A MULTIVATIATE ANALYSIS OFAnocentor nitens (IXODOIDEA: IXODIDAE): NON-PARASITIC PHASE
ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO DE Anocentor nitens (IXODOIDEA: IXODIDAE): FASE NO PARASITARIA
R. de la Vega* and G. Díaz**
*LABIOFAM, Apartado 34, General Peraza, CP-19210, Ciudad Habana, Cuba, FAX: (537)334857, E-mail: delavega@infomed.sld.cu; **Dpto. Biología Animal y Humana, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, E-mail: gdacosta@fbio.uh.cu
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ABSTRACT
Multivariate statistical methods are useful tools complementary to classic univariate methods. In biology, they are used in several scenarios where data structure, classification and grouping are necessary. Nevertheless, it seems they have not been employed in the study of non-parasitic phase of ticks or any other arthropod. In this paper, the influence of different incubation conditions was studied in groups of 12-15 individuals in each of the 24 combinations of six temperatures 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34oC and four relative humidities 100, 80, 75.5 and 70% over the cycle variables of Anocentor nitens looking for establishing the most suitable environmental conditions to increase or decrease ticks performance and to apply these knowledges to zoogeography. According to the results, it seems that the best conditions to raise these ticks in laboratory are between 26-30oC and 100% relative humidity.
Key words: ticks; Ixodidae; Multivariate Analysis; non-parasitic phase
RESUMEN
La estadística multivariada es una poderosa herramienta complementaria de la clásica estadística univariada. En biología ha sido empleada en diferentes situaciones cuando se hace necesario conocer la estructura de los datos, agruparlos y clasificarlos. Sin embargo, al parecer no se ha empleado con anterioridad en el estudio de la fase no parasitaria de alguna garrapata o de algún otro artrópodo. En este artículo se estudia la influencia de las condiciones de incubación en grupos de 12-15 individuos en cada una de las 24 combinaciones de seis temperaturas 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34oC y cuatro valores de humedad relativa 100, 80, 75.5 y 70%, sobre las variables del ciclo de Anocentor nitens, con el fin de establecer cuáles son las condiciones más o menos adecuadas para el desarrollo de esta garrapata y aplicar estos conocimientos a la zoogeografía. De acuerdo con los resultados experimentales, las condiciones más favorables para criar estos ácaros en el laboratorio están entre 26-30oC y 100% de humedad relativa.
Palabras clave: garrapatas; Ixodidae; Análisis Multivariado; fase no parasitaria
INTRODUCTION ]]>
Multivariate statistical methods are useful tools complementary to classic univariate methods. In biology, they are used in several scenarios where data structure, classification and grouping are necessary (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7). Nevertheless, it seems they have not been employed in the study of non-parasitic phase of ticks or any other arthropod. In spite of some articles concerning the influence of environmental conditions over the non-parasitic phase of A. nitens (8,9,10,11,12), objective conclusions about the general effects of these factors were not been obtained yet employing univariate statistical methods alone. In this paper, the influence of different incubation conditions over the cycle variables of Anocentor nitens were studied looking for establishing the most suitable environmental conditions for increasing or decreasing ticks performance and to apply these knowledges to zoogeography.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procedure
Engorged A. nitens female ticks raised on bovines were incubated in groups of 12-15 individuals in each of the 24 combinations of six temperatures (TEMP) 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34oC and four relative humidities (RH) 100, 80, 75.5 and 70%. The variables recorded were: Female Weight (FW), Laying Weight (LW), the onset of oviposition or Preoviposition (PREOV) and the onset of eclosion or Minimun Time of Eclosion (MTE), the Conversion Efficiency Index or CEI (13) and the Laying Fertility (LF), that is, number of larvae/number of eggs. Only 5 layings by group were employed to estimate LF because this procedure is cumbersome.
Statistical Analysis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed descriptively for data analysis and dimensional reduction. The arcsin transformation is applied to the variable LF in order to obtain ARSLF and fit the normality hypothesis. After that, a MANOVA was performed: PREOV, MTE, CEI and ARSLF as dependent variables and TEMP and RH as factors. Afterwards, a Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) was done. This is a well-known technique mainly used to represent group means as points in a two dimensional space. It is traditional to draw confidence circles around these points. These circles are only approximations. Some authors advocated those ellipses, usually having higher inclusion rates (14, 15, 16).
