<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7507</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Estomatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Estomatol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7507</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-75071996000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectos biológicos de la radiación láser de baja potencia en la reparación hística]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrigo Andreu¹]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Isela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valiente Zaldívar²]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico 10 de Octubre.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Estomatológica Antonio Maceo.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>60</fpage>
<lpage>63</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-75071996000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-75071996000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-75071996000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre la literatura de los últimos 10 años, de investigaciones experimentales y clínicas sobre los efectos biológicos de la radiación láser de baja potencia en la reparación hística. Los posibles mecanismos de acción al nivel celular, en la producción de sustancia colágena, sobre las fibras colágenas, elásticas y vasos sanguíneos, su acción sobre la regeneración de fibras nerviosas y la cicatrización de tejido óseo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A review of the literature from the last 10 years is made taking into account the experimental and clinical investigations carried out about biologic effects of low intensity laser irradiation on tissue repair, as well as the possible mechanisms of action at cellular level in the production of collagen, the effect on collagen and elastic fibers, and blood vessels, its action on the regeneration of nerve fibers and the healing of bone tissue.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[LASERS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[EFECTOS DE LA RADIACION]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[REGENERACION NERVIOSA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[REGENERACION OSEA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[LASER]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[RADIATION EFFECTS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NERVE REGENERATION]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[BONE REGENERATION]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <H3>   Trabajos originales</H3>   Cl&iacute;nica Estomatol&oacute;gica &quot;Antonio Maceo&quot;  <H2>   Efectos biol&oacute;gicos de la radiaci&oacute;n l&aacute;ser de baja potencia   en la reparaci&oacute;n h&iacute;stica</H2>   <I>Dra. Mar&iacute;a Isela Garrigo Andreu<SUP>1</SUP> y Dra. Carolina Valiente  Zald&iacute;var<SUP>2</SUP></I>  <OL>       <LI>   Estomat&oacute;loga General. Profesora Auxiliar. Cl&iacute;nica Estomatol&oacute;gica.   "Antonio Maceo".</LI>          <LI>   Especialista de II Grado en Ortodoncia. Instructora Graduada. Hospital   Clinicoquir&uacute;rgico "10 de Octubre".</LI>       </OL>      <H4>   RESUMEN</H4>      Se realiza una revisi&oacute;n bibliogr&aacute;fica sobre la literatura   de los &uacute;ltimos 10 a&ntilde;os, de investigaciones experimentales   y cl&iacute;nicas sobre los efectos biol&oacute;gicos de la radiaci&oacute;n   l&aacute;ser de baja potencia en la reparaci&oacute;n h&iacute;stica. Los   posibles mecanismos de acci&oacute;n al nivel celular, en la producci&oacute;n   de sustancia col&aacute;gena, sobre las fibras col&aacute;genas, el&aacute;sticas   y vasos sangu&iacute;neos, su acci&oacute;n sobre la regeneraci&oacute;n   de fibras nerviosas y la cicatrizaci&oacute;n de tejido &oacute;seo.          <P>Palabras clave: LASERS/uso terap&eacute;utico; EFECTOS DE LA RADIACION;   REGENERACION NERVIOSA; REGENERACION OSEA.      <H4>   INTRODUCCION</H4>   Se entiende por regeneraci&oacute;n, la sustituci&oacute;n de los tejidos   da&ntilde;ados o muertos por otros nuevos con la misma funci&oacute;n.   Se limita a la sustituci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas especializadas y su   estroma, soporte y vascularizaci&oacute;n.          <P>La reparaci&oacute;n es la sustituci&oacute;n de los tejidos lesionados   por proliferaci&oacute;n de los que sobreviven en la zona, tanto especializados   como no especializados.          <P>La regeneraci&oacute;n var&iacute;a en cada tipo de tejido y la sustituci&oacute;n   de tejido especializado depende de la extensi&oacute;n de la lesi&oacute;n.          <P>En ambos casos, la aplicaci&oacute;n de la radiaci&oacute;n l&aacute;ser   determina un incremento del proceso curativo en general.          <P>Su acci&oacute;n se basa en la multiplicaci&oacute;n celular, la formaci&oacute;n   de fibras col&aacute;genas y el&aacute;sticas, la regeneraci&oacute;n de   vasos, la cicatrizaci&oacute;n de tejido &oacute;seo y la reepitelizaci&oacute;n   del tejido da&ntilde;ado.          <P>Multiplicaci&oacute;n celular. Estudios experimentales en cultivo de   c&eacute;lulas describen que cuando se irradia con l&aacute;ser de baja   potencia en peque&ntilde;as dosis, se estimula la proliferaci&oacute;n   celular,<SUP>1-3</SUP> a partir de la activaci&oacute;n de los DNA y la   s&iacute;ntesis proteica.<SUP>4-10</SUP> Igualmente se ha comprobado un   incremento de la enzima succinildehidrogenasa, cuya actividad est&aacute;   &iacute;ntimamente relacionada con la s&iacute;ntesis proteica.<SUP>11,12</SUP>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Sin embargo, se plantea que con altas dosis de energ&iacute;a, ocurre   una inhibici&oacute;n de los procesos metab&oacute;licos intracelulares   y se encuentra reducci&oacute;n en la s&iacute;ntesis de ATP, incremento   en la actividad de la enzima ATPasa y p&eacute;rdida del potencial de membrana,<SUP>13,14</SUP>   con signos de degeneraci&oacute;n celular y lisis citoplasm&aacute;tica,   as&iacute; como dilataci&oacute;n perinuclear.<SUP>11,15</SUP>   <H4>   DESARROLLO</H4>   El mecanismo de cicatrizaci&oacute;n consta de varios procesos:   <H4>   FORMACION DE FIBRAS COLAGENAS Y ELASTICAS</H4>   Estudios realizados en cultivos de fibroblastos demuestran la gran actividad   de estas c&eacute;lulas cuando son irradiados con l&aacute;ser de baja   potencia. La activaci&oacute;n de DNA precol&aacute;geno I&nbsp;<A NAME="QuickMark"></A>y   III,<SUP>16</SUP> as&iacute; como la dilataci&oacute;n de los ret&iacute;culos   endoplasm&aacute;ticos y el aumento en el n&uacute;mero de mitocondrias<SUP>15</SUP>   sugieren la gran actividad celular en la s&iacute;ntesis de col&aacute;geno,   sustancia fundamental para el soporte h&iacute;stico, que permite la formaci&oacute;n   acelerada de fibras col&aacute;genas y el&aacute;sticas, lo que logra incluso   la regeneraci&oacute;n de tendones seccionados.<SUP>16</SUP>          <P>Esta formaci&oacute;n de sustancia col&aacute;gena en forma guiada y   organizada, permite la cicatrizaci&oacute;n de las heridas r&aacute;pidamente,<SUP>1,2,17-22</SUP>   y plantea su cicatrizaci&oacute;n sin escaras hipertr&oacute;ficas o queloides.<SUP>23</SUP>   <H4>   FORMACION DE VASOS SANGUINEOS Y REGENERACION NERVIOSA</H4>   Por la acci&oacute;n del l&aacute;ser sobre las c&eacute;lulas del endotelio   vascular se incrementa la actividad mit&oacute;tica y se producen aceleradamente   yemas o brotes de los vasos existentes para la neoformaci&oacute;n de microvasos.<SUP>24</SUP>          <P>En cuanto a la regeneraci&oacute;n nerviosa, investigaciones realizadas   de nervio facial seccionado experimentalmente en ratones<SUP>25</SUP> y   de nervio medial en humanos,<SUP>26</SUP> se&ntilde;alan resultados exitosos   al aplicar l&aacute;ser de baja potencia.   <H4>   REPARACION DE DEFECTOS OSEOS Y CICATRIZACION DE FRACTURAS</H4>   La cicatrizaci&oacute;n &oacute;sea envuelve varios procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos:   s&iacute;ntesis de col&aacute;geno, mineralizaci&oacute;n, respuesta vascular   y otras.          <P>El incremento en la actividad del DNA fue demostrado en estudios de   cultivo de c&eacute;lulas clonales &oacute;seas y se comprob&oacute; que   el l&aacute;ser de baja potencia estimula la proliferaci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas   osteobl&aacute;sticas e incrementa la capacidad reparativa del tejido &oacute;seo   en vivo.<SUP>27</SUP>          <P>Para la mineralizaci&oacute;n del hueso y el cart&iacute;lago es importante   la actividad de la enzima fosfatasa alcalina. Se ha demostrado que en fracturas   de f&eacute;mur irradiadas con l&aacute;ser de baja potencia, la expresi&oacute;n   de fosfatasa alcalina se incrementa comparada con un grupo control no irradiado.<SUP>28</SUP>          <P>En estudios experimentales de fractura de tibia en ratones, y evaluados   por radiograf&iacute;a, se encontr&oacute; aumento de la densidad &oacute;ptica   del hueso en la zona de la fractura, cuando se irradi&oacute; con l&aacute;ser   de baja potencia. Este hallazgo refleja la aceleraci&oacute;n en la mineralizaci&oacute;n   del callo &oacute;seo cuando se utiliza radiaci&oacute;n l&aacute;ser.<SUP>29-31</SUP>          <P>Se plantea que este efecto bioestimulativo para la mineralizaci&oacute;n   puede estar dado por la fotobioactivaci&oacute;n y secundariamente por   la fotoac&uacute;stica generada por la onda ultras&oacute;nica de los l&aacute;sers   de pulso.