<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0138-600X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Obstetricia y Ginecología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Obstet Ginecol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0138-600X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0138-600X1996000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Carboprost metil: Parte II. Usos clínicos obstétricos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Carboprost methyl. Part II. Obstetric clinical uses]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dinorah]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Lavaut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres Llacsa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mabel]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Química Farmacéutica.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>0</fpage>
<lpage>0</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0138-600X1996000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0138-600X1996000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0138-600X1996000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Carboprost metil se ha evaluado clínicamente en la inducción del aborto por vía intravaginal en el primer trimestre y en el pretratamiento de la inducción del aborto en el segundo mes de gestación. También durante el segundo trimestre es eficaz para terminar el embarazo cuando se administra por vía intraamniótica. Por vía intramuscular su administración se hace impracticable dada su toxicidad gastrointestinal; sin embargo, muchos autores recomiendan esta vía en los casos de aborto diferido, en la muerte fetal intrauterina y en otros tipos de embarazos anormales, y se ha utilizado en el control de la hemorragia postparto por vía intravenosa. Por administración intravesical se ha empleado en el tratamiento de la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida, donde parece constituir una terapia efectiva segura.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Carboprost has been clinically evaluated in the induction of abortion by intravaginal route during the first trimester and in the pretreatment of the induction of abortion on the second month of pregnancy. It is also efficient to terminate pregnancy when it is administered by intraamniotic route. Its administration by intramuscular route is unpracticable due to its gastrointestinal toxicity; however, many authors recommend this route in the cases of deferred abortion, in intrauterine fetal death, and in other types of abnormal pregnancies. It has been used intravenously to control postpartum hemorrhage. Its intravesical administration has been used to treat hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide, where it appears to be an effective and safe therapy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CARBOPROST]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ABORTO INDUCIDO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CISTITIS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HEMORRAGIA POSTPARTO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CARBOPROST]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ABORTION, INDUCED]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CYSTITIS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ Centro de Qu&iacute;mica Farmac&eacute;utica <H2> Carboprost metil. Parte II.  Usos cl&iacute;nicos obst&eacute;tricos</H2><I>Dra. Dinorah Hern&aacute;ndez Alvarez,<SUP>1</SUP>  Lic. Jos&eacute; Antonio Gonz&aacute;lez Lavaut,<SUP>2</SUP> Dra. Silvia Prieto  Gonz&aacute;lez<SUP>3</SUP> y Dra. Mabel Torres Llacsa<SUP>4</SUP></I> <OL>     <LI>  M&eacute;dico Veterinario.</LI>    <LI> Investigador Auxiliar.