RESULTS
1. Principal Component Analysis. ]]>
- All VariablesTable 1 shows the correlation matrix of variables. It is evident that FW and LW are closely related, indeed there is a linear regression between them. Both variables have some degree of correlation with ARSLF. These correlations exist because the bigger the egg mass is, the higher protection from desiccation is accomplished and thus a higher fertility is obtained. Also, there is not significant correlation between these variables and CEI. Actually, the variable CEI is made from both, FW and LW, so the covariance between them does not have to be corrected (13). They are uncorrelated with the rest of the variables. For these reasons, authors decided to draw out the variables FW and LW for further analysis.
- Analysis of Remaining Variables
The eigenvalues of the first three axes are shown in Table 2. The total variance explained by the first two axes is over 70 % but does not reach the 79.16 % required by the broken-stick test Frontier (1976), cited by Cuadras (17) to determine the number of valid axes in PCA. So authors decided to include the third axis in the following procedures.
The correlation circle of first-second axis (Fig. 1) shows a high correlation between temperature and the variables related with phase duration (PREOV and MTE). The influence of temperature over the variable CEI is small; this last variable is better represented in the second axis and related with relative humidity. The variable ARSLF is shared between the two axes (for more details on factor-axes correlations, see Figure 1 and Table 3).
2. Multivariate Analysis of Variance
The general results of MANOVA (Table 4) show that the two factors and their interaction are highly significant.
Canonical Variate Analysis
- By temperature:
Figure 2 shows the relations between the six temperature groups and the variables studied. Temperatures of 28 and 30°C have an overlap of the confidence circles. These two variates are the best if it is desired to obtain a high laying efficiency and fertility. ]]>
The duration of cycle periods is not too long, as it is seen at 24°C. Contrarily, temperatures of 32 and 34°C are harmful for ticks performance.- By Relative Humidity:
Figure 3 expresses the relationship between groups of ticks incubated at four different relative humidities and the variables studied. Here it is clear the fact that the best perfomance is obtained when ticks are incubated at 100% RH and the worst at 70% RH.
- By Interaction Temperature X Relative Humidity
As each of the 24 groups has a small number of observations (4 or 5) it was decided not to employ data regarding ARSLF to make the procedure, and left for the future the addition of further observations in order to add more data allowing to increase accuracy and precision of results.
DISCUSSION
Temperature was the most important factor acting over the Anocentor nitens cycle variables. On the contrary, relative humidity between 70 and 100 % has little importance over the same variables. The new canonical variables show in a more objective way which are the best and the worst incubation conditions for the species.
These results give the suggestion that the best incubation conditions for raising A. nitens are: temperatures between 26-30°C and relative humidity of 100%. Higher temperatures and lower relative humidities are harmful for it (Fig. 2 and 3). Results of Despins (11) working on non-parasitic phase of A. nitens raised on calves, show congruency when results shown in this paper are compared. Best results for CEI and LF are obtained at temperatures near 30°C and RH of 91%, the highest RH employed in this paper; at 30°C and 61% relative humidity, the mean percentage of egg hatch was only 43.4 % and in the case of 35°C and 40% relative humidity there was no hatch. In the present paper using 34°C and 70% relative humidity, there was the minimum value of fertility (60.3%). Despins (11) considers that data obtained at 35°C indicates that this constant temperature is near the upper lethal temperature for A. nitens. The same approximation to the results of the present article is shown in Bastos et al. (8) in relation to incubation temperature. The fact that relatively high temperatures and relative humidity as used in the present paper, are suitable to A. nitens performance suggests that this tick is well adapted to tropical conditions. In a previous work applying univariate methods (12), authors of this paper have suspected these same conclusions, according to the obtained data about laying fertility (Table 5) and CEI (Table 6). Multivariate statistic methods give this information in an explicit way even for those with little or no statistical knowledge.
Furthermore, in A. nitens, the minimum thermal threshold and the thermal constant for eclosion (10) were 15.25°C and 354°C-day respectively, data that are alike with values of Boophilus microplus, 14°C and 289.9°C-day, in the laboratory (18) under natural simulated conditions (19) and validated on conditions near to production (20). This tick is well adapted to tropical conditions. Finally, Borges et al. (9) showed that A. nitens is not present in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Río Grande do Sul, whose winters are colder than in its northern states. ]]>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To Dr. Jesús Eladio from the Cybernetics, Mathematics and Physics Institute (ICIMAF) Cuba, who taught us the way to manage the statistical software; to Dr. Carles M. Cuadras from the University of Barcelona, Spain, for his valuable advices and critical revision of mathematical language and to Dr. Wojtek J. Krzanowski from the University of Exeter, U.K., whose advices gave light to our statistical knowledge. Finally, to Mr. Edward Deutsch for the language revision.
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(Recibido 9-10-2007; Aceptado 24-2-2008)
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