<SUP>29,32,33</SUP>          <P>Una vez m&aacute;s reiteramos la importancia de la dosificaci&oacute;n   para lograr el efecto bioestimulan-te deseado. Investigaciones con microscopia   electr&oacute;nica realizadas en hueso periodontal de ratones han demostrado   que con peque&ntilde;as dosis de irradiaci&oacute;n se encuentran los osteocitos   normales, pero en altas dosis, &eacute;stos presentan alteraciones que   sugieren procesos degenerativos. El n&uacute;cleo presenta una condensaci&oacute;n   progresiva de cromatina y en algunos casos destrucci&oacute;n total, en   el citoplasma se observan cuerpos lisosomales y figuras miel&iacute;nicas,   caracter&iacute;sticas de degeneraci&oacute;n celular<SUP>15</SUP> (figura).          <P>Fig.   <H4>   CONCLUSIONES</H4>   Se plantea que la acci&oacute;n del l&aacute;ser de baja potencia en la   reparaci&oacute;n h&iacute;stica se basa en el incremento de la multiplicaci&oacute;n   celular, la activaci&oacute;n en la producci&oacute;n de col&aacute;geno   y fosfatasa alcalina, la activaci&oacute;n del endotelio vascular, aumento   de fibras col&aacute;genas y el&aacute;sticas, regeneraci&oacute;n de fibras   nerviosas y de tejido &oacute;seo, incremento en la velocidad de crecimiento   de los vasos sangu&iacute;neos a partir de los ya existentes y la inducci&oacute;n   a partir de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales adyacentes a la lesi&oacute;n<SUP>24</SUP>   de la reepitelizaci&oacute;n (cuadro general de acci&oacute;n). Como resultado   se obtiene la reparaci&oacute;n acelerada y completa de los tejidos da&ntilde;ados.   <H4>   SUMMARY</H4>   A review of the literature from the last 10 years is made taking into account   the experimental and clinical investigations carried out about biologic   effects of low intensity laser irradiation on tissue repair, as well as   the possible mechanisms of action at cellular level in the production of   collagen, the effect on collagen and elastic fibers, and blood vessels,   its action on the regeneration of nerve fibers and the healing of bone   tissue.          <P>Key words: LASER/therapeutic use; RADIATION EFFECTS; NERVE REGENERATION;   BONE REGENERATION.   <H4>   REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS</H4>      <OL>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<LI>   Van Breugel HH, Engels C, Bar PR. Mechanisms of action in laser-induced   photobiomodulation depend on the waveleght of the laser. Lasers Surg Med   1993;13(Suppl 5):36 a.</LI>          <LI>   Wei Y, Naim JO, Lanzafame RJ. The effects of laser irradiation on the release   of fibroblast growth factor from 373 fibroblast in vitro. Lasers Surg Med   1993;13(Suppl 5):39a.</LI>          <LI>   Kim KS, Lee DH, Kim SG. Effects of low incident energy levels of infrared   laser irradiation on the proliferation of streptococcus mutans. Laser Ther   1992;4:81-5.</LI>          <LI>   Van Kooten DW, Maciunas RJ, Carver RS. Low levels CO laser-induced release   of chromiun from canine 2C5 gliosarcoma cells. Lasers Surg Med 1993;13:517-21.</LI>          <LI>   Van Bergel HF, Engels C, Van Ginkel G, Bar PR. Efficacy of laser-induced   photobinomodulation depends on the wavelength of the laser. Laser Ther   1994;6:28-9.</LI>          <LI>   Riugauj J, Trelles MA, Calderhead RG, Mayayo E. Changes in fibroblast proliferation   and metabolism following in vitro helium-neon laser irradiation. Laser   Ther 1991;3:25-34.</LI>          <LI>   Friedmann H, Lubart R, Towards an explanation of visible and infrared laser   induced stimulation and damage of cell cultures. Laser Ther 1992;4:39-42.</LI>          <LI>   Logan ID, Bristow HE, Barnett YA. The induction of DNA repair in X-Ray   irradiated fried erythroleukaemia and human myeloid HL60 cells by low intensy   laser irradiation. Laser Ther 1994;6:189-94.</LI>          <LI>   O'Kane S, Shields TD, Gilmore WS, Allen JM. Low intensity laser irradiation   inhibits tritiated Thymidine incorporation in the haemopoietic cell lines   H160 and U937. Lasers Surg Med 1994;14:34-9.</LI>          <LI>   O'Kane S, Callaghan GA, Hannigan BM, Gilmore WS, Allen JM. Low intensity   laser irradiation induces cytokine release from two haemopoietic cell lines.   Lasers Surg Med 1994;6:8--10.</LI>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<LI>   Bolton P, Young S, Dyson M. The direct effect of 860 nm ligth on cell proliferation   and on succinic dehydrogenase activity on human fibroblasts in vitro. Laser   Ther 1995;7:55-60.</LI>          <LI>   Karu T. Molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of low-intensity   laser radiation. Laser Life Sci 1988;2:53-74.</LI>          <LI>   Aggarwall BB, Quintanilha AT, Cammack R, Parker L. Damage to mitochondrial   electron transport and energy coupling by visible light. Biochem Biophys   Acta 1988;502:367--82.