</LI>    <LI> Investigador  Titular.</LI>    <LI> Especialista I Grado en Farmacolog&iacute;a.</LI>    </OL><H4> RESUMEN</H4><DIR>Carboprost  metil se ha evaluado cl&iacute;nicamente en la inducci&oacute;n del aborto por  v&iacute;a intravaginal en el primer trimestre y en el pretratamiento de la inducci&oacute;n  del aborto en el segundo mes de gestaci&oacute;n. Tambi&eacute;n durante el segundo  trimestre es eficaz para terminar el embarazo cuando se administra por v&iacute;a  intraamni&oacute;tica. Por v&iacute;a intramuscular su administraci&oacute;n se  hace impracticable dada su toxicidad gastrointestinal; sin embargo, muchos autores  recomiendan esta v&iacute;a en los casos de aborto diferido, en la muerte fetal  intrauterina y en otros tipos de embarazos anormales, y se ha utilizado en el  control de la hemorragia postparto por v&iacute;a intravenosa. Por administraci&oacute;n  intravesical se ha empleado en el tratamiento de la cistitis hemorr&aacute;gica  inducida por ciclofosfamida, donde parece constituir una terapia efectiva segura.      <P><I>Palabras clave:</I> CARBOPROST/uso terap&eacute;utico; ABORTO INDUCIDO;  CISTITIS/quimioterapia; HEMORRAGIA POSTPARTO/quimioterapia.</DIR><H4> INTRODUCCION</H4>Prostaglandina  es un t&eacute;rmino gen&eacute;rico que denomina a una familia de &aacute;cidos  grasos insaturados, que como autacoides se biosintetizan o act&uacute;an en el  mismo sitio donde se generan.<SUP>1</SUP> Las prostaglandinas (PGs) comenzaron  a usarse cl&iacute;nicamente entre 1968 y 1972. Desde entonces se han empleado  en la inducci&oacute;n del aborto durante el primer y segundo trimestres de la  gestaci&oacute;n; en la interrupci&oacute;n en caso de abortos diferidos; en la  muerte fetal intrauterina y otros tipos de embarazo anormal; en el control de  la hemorragia postparto; en el tratamiento de la retenci&oacute;n urinaria postparto  o postquir&uacute;rgica; en la maduraci&oacute;n cervical anterior a la inducci&oacute;n  del parto a t&eacute;rmino y en el tratamiento de la cistitis hemorr&aacute;gica  inducida por ciclofosfamida.<SUP>2-5</SUP>     <P>El carboprost metil (CM) es un derivado  sint&eacute;tico de la prostaglandina F<SUB>2a</SUB> en el que la presencia de  un grupo metilo en el carbono 15 provoca el bloqueo de la primera reacci&oacute;n  metab&oacute;lica por medio de la enzima 15-hidroxi-prostaglandinadehidrogenasa,  provocando un mayor tiempo de acci&oacute;n en el organismo. Este prostanoide  ha sido utilizado en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica en el campo ginecoobst&eacute;trico.  <H4> USOS CLINICOS OBSTETRICOS</H4>Los an&aacute;logos de la PGs E y F son &uacute;tiles  en la inducci&oacute;n del aborto durante los 2 primeros trimestres de la gestaci&oacute;n,  esta indicaci&oacute;n se ha evaluado desde el comienzo de los a&ntilde;os 70.  Uno de esos an&aacute;logos es el CM que puede ser administrado por las v&iacute;as  vaginal e intramuscular (i.m.) aunque tambi&eacute;n es posible su administraci&oacute;n  intrauterina e intravenosa. Se ha demostrado que la v&iacute;a intravaginal es  altamente efectiva tanto en dosis &uacute;nica como repetidas.<SUP>6</SUP>     <P>La  administraci&oacute;n intravaginal de &oacute;vulos de CM a pacientes de hasta  49 d&iacute;as de gestaci&oacute;n, puede inducir el aborto en el 100 % de los  casos. El sangramiento comienza unas horas despu&eacute;s y puede extenderse hasta  2 semanas, pero con las caracter&iacute;sticas de no ser mayor que una menstruaci&oacute;n  normal. Por esta v&iacute;a de administraci&oacute;n no ocurren serias complicaciones  y s&oacute;lo en pocos pacientes ha sido necesario el curetaje, en la mayor&iacute;a  de los casos el aborto es completo. Estos pacientes deben ser premedicados con  antidiarreicos y antiem&eacute;ticos para que los efectos secundarios sean m&iacute;nimos  y se reducen a unos pocos episodios de v&oacute;mitos y diarreas, estando dentro  de los l&iacute;mites cl&iacute;nicos aceptables. Las dosis empleadas oscilan  generalmente entre 2,5 a 5 mg, aunque se ha reportado que con dosis de 3 mg o  m&aacute;s hay una significativa incidencia de efectos secundarios. Sin embargo,  para algunos autores la limitante fundamental en su uso es la prolongaci&oacute;n  del sangramiento.