una búsqueda de resúmenes y artículos completos en diferentes bases de datos (Medline, Cochrane, Pubmed, Ebsco, Hinari), y se utilizó para ello el buscador End Note, con las siguientes palabras en inglés y su traducción en español: lung cáncer, stage IIIA, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adyuvant treatment, surgery, limphoadenectomy. El manejo óptimo de pacientes en etapa IIIA N2 permanece como una de las áreas más polémicas en el cuidado del paciente con cáncer pulmonar de células no pequeñas, probablemente por las amplias variaciones patológicas en esta etapa, por lo que se acepta el tratamiento quirúrgico de primera intención en aquellos pacientes con una enfermedad N2 mínima y en el otro extremo se realiza tratamiento con quimiorradioterapia definitivo o prequirúrgico de inducción en casos seleccionados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The patients suffering stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with N2 ganglionic diseases are common and considered as an heterogeneous group by many physicians. Their treatment arouses controversies. For the purpose of making an updated literature review on this topic and defining the treatment options for these patients on this stage III, a number of full articles and of abstracts was searched on several database (Medline, Cochrane, Pubmed, Ebsco, Hinari). To this end, the End Note locator was used with the following English words and their respective Spanish translations: lung cancer, stage IIIa, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adjuvant treatment, surgery, lymphoadenectomy. The optimal management of patients classified as stage IIIA (N2) remains one of the most controversial areas in the care of patients who suffered non-small cell lung cancer, probably due to the wide pathological variations occurring in this stage. Therefore, it is accepted to apply surgical treatment as first option in those patients presenting with minimal N2 disease, and on the other hand, the definite treatment with chemoradiotherapy or presurgical induction treatment in selected cases.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cáncer del pulmón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[etapa IIIA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento quirúrgico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[disección mediastinal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[radioterapia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[quimioterapia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lung cancer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IIIA stage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[surgical treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mediastinal resection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[radiotherapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chemotherapy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="right">     <P align="right"><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">REVISI&Oacute;N  BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICA</font></b>     <P align="right">&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P><b><font size="4" face="Verdana">Actualizaci&oacute;n  en el tratamiento del c&aacute;ncer pulmonar de c&eacute;lulas no peque&ntilde;as  </font></b><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="4">en etapa IIIA con </font></b><font size="4"><b>afectaci&oacute;n  N2 </b></font></font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="3">Update  on treatment of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with N2 disease</font></b>  </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Dr. C. Miguel  Emilio Garc&iacute;a Rodr&iacute;guez, Dr. B&aacute;rbaro Agust&iacute;n Armas  P&eacute;rez, Dra. Karina Armas Moredo </font></b>     <P>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Universidad  de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas &quot;Carlos J. Finlay&quot;. Facultad de Medicina.  Camag&uuml;ey, Cuba. </font>     <P>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp; <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>     <P>     <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">RESUMEN  </font></b>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Los pacientes afectados de c&aacute;ncer  de c&eacute;lulas no peque&ntilde;as del pulm&oacute;n en etapa IIIA, con afectaci&oacute;n  ganglionar N2, son comunes y considerados por muchos m&eacute;dicos como un subgrupo  heterog&eacute;neo, y su tratamiento es controversial. Con el objetivo de realizar  una revisi&oacute;n bibliogr&aacute;fica actualizada del tema en cuesti&oacute;n  y definir cu&aacute;les son las opciones de tratamiento de estos enfermos en esta  etapa, se realiz&oacute; una b&uacute;squeda de res&uacute;menes y art&iacute;culos  completos en diferentes bases de datos (Medline, Cochrane, Pubmed, Ebsco, Hinari),  y se utiliz&oacute; para ello el buscador End Note, con las siguientes palabras  en ingl&eacute;s y su traducci&oacute;n en espa&ntilde;ol: <i>lung c&aacute;ncer,  stage IIIA, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adyuvant treatment, surgery, limphoadenectomy</i>.  El manejo &oacute;ptimo de pacientes en etapa IIIA N2 permanece como una de las  &aacute;reas m&aacute;s pol&eacute;micas en el cuidado del paciente con c&aacute;ncer  pulmonar de c&eacute;lulas no peque&ntilde;as, probablemente por las amplias variaciones  patol&oacute;gicas en esta etapa, por lo que se acepta el tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico  de primera intenci&oacute;n en aquellos pacientes con una enfermedad N2 m&iacute;nima  y en el otro extremo se realiza tratamiento con quimiorradioterapia definitivo  o prequir&uacute;rgico de inducci&oacute;n en casos seleccionados. </font>     <P>      <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Palabras clave:</font></b><font size="2" face="Verdana">  c&aacute;ncer del pulm&oacute;n, etapa IIIA, tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico, disecci&oacute;n  mediastinal, radioterapia, quimioterapia. </font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>     <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">ABSTRACT  </font></b>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">The patients suffering stage IIIA  non-small cell lung cancer with N2 ganglionic diseases are common and considered  as an heterogeneous group by many physicians. Their treatment arouses controversies.  For the purpose of making an updated literature review on this topic and defining  the treatment options for these patients on this stage III, a number of full articles  and of abstracts was searched on several database (Medline, Cochrane, Pubmed,  Ebsco, Hinari). To this end, the End Note locator was used with the following  English words and their respective Spanish translations: lung cancer, stage IIIa,  radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adjuvant treatment, surgery, lymphoadenectomy. The  optimal management of patients classified as stage IIIA (N2) remains one of the  most controversial areas in the care of patients who suffered non-small cell lung  cancer, probably due to the wide pathological variations occurring in this stage.  Therefore, it is accepted to apply surgical treatment as first option in those  patients presenting with minimal N2 disease, and on the other hand, the definite  treatment with chemoradiotherapy or presurgical induction treatment in selected  cases. </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Key words:</b> lung cancer,  IIIA stage, surgical treatment, mediastinal resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.  </font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">El  arte de la medicina puede ser aprendido s&oacute;lo por la experiencia, no puede  ser heredado ni revelado. Aprender a ver, o&iacute;r, se&ntilde;alar,     <br> percibir  olores, solo se puede hacer practicando y as&iacute; llegar a ser un experto.    <br>      <br> SIR WILLIAM OSLER</font>     <P align="right">&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N  </b></font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Los pacientes afectados de c&aacute;ncer  pulmonar de c&eacute;lulas no peque&ntilde;as, (CPCNP) en etapa IIIA, con afectaci&oacute;n  ganglionar N2, son comunes y a la vez considerados por muchos como un subgrupo  heterog&eacute;neo.1 Un gran n&uacute;mero de controversias plaga a estos enfermos  con respecto al estadiamiento y al tratamiento, lo cual conlleva a dificultades  en la interpretaci&oacute;n de la literatura que los concierne. Hace m&aacute;s  de dos d&eacute;cadas <i>Naruke </i>y otros,<SUP>1</SUP> <i>Martini </i>y otros,<SUP>2</SUP>  y <i>Pearson </i>y otros,<SUP>3</SUP> reportaron que la cirug&iacute;a pod&iacute;a  curar una peque&ntilde;a proporci&oacute;n de estos casos. Desde entonces, diversas  series reportan un rango de supervivencia a los 5 a&ntilde;os que oscila entre  6 y 35 % despu&eacute;s de la cirug&iacute;a. Estos estudios sugieren que la detecci&oacute;n  preoperatoria de la enfermedad N2 con afectaci&oacute;n de varios niveles ganglionares,  con un tipo histol&oacute;gico como el adenocarcinoma as&iacute; como la afectaci&oacute;n  de la estaci&oacute;n subcarinal (nivel 7) se asocian con mal pron&oacute;stico.<SUP>4-7</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Datos obtenidos del <i>Surveillance,  Epidemiology and End Results</i> (SEER)<SUP>5,6</SUP> indican que el 38 % de los  pacientes con CPCNP tienen diseminaci&oacute;n de la enfermedad a los ganglios  linf&aacute;ticos al momento del diagn&oacute;stico y aproximadamente el 30 %  de ellos est&aacute;n enmarcados en la etapa IIIA (<a href="#cuad1">cuadro 1</a>),  que incluye aquellos pacientes con lesiones T1-T3 (N1) N2 y aquellos con lesiones  T3-T4 N1. </font>     <P align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana"> <img src="/img/revistas/v51n3/c0103312.gif" width="246" height="129"></font>  <a name="cuad1"></a>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Ahora bien, si se centra  el estudio solo en pacientes con afectaci&oacute;n N2 (de ganglios mediastinales  ipsilaterales), el grupo permanece con las formas m&aacute;s diversas de presentaci&oacute;n.  Por ejemplo, algunos pacientes tienen enfermedad N2 voluminosa, fija o que afecta  a m&aacute;s de una estaci&oacute;n y en la parte opuesta otros tienen afectaci&oacute;n  microsc&oacute;pica y una sola estaci&oacute;n afectada, por lo que desde el a&ntilde;o  1997 la etapa qued&oacute; subcategorizada como sigue (<a href="/img/revistas/v51n3/c0203312.gif">cuadro  2</a>) </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Esta subcategorizaci&oacute;n  determina el tratamiento en esta etapa, que a su vez se considera el l&iacute;mite  entre los pacientes, que pueden recibir resecci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica, de  aquellos que no la pueden recibir, as&iacute; queda la disyuntiva si el tratamiento  quir&uacute;rgico es el de primera l&iacute;nea o se debe realizar alguna neoadyuvancia  preoperatoria. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Con el objetivo de realizar  una revisi&oacute;n bibliogr&aacute;fica actualizada del tema en cuesti&oacute;n  y definir cu&aacute;les son las opciones de tratamiento de estos enfermos en esta  etapa, se realiz&oacute; una b&uacute;squeda de res&uacute;menes y art&iacute;culos  completos en diferentes bases de datos (Medline, Cochrane, Pubmed, Ebsco, Hinari),  con las siguientes palabras en ingl&eacute;s y su traducci&oacute;n en espa&ntilde;ol:  <i>lung c&aacute;ncer, stage IIIA, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adyuvant treatment,  surgery, limphoadenectomy</i>. </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P><b><font size="3" face="Verdana">C&Aacute;NCER  PULMONAR DE C&Eacute;LULAS NO PEQUE&Ntilde;AS EN LA ETAPA IIIA </font></b>     <P>    <br>  <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>AN&Aacute;LISIS  TE&Oacute;RICO</b></font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Para un mejor entendimiento  de la enfermedad en esta etapa es necesario conocer las v&iacute;as de extensi&oacute;n  del CP bronc&oacute;geno para dirigir en consecuencia el diagn&oacute;stico y  el tratamiento. <i>Borrie</i>,<SUP>8</SUP> <i>Nohl-Osler</i><SUP>9</SUP> y <i>Cahan</i><SUP>10,11</SUP>  entre los a&ntilde;os 1950-51 fueron los primeros en describir la anatom&iacute;a  linf&aacute;tica intrapulmonar con sus cadenas interconectadas as&iacute; como  la disecci&oacute;n linf&aacute;tica del mediastino en el tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico  del c&aacute;ncer pulmonar. </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En la literatura  se encuentran diversos estudios sobre estadiamiento y afectaci&oacute;n N2, en  algunos,<SUP>12</SUP> se recogen pacientes que no reciben biopsias y tienen enfermedad  voluminosa o fija para lo cual se utilizan algoritmos de conducta para el tratamiento,  en otros<SUP>13</SUP> se usa solamente tomograf&iacute;a axial computarizada multicorte  (TAC) de 10 mm sin contraste y los pacientes reciben directamente tratamiento  quir&uacute;rgico y se muestrean uno o dos n&oacute;dulos como su complemento.  En el otro extremo se encuentran aquellos pacientes que tienen una afectaci&oacute;n  obvia pero a pesar de ello se ignora la enfermedad N2 y a&uacute;n as&iacute;  se les realiza la resecci&oacute;n.<SUP>13,14</SUP> Sin embargo, algunos pacientes  que son estadiados de forma cuidadosa en el preoperatorio, tienen insospechada,  no imaginada o enfermedad N2 sorpresa a pesar de hab&eacute;rseles realizado tomograf&iacute;a  con emisi&oacute;n de positrones fusionada con tomograf&iacute;a axial computarizada  (TEP/TAC), y/o TAC multicorte de 5 mm con contraste.<SUP>15</SUP> En adici&oacute;n  a lo planteado, otros pacientes reciben mediastinoscopias, ultrasonido transesof&aacute;gico  endosc&oacute;pico y aspiraci&oacute;n con aguja fina (EUS-FNA) as&iacute; como  ultrasonido transbronsquial endosc&oacute;pico y aspiraci&oacute;n con aguja fina  (EBUS-FNA),<SUP>14,15-18</SUP> as&iacute; se logra un estadiamiento m&aacute;s  refinado. Atendiendo a lo expuesto anteriormente, es preciso sintetizar y conocer  algunos conceptos acerca de la forma de presentaci&oacute;n de la enfermedad con  afectaci&oacute;n N2, a los que varias publicaciones hacen referencia.<SUP>16-22</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">A. Enfermedad N2 incidental. Cuando en  el posoperatorio es hallada la enfermedad N2 en el resultado histol&oacute;gico  de la disecci&oacute;n ganglionar sistem&aacute;tica (DGS). </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">B.  Enfermedad N2 no sospechada. Cuando es hallada intraoperatoriamente, en la biopsia  por congelaci&oacute;n en el curso de la DGS. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">C.  Enfermedad N2 ignorada. Pacientes que est&aacute;n estudiados con TAC y TEP, se  sospecha la enfermedad N2 y a pesar de esto reciben alg&uacute;n tipo de resecci&oacute;n.  