</LI>          <LI>   Lovschall H, Arenholdt-Bindslev D. Low levels laser therapy effect on mitocondrial   rhodamine 123 uptake in human oral fibroblast. Laser Ther 1994;6:30-1.</LI>          <LI>   Noguerol BF, Alandez FJ, Ca&ntilde;izares J, Sicilia A, Sanz M, Campos   A, et al. Ultrastructural changes of the mouse periodontium after He Ne   laser radiation: a transmission electron microscopic study. Laser Ther   1994;6:95-100.</LI>          <LI>   Enwemeka ChS, Cohen-Kornberg E, Duswalt EP, Weber DM, Rodr&iacute;guez   IM. Biochemical effects of three different periods of GAAL laser photostimulation   on tenotomized tendons. Laser Ther 1994;6:181-8.</LI>          <LI>   Rigan J, Trelles MA. Sun ChH, Berns MW. Influence of low incident levels   of laser energy on the behaviour of human fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro.   Laser Ther 1994;6:11.</LI>          <LI>   Al-Watban FAH, Zhang Z. Dosimetry-related wound healing response in the   rat model following helium neon laser LL LT. Laser Ther 1994;6:119-24.</LI>          <!-- ref --><LI>   Mester AF, Mester A. Wound healing. laser Ther 1989;1:7-15.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>   Karu T. Photobiology of low-power laser effects. Healt Phys 1989;56:591-704.</LI>    <LI>   Colver GB, Priestley GC. Failure of a helium-neon laser to affect components   of wound healing in vitro. Br Med J 1989;121:179-89.</LI>          <LI>   Al Wathan FAH, Zhang Z. Towards optimun dosimetric parameters for the effects   of laser therapy on wound healing. Laser Surg Med 1993;13(Suppl 5):10.</LI>          <LI>   Ghamsari SM, Yamada H, Acorda JA, Unno N. Evaluation of low levels laser   therapy on open wound healing of the teat in dairy cattle. Laser Ther 1994;6:113-8.</LI>          <LI>   Kameya T, Ide S, Acorda JA, Yamada H, Taguchi H, Abe N. Effect of different   wavelengths of low level laser therapy on wound healding in mice. Laser   Ther 1995;7:33-6.</LI>          <LI>   Anders J, Borke R, Woolery S, Van de Merwe W. Low power laser irradiation   alters the rate of regeneration of the rat facial nerve. Laser Surg Med   1993;13:72-82.</LI>          <LI>   Lowe AS, Baxter GD, Walsh DM, Allen JM. Effect of 380 nm continuons wave   laser diode irradiation on medial nerve function in normal subjects. Laser   Surg Med 1993;13:597-604.</LI>          <LI>   Luger EI, Wollman Y, Rochkind S, Devel S, Korenstein R. The effects of   low incident levels of laser radiation on clonal bone cells. Laser Ther   1994;6:56.</LI>          <LI>   Dickson GR, Clingen H, Jordan GR, Linton T. The effect of low level laser   therapy on alkaline phosphatase expresion during fracture repair. Laser   Ther 1994;6:16-7.</LI>          <LI>   Glinkowski W, Rowinsky J. Effect of low incident levels of infrared laser   energy on the healing of experimental bone fracture. Laser Ther 1995;7:67-70.</LI>          <LI>   Chen J, Zhou Y. Effect of low level carbon dioxide laser radiation on biochemical   metabolism of rabbit mandibular bone callus. Laser Ther 1989;1:83-7.</LI>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<LI>   Trelles MA, Mayayo E. Bone fracture consolidates faster with low power   laser. Lasers Surg Med 1987;7:36-45.</LI>          <LI>   Aussel A, Le Brun JC, Badoux JC. Generating acoustic waves by laser: theoretical   and experimental study of the emission source. Ultrasonic 1988;26:245-55.</LI>          <LI>   Pilla AA, Nasser PR, Khan SA, Figueiredo M, Kavfman JJ, Siffert RS. Non-invasive   low-intensity pulse ultrasound accelerates bone healing in the rabbit.   J Orthop Traum 1990;4:246-53.</LI>       </OL>   Recibido: 26 de febrero de 1996. Aprobado: 19 de mayo de 1996.          <P>Dra. <I>Mar&iacute;a Isela Garrig&oacute; Andreu</I>. Cl&iacute;nica   Estomatol&oacute;gica "Antonio Maceo". Calle 9na. Esquina a Aranguren,   Casino Deportivo, municipio Cerro, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.              ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Breugel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mechanisms of action in laser-induced photobiomodulation depend on the waveleght of the laser.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>^s(Suppl 5)</numero>
<issue>^s(Suppl 5)</issue>
<supplement>(Suppl 5)</supplement>
<page-range>36 a</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lanzafame]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The effects of laser irradiation on the release of fibroblast growth factor from 373 fibroblast in vitro.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>^s(Suppl 5):</numero>
<issue>^s(Suppl 5):</issue>
<supplement>(Suppl 5):</supplement>