<SUP>7-18</SUP> Otros investigadores se&ntilde;alan que la administraci&oacute;n  vaginal del CM podr&iacute;a ser un m&eacute;todo no quir&uacute;rgico posconcepcional  de control de la natalidad.<SUP>10-11</SUP>     <P>El CM puede ser tambi&eacute;n  efectivo en el primer trimestre de la gestaci&oacute;n por v&iacute;a i.m. en  dosis de 0,5 mg si la amenorrea es menor de 35 d&iacute;as. En estas condiciones  se logra el 87,7 % de aborto completo, la duraci&oacute;n del sangramiento puede  prolongarse hasta 7 d&iacute;as, aunque las pacientes son premedicados sufren  de v&oacute;mitos y diarreas.<SUP>19</SUP>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>El Cp se ha empleado en gran variedad  de dosis y reg&iacute;menes para la inducci&oacute;n del aborto en el segundo  trimestre de la gestaci&oacute;n. En estudios cl&iacute;nicos se ha utilizado  por v&iacute;a intravenosa, i.m., vaginal, extraamni&oacute;tica e intraamni&oacute;tica.<SUP>1,20</SUP>  El empleo del Cp por v&iacute;a intraamni&oacute;tica se presenta como una alternativa  a la administraci&oacute;n de la PGF<SUB>2a</SUB> tanto por v&iacute;a intraamni&oacute;tica  como extraamni&oacute;tica; dado que el tiempo de la vida media en el l&iacute;quido  amni&oacute;tico es el doble con respecto a la PGF<SUB>2a</SUB> ha probado su  eficacia y seguridad al obtenerse un alto porcentaje de abortos, en un corto per&iacute;odo  de tiempo, con ocurrencia de leves efectos secundarios. Las dosis empleadas representan  s&oacute;lo el 10 % de la dosis respectiva de la PGF<SUB>2a</SUB>.<SUP>3,20-24</SUP>      <P>En un estudio multicentro, 139 pacientes que presentaban 15 y 20 semanas de  gestaci&oacute;n, fueron tratados con 2,5 mg de CM por v&iacute;a intraamni&oacute;tica,  como resultado el 97 % de las primigr&aacute;vidas y el 94,5 % de las multigr&aacute;vidas  abortaron con un intervalo inducci&oacute;n-aborto de 22,8&plusmn;1,1 horas para  las primigr&aacute;vidas y de 18&plusmn;1,0 horas para las multigr&aacute;vidas.  El promedio de episodios de v&oacute;mitos fue de 1,4 y 0,9 en prim&iacute;paras  y mult&iacute;paras, respectivamente; y de 0,7 de diarreas en ambos grupos mientras  que el porcentaje de aborto incompleto fue de 10,9 y 21,7, respectivamente.<SUP>25</SUP>      <P>El uso del CM por la v&iacute;a i.m. ha sido ampliamente estudiada y esta puede  emplearse tanto al comienzo como al final del segundo trimestre de la gestaci&oacute;n.<SUP>3</SUP>  Esta v&iacute;a de administraci&oacute;n es ventajosa porque la cavidad uterina  no es invadida, y se eliminan las complicaciones inherentes al procedimiento de  la amniocentesis; por tanto, los pacientes no est&aacute;n expuestos a los da&ntilde;os  potenciales de la instilaci&oacute;n<SUP>26</SUP> y no se produce reacci&oacute;n  local como eritema y dolor.<SUP>27-28</SUP> La administraci&oacute;n i.m. permite  adem&aacute;s maduraci&oacute;n y dilataci&oacute;n progresiva del c&eacute;rvix,  por lo cual se minimiza el dolor en el momento de la expulsi&oacute;n.<SUP>20-23</SUP>  El aborto se produce en m&aacute;s del 70 % de los casos con un promedio de m&aacute;s  de 15 horas del intervalo inducci&oacute;n-parto.