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">D. Enfermedad N2 subestimada. Pacientes  con discreta sospecha de enfermedad N2, N3; con tumores de localizaci&oacute;n  central o con enfermedad N1, a los cuales se les realiza TAC cuyos resultados  son normales, y se les encuentra la afectaci&oacute;n N2 al momento de la resecci&oacute;n  (20 % de los enfermos). </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">E. Enfermedad  N2 recalcitrante. Aquella que persiste a pesar de haber realizado un tratamiento  de quimiorradioterapia como tratamiento inicial. </font>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Estas  distinciones son importantes porque cuando hablamos en el t&eacute;rmino de supervivencia,  encontramos que la afectaci&oacute;n patol&oacute;gica N2 (pN2) con m&iacute;nimas  investigaciones preoperatorias no tiene la misma supervivencia que aquella que  ha tenido un estadiamiento invasivo del mediastino.<SUP>23-26</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En  la literatura es dis&iacute;mil lo encontrado acorde con este tema, por lo cual  cuando se realiza la evaluaci&oacute;n de los resultados hay que ser cuidadoso  para evitar cometer errores al interpretar estudios que se refieren solamente  a la supervivencia de los mejores subgrupos y que excluyen a los pacientes incompletamente  resecados (R1, R2) as&iacute; como las muertes perioperatorias,<SUP>27-31</SUP>  por lo que se impone que en cualquier investigaci&oacute;n, se incluyan todos  los pacientes que sean tratados por cirug&iacute;a con adyuvancia preoperatoria  o posoperatoria. De lo anterior se deduce que los casos que se diagnostican durante  la intervenci&oacute;n quedar&iacute;an clasificados entonces como enfermedad  sorpresa N2 (IIIA1 y IIIA2).<SUP>17</SUP> </font>     <P>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">AN&Aacute;LISIS  GANGLIONAR PATOL&Oacute;GICO </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Para realizar  un an&aacute;lisis ganglionar patol&oacute;gico exacto es necesario lograr una  resecci&oacute;n completa del tumor, de los tejidos afectados y de los ganglios  linf&aacute;ticos involucrados en el drenaje de la zona tumoral,<SUP>18</SUP>  por lo que consideramos necesario definir qu&eacute; se entiende como resecci&oacute;n  tumoral completa (R0), incompleta (R1 y R2) as&iacute; como resecci&oacute;n incierta  a la que denominamos resecci&oacute;n tumoral incierta(Rx). </font>     <P>    <br>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Resecci&oacute;n  tumoral completa (R0) </b></font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La Asociaci&oacute;n  Internacional para Estudio de C&aacute;ncer de Pulm&oacute;n (IASLC) (siglas en  ingl&eacute;s), define como resecci&oacute;n tumoral completa<SUP>18,19,23,24</SUP>  aquella que cumple los siguientes criterios: </font>     <blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1.  M&aacute;rgenes de resecci&oacute;n libre demostrado microsc&oacute;picamente:  estos m&aacute;rgenes deben incluir los mu&ntilde;ones de arterias, venas y bronquios,  los tejidos blandos peribronquiales y cualquier margen perif&eacute;rico cercano  al tumor o al resto del tejido resecado. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2.  Disecci&oacute;n ganglionar sistem&aacute;tica (DGS) en su forma m&aacute;s amplia  o bien DGS l&oacute;bulo-espec&iacute;fica. Las muestras deben incluir al menos,  seis ganglios, tres de las estaciones intrapulmonares y/o hiliares y tres de las  mediast&iacute;nicas, una de las cuales debe ser la subcarinal. </font> </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3.  Inexistencia de extensi&oacute;n extracapsular del tumor en los ganglios resecados  de manera aislada o en aquellos localizados en el margen del tumor pulmonar principal.  </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">4. Negatividad del ganglio mediast&iacute;nico  extirpado m&aacute;s alto. </font> </p></blockquote>    <P>    <br>     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Resecci&oacute;n  tumoral incompleta (R1, R2)</b><i> </i> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Se  recomienda clasificar como resecci&oacute;n tumoral incompleta<SUP>17-20</SUP>  cuando: </font>     <blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Hay enfermedad  tumoral residual de los m&aacute;rgenes de resecci&oacute;n microsc&oacute;pica  (R1) o macrosc&oacute;picamente (R2). </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2.  Existe extensi&oacute;n extracapsular en los m&aacute;rgenes de los ganglios resecados.  </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3. Existe una citolog&iacute;a positiva  en el l&iacute;quido del derrame pleural o peric&aacute;rdico. </font>     <br> </p></blockquote>    <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Resecci&oacute;n  tumoral incierta (Rx) </b></font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Se recomienda  una clasificaci&oacute;n de resecci&oacute;n incierta<SUP>17,18</SUP> cuando no  hay evidencia ni macrosc&oacute;pica ni microsc&oacute;pica de enfermedad residual,  pero ocurre cualquiera de los siguientes eventos: </font>     <blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1.  La afectaci&oacute;n ganglionar est&aacute; basada en una evaluaci&oacute;n menor  que lo recomendado en cuanto a n&uacute;mero de ganglios y estaciones que figuran  para definir una resecci&oacute;n completa. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2.  El ganglio mediast&iacute;nico m&aacute;s alto es positivo. </font> </p></blockquote>    <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Nosotros  recomendamos, lo cual coincide con la bibliograf&iacute;a revisada,<SUP>17-20</SUP>  que al realizar una resecci&oacute;n pulmonar por c&aacute;ncer pulmonar una estadificaci&oacute;n  ganglionar patol&oacute;gica adecuada debe incluir muestreo o disecci&oacute;n  de adenopat&iacute;as de las estaciones 2R, 4R, 7, 10 R y 11 R para los tumores  del lado derecho y las estaciones 5, 6, 7, 10 L y 11 L para los del lado izquierdo.  La estaci&oacute;n 9 (ligamento pulmonar inferior) debe ser evaluada para los  tumores de l&oacute;bulos inferiores. Las regiones m&aacute;s perif&eacute;ricas  (12 y 14) son usualmente evaluadas por el pat&oacute;logo en los espec&iacute;menes  quir&uacute;rgicos, pero pueden extirparse de forma separada cuando se realizan  resecciones sublobares.<SUP>17-19</SUP> Es necesario aclarar que el manual de  procedimiento en cirug&iacute;a de nuestro pa&iacute;s indica que la afectaci&oacute;n  ganglionar es negativa cuando al menos 6 ganglios de diferentes estaciones ganglionares  son negativos.<SUP>19</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En cuanto  a las resecciones microsc&oacute;picas, estas no pueden ser documentadas hasta  que se realiza una disecci&oacute;n ganglionar completa del mediastino, y existen  criterios para plantear un estado ganglionar mediastinal patol&oacute;gico N0  (pNO) definidos por la IASLC,<SUP>20-26</SUP> como: </font>     <blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1.  Examen histol&oacute;gico de los espec&iacute;menes de ganglios hiliares y mediast&iacute;nicos  que deben incluir 6 o m&aacute;s adenopat&iacute;as/estaciones. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2.  Tres de estos ganglios/estaciones deben ser mediast&iacute;nicos (N2), e incluyen  los subcarinales (estaci&oacute;n 7), y tres deben ser de ganglios/estaciones  hiliares-intraparenquimatosos (estaciones 10-12) (N1). </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3.  