<page-range>39a</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of low incident energy levels of infrared laser irradiation on the proliferation of streptococcus mutans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>81-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Kooten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maciunas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low levels CO laser-induced release of chromiun from canine 2C5 gliosarcoma cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>517-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Bergel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Ginkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Efficacy of laser-induced photobinomodulation depends on the wavelength of the laser]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>28-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riugauj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trelles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderhead]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Changes in fibroblast proliferation and metabolism following in vitro helium-neon laser irradiation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>25-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Towards an explanation of visible and infrared laser induced stimulation and damage of cell cultures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>39-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Logan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ID]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bristow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The induction of DNA repair in X-Ray irradiated fried erythroleukaemia and human myeloid HL60 cells by low intensy laser irradiation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>189-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Kane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low intensity laser irradiation inhibits tritiated Thymidine incorporation in the haemopoietic cell lines H160 and U937]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>34-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Kane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callaghan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hannigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low intensity laser irradiation induces cytokine release from two haemopoietic cell lines]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>8--10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dyson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The direct effect of 860 nm ligth on cell proliferation and on succinic dehydrogenase activity on human fibroblasts in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>55-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of low-intensity laser radiation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Life Sci]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>53-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aggarwall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintanilha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cammack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Damage to mitochondrial electron transport and energy coupling by visible light]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biochem Biophys Acta]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>502</volume>
<page-range>367--82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovschall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arenholdt-Bindslev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low levels laser therapy effect on mitocondrial rhodamine 123 uptake in human oral fibroblast]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>30-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noguerol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cañizares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sicilia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ultrastructural changes of the mouse periodontium after He Ne laser radiation: a transmission electron microscopic study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>95-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enwemeka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ChS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen-Kornberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duswalt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biochemical effects of three different periods of GAAL laser photostimulation on tenotomized tendons]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>181-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trelles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ChH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[: Influence of low incident levels of laser energy on the behaviour of human fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Watban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FAH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dosimetry-related wound healing response in the rat model following helium neon laser LL LT]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>119-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Wound healing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>7-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Photobiology of low-power laser effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Healt Phys]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>591-704</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Priestley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Failure of a helium-neon laser to affect components of wound healing in vitro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<page-range>179-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al Wathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FAH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Towards optimun dosimetric parameters for the effects of laser therapy on wound healing.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>^s(Suppl 5)</numero>
<issue>^s(Suppl 5)</issue>
<supplement>(Suppl 5)</supplement>
<page-range>10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghamsari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acorda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Unno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of low levels laser therapy on open wound healing of the teat in dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>113-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kameya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ide]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acorda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taguchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of different wavelengths of low level laser therapy on wound healding in mice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>33-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woolery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van de Merwe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low power laser irradiation alters the rate of regeneration of the rat facial nerve]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>72-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of 380 nm continuons wave laser diode irradiation on medial nerve function in normal subjects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>597-604</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wollman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rochkind]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korenstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The effects of low incident levels of laser radiation on clonal bone cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clingen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jordan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The effect of low level laser therapy on alkaline phosphatase expresion during fracture repair]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>16-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glinkowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of low incident levels of infrared laser energy on the healing of experimental bone fracture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>67-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of low level carbon dioxide laser radiation on biochemical metabolism of rabbit mandibular bone callus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laser Ther]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>83-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trelles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bone fracture consolidates faster with low power laser]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lasers Surg Med]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>36-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aussel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badoux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Generating acoustic waves by laser: theoretical and experimental study of the emission source]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ultrasonic]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>245-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kavfman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siffert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Non-invasive low-intensity pulse ultrasound accelerates bone healing in the rabbit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Orthop Traum]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>246-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