<SUP>29-31</SUP> Sin embargo,  como m&eacute;todo inicial tiene valor limitado por su toxicidad gastrointestinal,  con gran incidencia de v&oacute;mitos y diarreas, por lo que es necesario la premedicaci&oacute;n  con antiem&eacute;ticos y antidiarreicos.<SUP>7,27-29,32-36</SUP> La ventaja m&aacute;s  importante del CM como an&aacute;logo de la PGF<SUB>2a</SUB> es que puede ser  administrado por v&iacute;as no invasivas como la i.m.<SUP>3</SUP>     <P>Se han realizado  varios estudios multicentros en los que se ha administrado Prostin15M&reg; en  dosis de 250 m g por v&iacute;a i.m. cada 1,2,3 horas. Se consider&oacute; fallido  el tratamiento cuando no hubo progreso luego de 10 inyecciones. En un caso se  aplic&oacute; el tratamiento hasta que hubo 1 cm de dilataci&oacute;n del c&eacute;rvix.  Los pacientes fueron premedicados para el control de los efectos secundarios gastrointestinales.  En general el rango de aborto estuvo entre 61-95 % para las primigr&aacute;vidas,  y entre el 85-89 % en multigr&aacute;vidas. El intervalo inducci&oacute;n-aborto  fue de 17,8-18,5 horas en primigr&aacute;vidas, y de 14,5-18 en multigr&aacute;vidas.  Los episodios de v&oacute;mitos oscilaron entre 1,6-2,9, y de diarreas entre 1,7-5.  El porcentaje de aborto incompleto oscil&oacute; entre 10,5 % a 27,8 %.<SUP>37-39</SUP>  La v&iacute;a i.m. ha sido recomendada en los casos que la amniocentesis es impracticable<SUP>28</SUP>  o para completar el aborto cuando otro m&eacute;todo no haya sido exitoso.<SUP>28,34</SUP>      <P>El CM tambi&eacute;n se considera un arma eficaz en la evacuaci&oacute;n de  las molas hidatiformes, abortos diferidos y fetos muertos retenidos, cuya eficacia  llega al 100 % de los casos. Los efectos secundarios despu&eacute;s de la premedicaci&oacute;n  son poco frecuentes y no graves, cuando se mantiene una dosis de 250 m g cada  3 horas por inyecci&oacute;n i.m. profunda hasta un total de 2 000 mg. En el 85  % de los casos se ha obtenido una expulsi&oacute;n completa del contenido uterino,  lo cual evita realizar otras maniobras como revisiones manuales o legrados de  la cavidad uterina. Adem&aacute;s, la expulsi&oacute;n se produce en bloque y  apenas ocurren hemorragias, incluso en el caso de las molas hidatiformes. En los  casos que no se ha conseguido la expulsi&oacute;n completa de las membranas las  maniobras posteriores son m&aacute;s f&aacute;ciles. La duraci&oacute;n media  de la inducci&oacute;n es de 10,30 min.<SUP>40-45</SUP> Seg&uacute;n <I>Miranda  et al.</I> se ha logrado el 93,75 % en la expulsi&oacute;n de fetos muertos, tanto  en primigr&aacute;vidas como multigr&aacute;vidas al cabo de 9 horas de administrar  dosis similares.<SUP>46</SUP>     <P>Por otra parte, la aspiraci&oacute;n al vac&iacute;o  es un m&eacute;todo preferido para la inducci&oacute;n del aborto en el primer  y segundo trimestres de la gestaci&oacute;n en muchos pa&iacute;ses. Si el procedimiento  es utilizado despu&eacute;s de 7 semanas de gestaci&oacute;n es necesaria la dilataci&oacute;n  del canal cervical, lo que incrementa el riesgo de laceraci&oacute;n cervical  y perforaci&oacute;n uterina con las consecuentes secuelas en la fertilidad. En  adici&oacute;n, las complicaciones como hemorragia y aborto incompleto pueden  aumentar debido a la insuficiente dilataci&oacute;n. Por tanto, el uso de prostaglandinas  antes de la succi&oacute;n o el curetaje mec&aacute;nico es una alternativa en  la preparaci&oacute;n del c&eacute;rvix, su utilizaci&oacute;n se ha sugerido  desde 1970. En un estudio multicentro con 1 000 pacientes se demostr&oacute; que  el pretratamiento de &oacute;vulos vaginales de 1 mg de CM produjo un significativo  grado de maduraci&oacute;n cervical, se originaron pocas complicaciones operatorias,  corta duraci&oacute;n del sangramiento posoperatorio y baja frecuencia de curetaje  e infecci&oacute;n, pero present&oacute; el inconveniente de gran incidencia de  efectos secundarios y dolor uterino.