La IASLC ha efectuado definiciones de las &aacute;reas (zonas) ganglionares regionales,  para lo cual recomienda su utilizaci&oacute;n para describir la afectaci&oacute;n  cN (cl&iacute;nica) y pN (patol&oacute;gica) del c&aacute;ncer pulmonar. </font>  </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">4. Si todos los ganglios examinados son negativos,  pero no se denota el n&uacute;mero de ganglios recomendados para el examen, entonces  se clasifican como cN0. </font> </p></blockquote>    <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Entre  pacientes con enfermedad cN2 por TAC y afectaci&oacute;n pN2 aproximadamente la  cuarta parte son incompletamente resecados y la gran mayor&iacute;a de los estudios  reportan una mala supervivencia a los 5 a&ntilde;os (4 %).<SUP>18,20</SUP> Por  otra parte es oportuno se&ntilde;alar que las diferencias en la estadificaci&oacute;n  ganglionar han tratado de ser solucionadas con la &uacute;ltima clasificaci&oacute;n  de la IASLC, en la cual se propuso un nuevo mapa ganglionar<SUP>21</SUP> que agrupa  las estaciones ganglionares en zonas y a su vez permite la reconciliaci&oacute;n  entre el mundo occidental y oriental en cuanto a este aspecto se refiere, dicho  de otra forma entre el mapa propuesto por Naruke 1 y el de la American <i>Thoracic  Society</i> (ATS) o de <i>Mountain</i> y <i>Dressler</i> (M-D).<SUP>23</SUP> </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Este nuevo mapa ganglionar propuesto por la IASLC  puede suscitar algunos cuestionamientos que solo los ensayos cl&iacute;nicos en  el orden molecular podr&aacute;n resolver.<SUP>20</SUP> As&iacute;, la modificaci&oacute;n  de las fronteras entre la estaci&oacute;n 7 y la 10 implicar&aacute; que algunos  tumores clasificables hasta ahora como N1, pasen a ser considerados como N2. Aunque  se puede argumentar sobre cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a el mejor l&iacute;mite entre  lo hiliar y lo mediast&iacute;nico, no podemos evitar reconocer que en tal elecci&oacute;n  hay todav&iacute;a un componente arbitrario insoslayable.<SUP>20-23</SUP> Por  otro lado, la nueva subdivisi&oacute;n de los estadios tempranos plantea la cuesti&oacute;n  de si estar&iacute;a indicado el tratamiento adyuvante en el nuevo estadio Ib.<SUP>24,25</SUP>  Como se insinuaba m&aacute;s arriba, es posible que en un futuro pr&oacute;ximo  sean las determinaciones moleculares un criterio de decisi&oacute;n m&aacute;s  relevante que esas fronteras anat&oacute;micas artificiales, pero esa nueva y  prometedora perspectiva est&aacute; todav&iacute;a por desarrollar y consolidar.<SUP>25</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">No obstante lo antes mencionado, es meritorio  se&ntilde;alar que se comienza a hablar de una clasificaci&oacute;n acorde con  el comportamiento biol&oacute;gico tumoral que a su vez sea equiparada a un acercamiento  cualitativo pron&oacute;stico.26 Sin embargo a la hora de hablar del comportamiento  biol&oacute;gico de un tumor tenemos que clasificarlo desde varios puntos de vistas.<SUP>25,26</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Punto de vista cl&iacute;nico: </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Rapidez de crecimiento. </font>  </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2. Patr&oacute;n de diseminaci&oacute;n en  &oacute;rganos adyacentes o sitios distantes. </font> </p></blockquote>    <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Punto  de vista celular: </font>     <blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Regulaci&oacute;n  gen&eacute;tica. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2. Factores metab&oacute;licos  que determinan el crecimiento celular. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3.  Interacci&oacute;n entre c&eacute;lulas tumorales, tejidos locales y el hu&eacute;sped.  </font> </p></blockquote>    <P>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Estas categor&iacute;as  propuestas de conducta biol&oacute;gica dirigen su esfuerzo a una clasificaci&oacute;n  acorde con el poder de diseminaci&oacute;n y queda, como sigue: </font>     <blockquote>      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Tendencia al crecimiento o invasi&oacute;n  local. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2. Tendencia a invasi&oacute;n  de n&oacute;dulos linf&aacute;ticos. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3.  Tendencia a ser multifocal en el par&eacute;nquima pulmonar. </font> </p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">4.  Tendencia a la diseminaci&oacute;n sist&eacute;mica. </font> </p></blockquote>    <P>    <br>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La caracterizaci&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica  agregada a la agrupaci&oacute;n anat&oacute;mica del sistema TNM a nuestro juicio,  lo que coincide con la bibliograf&iacute;a,<SUP>24-26</SUP> puede ser muy &uacute;til  en los pacientes en la etapa IIIA. Estos pacientes comprenden un porcentaje grande  con CPCNP como se mencion&oacute; anteriormente y un grupo cuyo cuidado &oacute;ptimo  ha sido particularmente dif&iacute;cil de definir, quiz&aacute;s porque el estadio  IIIA incluye una variedad de descriptores T y subgrupos de descriptores N. Ahora  bien, acorde con lo mencionado se puede inferir que el modelo cl&iacute;nico de  presentaci&oacute;n puede ayudar a la gu&iacute;a de selecci&oacute;n para un  tratamiento apropiado. Por ejemplo, una resecci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica extensa  puede ser curativa para un T4InvN0 M0 (tumor de cualquier tama&ntilde;o con invasi&oacute;n  de coraz&oacute;n, grandes vasos, tr&aacute;quea, nervio lar&iacute;ngeo superior,  es&oacute;fago, cuerpos vertebrales o carina), pero menos beneficioso en los pacientes  con tumores T1-3 N2 M0. El tratamiento sist&eacute;mico con nuevos agentes puede  ser de beneficio en los pacientes con tumores T1-3 N2 M0 pero no para aquellos  con un tumor de T4InvN0 M0. Una resecci&oacute;n limitada (sublobar) puede ser  de valor para un T4Ipsi Nod N0 M0 (presencia de n&oacute;dulos adicionales en  l&oacute;bulo homolateral diferente al del tumor primario) pero no para un tumor  T1 N2 M0. </font>     <P>    <br>     <P>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>PRON&Oacute;STICO</b></font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La etapa IIIA/N2 est&aacute; caracterizada por  varios subgrupos con supervivencia variable. Por ejemplo nodos N2 en los niveles  5 y 6 tienen mejor pron&oacute;stico, cN2 m&aacute;s mal pron&oacute;stico que  pN2 insospechado, la afectaci&oacute;n en una estaci&oacute;n N2 mejor pron&oacute;stico  que la afectaci&oacute;n de m&uacute;ltiples estaciones.<SUP>27-30</SUP> Otros  factores a tener en cuenta en cuanto al pron&oacute;stico son: la cantidad de  n&oacute;dulos afectados, la extensi&oacute;n extracapsular, la afectaci&oacute;n  de n&oacute;dulos subcarinales (nivel 7) as&iacute; como la presencia de met&aacute;stasis  a salto.<SUP>15,27</SUP> Cada una de estas subclasificaciones deber&iacute;a ser  considerada como una subpoblaci&oacute;n completamente diferente de n&oacute;dulos  linf&aacute;ticos mediastinales positivos al tener cada una diferencias pron&oacute;sticas.<SUP>28</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El impacto potencial de las zonas ganglionares  afectadas en el CP es de vital importancia por lo que la &uacute;ltima clasificaci&oacute;n  de la IASLC 20-22 y su propuesta del mapa ganglionar<SUP>21</SUP> tratar&aacute;  de solventar las diferencias entre los mapas usados hasta ahora y la propuesta  de tres grupos ganglionares con diferencias en la supervivencia los cuales son:  pacientes con una sola zona ganglionar N1, aquellos con m&uacute;ltiples zonas  ganglionares N1 y una sola zona ganglionar N2 y pacientes con m&uacute;ltiples  zonas ganglionares N2. Estos grupos pron&oacute;sticos sugieren que el descriptor  N sea dividido en N1a (una sola zona N1 afectada), N1b (m&uacute;ltiples zonas  N1 afectadas), N2a (una sola zona N2 afectada) y N2b (m&uacute;ltiples zonas N2  afectadas) los cuales pueden ser analizados con los descriptores T (ejemplo T1N1a,  T1N1b, T1N2a, T1N2b, etc.), debido a que la cantidad de casos analizados en las  bases de datos utilizadas para la modificaci&oacute;n del a&ntilde;o 2009 no eran  suficientes para ser validados, se consider&oacute; no modificar el descriptor  N, de ah&iacute; que quedara la propuesta para la pr&oacute;xima clasificaci&oacute;n  en el 2016.