<SUP>3,47-49</SUP> Otros resultados demostraron  que los efectos secundarios fueron m&iacute;nimos.<SUP>50</SUP> Con la dosis de  1 mg se obtuvo hasta 9,4 mm de dilataci&oacute;n.<SUP>51</SUP>     <P>Otro estudio  en el cual se emple&oacute; carboprot metil se logr&oacute; 9,7 &plusmn; 2,3 mm  de dilataci&oacute;n cervical, mientras que el grupo control, al que no se le  administr&oacute; droga alguna, s&oacute;lo tuvo 3,4 &plusmn; 1,5 mm.<SUP>52</SUP>  <H4> TRATAMIENTO DE LA HEMORRAGIA POSPARTO</H4>La hemorragia <I>posparto</I> es  una grave complicaci&oacute;n en la pr&aacute;ctica obst&eacute;trica y muchas  veces los tratamientos convencionales son inefectivos, por lo que se necesita  urgente intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica. La aton&iacute;a uterina es la  causa de m&aacute;s del 80 % de los casos de hemorragia posparto.<SUP>53-54</SUP>  El tratamiento con CM (como sal de trometamina) ha sido exitoso en casos de aton&iacute;a  uterina y seria hemorragia posparto. El Cp administrado por infusi&oacute;n intravenosa  en 500 ml de glucosa al 5,5 % (0,25 mg), produce una contracci&oacute;n palpable  del &uacute;tero y cese del san-ramiento en un tiempo promedio de 12,5 min; y  en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos es suficiente con una peque&ntilde;a dosis.  Estos resultados corresponden al efecto dual de las prostaglandinas de contraer  tanto el m&uacute;sculo uterino como el vascular.<SUP>53</SUP> Resultados similares  se han obtenido con la infusi&oacute;n intravenosa del Hemabate (soluci&oacute;n  est&eacute;ril que contiene Prostin/15 M&reg; Carboprost trometamina), la cual,  ha resultado exitosa en el 87 % de los casos.<SUP>54</SUP> Los efectos secundarios  se presentan con car&aacute;cter moderado en el 50 % de los pacientes.<SUP>55</SUP>  Adem&aacute;s, se ha reportado que el CM ha sido efectivo incluso cuando la PGF<SUB>2a</SUB>  no lo es, por lo que se sugiere que la administraci&oacute;n i.m. puede lograr  mejor distribuci&oacute;n uterina. Otra v&iacute;a exitosa es la intramiometrial,  con una efectividad del 96 % sin efectos secundarios, aunque la v&iacute;a i.m.  es la preferida ya que en la intramiometrial se puede producir una inyecci&oacute;n  intravascular. El tratamiento de la hemorragia posparto por aton&iacute;a uterina  con Prostin/15M&reg; es aceptado por la FDA.<SUP>56</SUP> La terapia no es efectiva  cuando los pacientes padecen de corioamnionitis<SUP>56-57</SUP> o presentan placenta  <I>accreta.</I><SUP>55</SUP> <H4> USO NO OBSTETRICO. TRATAMIENTO DE LA CISTITIS  HEMORRAGICA</H4>La cistitis hemorr&aacute;gica es ocasionalmente una complicaci&oacute;n  fatal de la terapia con ciclofosfamida. Recientemente se ha demostrado que las  prostaglandinas son efectivas en el tratamiento de la cistitis hemorr&aacute;gica  inducida por ciclofosfamida y entre las prostaglandinas estudiadas se encuentra  el Cp en forma de sal de trometamina.<SUP>57</SUP> Se ha reportado que el tratamiento  intravesical logra la resoluci&oacute;n de la hematuria macrosc&oacute;pica en  el 50 % de los pacientes tratados, disminuye el sangramiento, y los requerimientos  de transfusi&oacute;n. La administraci&oacute;n intravesical permite que act&uacute;e  directamente sobre el urotelio da&ntilde;ado. Es una terapia relativamente no  t&oacute;xica, cuyos efectos secundarios se limitan al espasmo vesical, es tolerable  en pacientes con reflujo uretrovesical, no requiere anestesia e impide la formaci&oacute;n  de co&aacute;gulos en los cat&eacute;teres vesicales. En un ensayo cl&iacute;nico  donde se administr&oacute; CM durante un promedio de 17 semanas no se report&oacute;  alteraci&oacute;n en la vejiga urinaria ni en funci&oacute;n renal.