<SUP>21</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En cuanto al  tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico en esta etapa existen disquisiciones entre cirujanos  norteamericanos,<SUP>29,30</SUP> japoneses<SUP>13</SUP> y europeos.<SUP>31</SUP>  Los primeros le dan un alto valor a la quimioterapia preoperatoria y reestadificaci&oacute;n;  mientras que los segundos, a la resecci&oacute;n con linfoadenectom&iacute;a mediastinal  y radioterapia complementaria. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El m&aacute;ximo  esfuerzo diagn&oacute;stico debe ir dirigido a determinar qu&eacute; paciente  tiene preoperatoriamente una enfermedad N2 a fin planear el tratamiento,<SUP>32,33</SUP>  pues la supervivencia est&aacute; determinada por el n&uacute;mero de estaciones  y ganglios positivos para tumor, aspecto que difiere entre niveles ganglionares  afectados. Esto se puede observar en los pacientes con tumores del lado izquierdo  y afectaci&oacute;n de la zona a&oacute;rtica (niveles 5 y 6).<SUP>34</SUP> </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El pron&oacute;stico despu&eacute;s de la resecci&oacute;n  tumoral radical con intenci&oacute;n curativa para CPCNP est&aacute; determinado  por la presencia o ausencia de met&aacute;stasis linf&aacute;tica.<SUP>27-29</SUP>  La cirug&iacute;a con intento curativo incluye resecci&oacute;n del tumor, acompa&ntilde;ada  de un adecuado margen de seguridad y una linfoadenectom&iacute;a ipsilateral e  hiliar. Cerca del 40 % de los cirujanos tor&aacute;cicos discuten la necesidad  de una disecci&oacute;n nodular linf&aacute;tica mediastinal y prefieren una biopsia  de los n&oacute;dulos linf&aacute;ticos sospechosos. A pesar de la importancia  de la evaluaci&oacute;n del estatus nodular para la clasificaci&oacute;n y evaluaci&oacute;n  del TNM no hay un consenso en cuanto a la calidad de la linfoadenectom&iacute;a  se refiere.<SUP>33</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La disecci&oacute;n  linfonodular completa del mediastino puede tener evidencia en la mejor&iacute;a  de la supervivencia. La palpaci&oacute;n y la inspecci&oacute;n visual de los  n&oacute;dulos linf&aacute;ticos es solamente sensitiva en el 71 % para detectar  un estadio patol&oacute;gico.18 Un an&aacute;lisis de casos de la <i>Eastern Cooperative</i>  <i>Oncology Group</i> (ECOG), mostr&oacute; mejor&iacute;a en la supervivencia  para pacientes que reciben disecci&oacute;n linf&aacute;tica mediastinal completa  comparada con los que reciben muestreo. Ambos m&eacute;todos fueron efectivos  para conocer el estado patol&oacute;gico del mediastino, pero no para determinar  la enfermedad multiestaci&oacute;n que mejora la supervivencia aproximadamente  2 veces m&aacute;s con la disecci&oacute;n ganglionar completa del mediastino.<SUP>18,29,30,34</SUP>  </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">No obstante, somos del criterio de que  todos los pacientes que reciben una resecci&oacute;n pulmonar por tumor deben  llevar una DGS lo que evidentemente mejora el pron&oacute;stico, el estadiamiento  y la calidad de los casos incluidos en cualquier base de datos que se cree con  el objetivo de estudiar la evoluci&oacute;n y pron&oacute;stico de pacientes con  CPCNP en etapa IIIA (<a href="#tab1">tabla 1</a>). </font>     <P align="center"><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><SPAN STYLE='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-no-proof:yes'><A NAME="tab1"></A></SPAN><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Tabla 1.<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-no-proof:yes'>Supervivencia a 5 años de pacientes  operados en la enfermedad IIIA    <BR>    <BR></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span>  <table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 align=center  width=720 style='width:539.75pt;mso-cellspacing:2.0pt;mso-table-lspace:7.05pt;  margin-left:4.8pt;mso-table-rspace:7.05pt;margin-right:4.8pt;mso-table-anchor-vertical:  paragraph;mso-table-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-table-left:left;mso-table-top:  31.55pt;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:.75pt outset windowtext;  mso-border-insidev:.75pt outset windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:25.95pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:25.95pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Autor, año<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:25.95pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Supervivencia a los 5 años<span   style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>(%)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:25.95pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Estaciones ganglionares<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:25.95pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Tratamiento adyuvante preoperatorio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr>  <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:10.2pt'> <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Meacci</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> E</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2011 <SUP>33</SUP><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>40/ 19,3<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Friedel</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> GW</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2010 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>34</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>120/ 43<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Uehara</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> H</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2010 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>35</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>149/ 28<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Subcarinal</span></span><span style='font-size:   10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Aokage</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> K</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2010 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>I</SUP>36</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>20/ 9<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Subcarinal</span></span><span style='font-size:   10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Caglar</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> HB</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2009 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>37</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>202/ 27<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Albain</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> K</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2009 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>38</SUP></span></span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>202/ 29<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Riquet</span></i></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:   "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2007 <span   class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>39</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>386/ 28,5<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Altas<sup>a</sup></span></span><sup><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR'>Zhang GQ</span></i><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR'>, et al. 2007 </span><span   class=MsoEndnoteReference><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><SUP>40</SUP></span></span><span lang=FR style='font-size:   10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;   mso-ansi-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>109/ 19<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Esteban E</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>, et al. 2007 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>41</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>154/ 25<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Cerfolio</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> RJ</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2006 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>42</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>58/ 64<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:10.65pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Sakao</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> Y</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2010 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>43</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>53/ 0<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Altas<sup>b</sup></span></span><sup><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:10.65pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Iwasaki</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> A</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2006 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>44</SUP></span><span   style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>105/ 16,7<o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>37/ 0<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Subcarinal<sup>c</sup></span></span><sup><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Subcarinal<sup>d</sup></span></span><sup><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.65pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Chen QK</span></i><span   lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et  al. 2005 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>45</SUP></span></span><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>44/ 41<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<sup>e</sup></span></span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Inoue</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> M</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2004 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>46</SUP></span></span><span   lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>10/ 70<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Adelstein</span></i></span><i   style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:   FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'> DJ</span></i><span lang=FR style='font-size:   10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;   mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'>,</span><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR'> et al. </span><span lang=FR style='font-size:   10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;   mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'><span   style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>2002 </span><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><SUP>47</SUP></span></span><span lang=FR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>32/ 29<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<sup>f</sup></span></span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;color:red'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Ahn</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'> YC</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>, et al. 2001 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>48</SUP></span></span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>22/ 68<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Andre</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> F</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 2000 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>49</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>702/ 26<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Okada</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> M</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al. 1999 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>50</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>30/ 57<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Nakanishi</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> R</span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>, et al 1997 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>51</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>28/ 80<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20;height:21.05pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:21.05pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Patterson GA</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>, et al 1987 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>52</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:21.05pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>23/ 42<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:21.05pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:21.05pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Martini N</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>, et al. 1993 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>53</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>82/ 17<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Superiores<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'>Cerfolio</span></i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> <span class=SpellE>RJ<span style='font-style:normal'>,et</span></span></span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial'> al 2008 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>54</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>58/ 64<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>5-6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Sí<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:10.2pt'>  <td width=194 style='width:149.35pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:left;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-GB   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Naruke T</span></i><span lang=EN-GB   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, et al.1988 <span class=MsoEndnoteReference><SUP>55</SUP></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=173 style='width:109.3pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>270/ 18,8<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=134 style='width:124.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span class=SpellE><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:   EN-GB'>Altas</span></span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:   EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=194 style='width:146.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:10.2pt'>      <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:   7.05pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;   mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-top:31.55pt;mso-height-rule:   exactly'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr>  </table>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p>  a. Una sola estación ganglionar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>b.  Se refiere a las estaciones altas del mapa de <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Naruke</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'> y Mountain y <span class=SpellE>Dressler</span></i> (M-D), como     <br>  </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>en  la estación 1 que son las que se encuentran    <br> por encima de línea de cruce de  la vena <span class=SpellE>inonimada</span> izquierda por delante de la tráquea.<o:p></o:p></span></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>c.  Solamente <span class=SpellE>subcarinal</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>d.  <span class=SpellE>Subcarinal</span> y estaciones altas. <o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>e.  En este estudio las metástasis fueron a saltos (<span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>skip</i></span> metástasis). <o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal' align="center"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'>f.  Se refiere a las estaciones 2, 3, 4 referidas en el mapa de <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Naruke</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'> y Mountain-<span class=SpellE>Dressler</span></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span><font size="2" face="Verdana">En  la <A HREF="#tab1">tabla</A> anterior se puede observar un an&aacute;lisis de  la supervivencia a los 5 a&ntilde;os en una exhaustiva revisi&oacute;n de la bibliograf&iacute;a  acerca del tema para lo cual se revisaron trabajos completos que se refer&iacute;an  a este aspecto en pacientes operados en una etapa IIIA/N2. Los resultados son  inexactos porque su interpretaci&oacute;n no pudo ser homog&eacute;nea entre grupos,  debido a que muchos de estos trabajos no refieren el tipo de disecci&oacute;n  mediastinal realizada (biopsia, muestreos, sistem&aacute;tica o ampliada), lo  cual puede estar en relaci&oacute;n con las diferencias existentes en la clasificaci&oacute;n  ganglionar entre los japoneses 2 y la ATS.<SUP>27</SUP> Sin embargo, autores como  <i>Riquet</i>,<SUP>56</SUP> refieren que pacientes con una m&iacute;nima afectaci&oacute;n  ganglionar (se refiere a un solo nivel afectado), la supervivencia y los resultados  son buenos con la cirug&iacute;a como primer pilar del tratamiento. Por otra parte  la mayor&iacute;a de los autores coinciden que en la etapa IIIA3, la cirug&iacute;a  debe ser precedida de tratamiento neoadyuvante y reestadificaci&oacute;n, la cual  pudiera inclusive no ser invasiva y se evaluar&aacute; siempre la respuesta al  tratamiento cuando existen varias estaciones ganglionares afectadas. </font></p>    <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En  la actualidad se preconiza la conceptualizaci&oacute;n de enfermedad m&iacute;nima  (mi)<SUP>57-60</SUP> como un descriptor dentro de la afectaci&oacute;n ganglionar,  lo cual ha sido posible por la introducci&oacute;n de t&eacute;cnicas gen&eacute;ticas  e inmunohistoqu&iacute;micas que permiten la detecci&oacute;n de dep&oacute;sitos  tumorales peque&ntilde;os, por lo que es bueno definir dos t&eacute;rminos para  ser manejados dentro de la comunidad quir&uacute;rgica que son los siguientes:  </font>     <blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">&#149; Micromet&aacute;stasis  (mi): La UICC (Uni&oacute;n Internacional contra el C&aacute;ncer) y la AJCC (Uni&oacute;n  Americana contra el C&aacute;ncer), la definen como aquella met&aacute;stasis  de 0,2 mm a 2 mm detectada por tinci&oacute;n de hematoxilina y eosina en la que  t&iacute;picamente se observen mitosis e invasi&oacute;n. Las micromet&aacute;stasis  detectadas en n&oacute;dulos o en sitios distantes son consideradas como positivas  y se denotan con el s&iacute;mbolo, mi. Por ejemplo cN1 (mi) o pN2 (mi).<SUP>58,59</SUP>  </font> </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana">&#149; C&eacute;lulas tumorales aisladas  (CTI): Son peque&ntilde;os c&uacute;mulos de c&eacute;lulas tumorales menores  de 0,2 mm; t&iacute;picamente sin mitosis, invasi&oacute;n vascular o linf&aacute;tica.  Las CTI dentro de los n&oacute;dulos o sitios distantes, no son contempladas en  la clasificaci&oacute;n y son cifradas como N0 o M0 independientemente del nivel  en que se encuentren, el valor pron&oacute;stico de la presencia de las CTI es  inconsistente.<SUP>60</SUP> </font> </p></blockquote>    <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Como  se se&ntilde;al&oacute; en una publicaci&oacute;n anterior,<SUP>61</SUP> lo cual  concuerda con la bibliograf&iacute;a<SUP>19,62-66</SUP> revisada para la confecci&oacute;n  de esta revisi&oacute;n, el estadiamiento del mediastino es un componente integral  del tratamiento operatorio del CPCNP. El muestreo sistem&aacute;tico y la DGS  brinda para algunos similar eficacia en el estadiamiento , sin embargo, esta &uacute;ltima  muestra una mejor identificaci&oacute;n de m&uacute;ltiples niveles afectados  y a la vez est&aacute; relacionado con una mejor supervivencia al eliminar los  ganglios afectados por el tumor.<SUP>61-63</SUP></font>     <P>    <br>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>TRATAMIENTO</b></font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El tratamiento del CP en la etapa IIIA/N2, es  controversial<SUP>64-65</SUP> entre diferentes autores de forma global, sin embargo,  la mayor&iacute;a de ellos<SUP>66-71</SUP> en la literatura, coinciden que el  estadiamiento de los n&oacute;dulos linf&aacute;ticos mediastinales es particularmente  de suma importancia porque la supervivencia mejora en los pacientes que reciben  quimiorradioterapia seguida por cirug&iacute;a, comparada con aquellos que reciben  solamente cirug&iacute;a (<A HREF="#tab2">tabla 2</A>). Sin embargo, no se puede  dejar de mencionar los efectos de la quimiorradioterapia preoperatoria en el contexto  de las condiciones locales y sist&eacute;micas sobre el paciente, que pudieran  en el primer caso obstaculizar la correcta disecci&oacute;n de los tejidos a trav&eacute;s  de una disecci&oacute;n anat&oacute;mica y en el segundo caso los efectos colaterales  que pudieran retardar la operaci&oacute;n. A pesar de eso, en la bibliograf&iacute;a  revisada, la mortalidad relacionada con la adyuvancia preoperatoria no es significativa  (<a href="#tab2">tabla 2</a>). </font>     <P align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  <img src="/img/revistas/v51n3/t0203312.gif" width="454" height="305"><a name="tab2"></a></font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La toma de decisiones en cuanto al paciente que  se encuentra en la etapa en cuesti&oacute;n se torna dif&iacute;cil producto a  la alta variaci&oacute;n de la etapa, la cual est&aacute; representada por dis&iacute;miles  pacientes con condiciones variables tanto locales como sist&eacute;micas. Nos  encontramos pacientes con enfermedad multiestaci&oacute;n y con un estado fisiol&oacute;gico  adecuado para recibir cirug&iacute;a y pacientes con enfermedad uniestaci&oacute;n  y sin embargo con estado fisiol&oacute;gico no adecuado para la cirug&iacute;a.  Esto refuerza la idea de que es necesario individualizar el tratamiento y ajustarlo  a la evidencia cient&iacute;fica avalada internacionalmente.