<SUP>58</SUP>      <P>Al estudiar comparativamente el empleo del CM con el tratamiento de aluminio  al 1 % por irrigaci&oacute;n vesical, se obtuvieron resultados similares con ambas  drogas. El espasmo de la vejiga fue un efecto secundario com&uacute;n, lo cual  demuestra que el tratamiento con CM es un m&eacute;todo efectivo y puede tener  valor en los casos que la terapia con aluminio no sea exitosa.<SUP>58</SUP>     <P>Podemos  resumir planteando que la acci&oacute;n de las prostaglandinas como abortivo en  las primeras semanas del embarazo es inconstante y a menudo incompleta, y puede  acompa&ntilde;arse de penosos efectos secundarios. El carboprost puede usarse  de manera eficaz por v&iacute;a intravaginal en el primer trimestre de la gestaci&oacute;n,  lo que podr&iacute;a constituir un m&eacute;todo posconcepcional no quir&uacute;rgico  de control de la natalidad. El pretratamiento con &oacute;vulos vaginales en el  aborto por aspiraci&oacute;n al vac&iacute;o en el segundo mes de la gestaci&oacute;n,  produce un grado significativo de maduraci&oacute;n cervical. Por v&iacute;a intraamni&oacute;tica  durante el segundo trimestre es adem&aacute;s eficaz y seguro.     <P>La administraci&oacute;n  del CM por v&iacute;a i.m. se hace impracticable dada la toxicidad gastrointestinal;  sin embargo, muchos autores plantean que esta v&iacute;a no es un arma eficaz  en la evacuaci&oacute;n de gestaciones anormales.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>De todas las indicaciones  conocidas en el uso del CM, el tratamiento de la hemorragia posparto es la m&aacute;s  exitosa, por administraci&oacute;n intravenosa, aunque tambi&eacute;n se sugiere  por v&iacute;a i.m. El tratamiento de la cistitis hemorr&aacute;gica inducida  por ciclofosfamida parece ser una terapia efectiva y prometedora. <H4> SUMMARY</H4>Carboprost  has been clinically evaluated in the induction of abortion by intravaginal route  during the first trimester and in the pretreatment of the induction of abortion  on the second month of pregnancy. It is also efficient to terminate pregnancy  when it is administered by intraamniotic route. Its administration by intramuscular  route is unpracticable due to its gastrointestinal toxicity; however, many authors  recommend this route in the cases of deferred abortion, in intrauterine fetal  death, and in other types of abnormal pregnancies. It has been used intravenously  to control postpartum hemorrhage. Its intravesical administration has been used  to treat hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide, where it appears to  be an effective and safe therapy.     <P><I>Key Words:</I> CARBOPROST/therapeutic  use; ABORTION, INDUCED CYSTITIS/drug therapy; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE/drug therapy.  <H4> REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS</H4>    <!-- ref --><P> 1. Martindale. The extrapharmacopeia.  29 th Ed. Edited by J.E.F. Reynolds. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, Great Britain,  1989:1365.<!-- ref --><P> 2. Thaler-Dao H. Noveaux. Aspects de la Recherche sur les Prostaglandines.  Control and Management of Parturition, 1986;15:60-99.<!-- ref --><P> 3. Bygdeman M. Prostaglandin  Analogues and Their Uses. Bailli&eacute;re's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology,  1992;6(4):893-993.<!-- ref --><P> 4. Karim SMM. Clinical Applications of Prostaglandins  in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1982;11(4):493--502.<!-- ref --><P> 5. Kranc DM, Kim J,  Straus F, et al. 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