<SUP>71,72</SUP> </font>      <P>&nbsp;     <P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><b>CONCLUSIONES </b></font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El  diagn&oacute;stico de la enfermedad N2 es directamente proporcional a la tecnolog&iacute;a  empleada por lo que se infiere que mientras m&aacute;s fino sea el estadiamiento  cl&iacute;nico preoperatorio se obtendr&aacute;n los siguientes resultados: aumento  de la posibilidad de diagn&oacute;stico de enfermedad N2 y N3, de ser negativa  la presencia de cN2 y de hallarla intraoperatoriamente es m&iacute;nima (IIIA2)  (mpN) con mejor pron&oacute;stico que la enfermedad cN2 IIIA3 y de ser negativa  la presencia de N2 y de hallarla posoperatoriamente es microsc&oacute;pica (IIIA1),  (mmpN) con mejor pron&oacute;stico que mpN. Por otra parte un cuidadoso estadiamiento  preoperatorio es de suma importancia porque los resultados de pacientes con enfermedad  cN2 diagnosticados ya sea con biopsia y/o radiogr&aacute;ficamente son malos (5-10  % de supervivencia a los 5 a&ntilde;os), inclusive en pacientes diagnosticados  por TAC y mediastinoscopia negativa pero que fueron pN2 despu&eacute;s de la resecci&oacute;n.  El manejo &oacute;ptimo de pacientes con enfermedad N2 permanece como una de las  &aacute;reas m&aacute;s     <BR> pol&eacute;micas en el cuidado del paciente con CPCNP,  probablemente por las amplias variaciones patol&oacute;gicas en este estadio;  de ah&iacute; que sea aceptado el tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico de primera intenci&oacute;n  en aquellos pacientes con una enfermedad N2 m&iacute;nima que se complementa este  con la disecci&oacute;n mediastinal, la cual est&aacute; reconocida como una parte  integral del tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico. La neoadyuvancia preoperatoria se  debe realizar en aquellos pacientes con m&uacute;ltiples estaciones N2 afectadas  para lo que se reestadifican (yTNM), inclusive de forma no invasiva, si hay respuesta  al tratamiento o ella se mantiene estable y las condiciones del paciente la permiten  se debe realizar la cirug&iacute;a con linfoadenectom&iacute;a mediastinal, y  por &uacute;ltimo, se debe considerar que en aquellos lugares en que se realice  el tratamiento integral de pacientes con CPCNP es necesario efectuar t&eacute;cnicas  inmunohistoqu&iacute;micas, para determinar la presencia de c&eacute;lulas tumorales  aisladas as&iacute; como la determinaci&oacute;n de micro met&aacute;stasis, pues  ambas influyen en el pron&oacute;stico de estos enfermos si tenemos en cuenta  que en estadios tempranos el 40 % de los enfermos recurren y mueren. </font>     <P>&nbsp;      <P>     <P><font size="3"><b><font face="Verdana">REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS  </font></b></font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Naruke T, Suemasu K, Ishikawa  S. Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected  lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;76:833-9.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">2.  Martini N. Mediastinal lymph node dissection for lung cancer. The Memorial experiencia.  Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1995;5:189-203.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">3.  Pearson FG, Delarue WC, Ilves R, Tood TRJ, Cooper JD. Significance of positive  superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable  cancer of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;80:390-9.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">4.  Rami Porta, R. Nueva clasificaci&oacute;n TNM del c&aacute;ncer de pulm&oacute;n.  Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45(4):159-61.     </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">5.  Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Altekruse SF, et al. SEER  Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer  Institute. Bethesda, MD. Disponible en: <a href="http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/" TARGET="_blank">http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/</a>  </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">6. Vest MT, Tanoue L, Soulos PR, Kim  AW, Detterbeck F, Morgemsztern D, et al. Thoroughness of Mediastinal Staging in  Stage IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2012 Jan;7(1):188-95.     </font>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">7. Ruckdeschel JC. Combined modality therapy  of non-small cell lung cancer. Seminar Oncol. 1997;24:429-39.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">8.  John Borrie. Lung Cancer: Surgery and Survival (The Book Forum). 1st. ed. NewYork.1965;  Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing. pp 202.     </font>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">65.  S&aacute;nchez de Cos J. Estadificaci&oacute;n y pron&oacute;stico molecular del  c&aacute;ncer de pulm&oacute;n. Arch Bronconeumol 2011;47(11):539-40.     </font>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">66. Cabanyes Candela S, Detterbeck FC. A Systematic  Review of Restaging After Induction Therapy for Stage IIIa Lung Cancer Prediction  of Pathologic Stage. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:389-98.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">67.  Mathisen DJ, Wain JC, Wright C, Choi N, Carey R, Hilgenberg A, et al. Assessment  of preoperative accelerated radiotherapy and chemotherapy in stage IIIA (N2) non-small-cell  lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111(1):123-31-3.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">68.  L&oacute;pez-Encuentra A, Garc&iacute;a R, Rivas JJ, Rodr&iacute;guez J, Torres  J, Varela G. Comparison between clinical and pathologic staging in 2,994 cases  of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 200579:974-9.     </font>     <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">69.  Rosell R, G&oacute;mez-Codina J, Camps C, Maestre J, Padille J, Canto A, et al.  A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery  alone in patients with non- small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:153-8.      </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">70. Lardinois D. Pre- and intra-operative  mediastinal staging in Non-small-cell lung cancer. Swiss Med Wkly. 2011;141:w13168.      </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">71. Tanner NT, Gomez M, Rainwater C,  Nietert PJ, Simon GR, Green MR, et al. Physician preferences for management of  patients with stage IIIA NSCLC: impact of bulk of nodal disease on therapy selection.  J Thorac Oncol. 2012 Feb;7(2):365-9. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">72.  Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Jones VL, Cerfolio RM. Pulmonary resection after concurrent  chemotherapy and high-dose (69Gy) radiation for non-small cell lung cancer is  safe and may provide increased survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009. Apr;35(4):718-23.  </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Recibido: 28 de mayo  de 2012.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> </font> <font size="2" face="Verdana">Aprobado: 12 de junio de 2012.  </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     <P>     <P>     <P>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Dr C. <i>Miguel Emilio  Garc&iacute;a Rodr&iacute;guez</i>. Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas &quot;Carlos  J. Finlay&quot;. Facultad de Medicina. Camag&uuml;ey, Cuba. Correo electr&oacute;nico:  <a href="mailto:grmiguel@finlay.cmw.sld.cu">grmiguel@finlay.cmw.sld.cu </a></font>       ]]></body><back>
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