<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0253-570X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Salud Animal]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Salud Anim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-570X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-570X2022000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of mutations involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycoplasma gallisepticum positive field samples from broiler chicken flocks in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Detección de mutaciones implicadas en la resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas en muestras de campo positivas a Mycoplasma gallisepticum procedentes de pollos de engorde en Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrián A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Fillor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naranjo-Feliciano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dany]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lobo-Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evelyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa-Castaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Manabí Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Departamento de Veterinaria]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José de las Lajas Mayabeque]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Saskatchewan Department of Biology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Saskatoon Saskatchewan]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-570X2022000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-570X2022000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-570X2022000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the genes gyrA and parC in M. gallisepticum positive field samples from broiler flocks in Ecuador. DNA was extracted from 24 M. gallisepticum PCR-positive samples from 22 commercial broiler flocks. The genes gyrA and parC were amplified by PCR. PCR products were sequenced by Sanger technology to analyze the genetic characteristics. To identify the mutations involved in fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR), the sequences obtained were processed and analyzed using the tools Geneious R11, BLASTn, MAFFT, ExPASy MBWS, and BioEdit. All samples had mutations in both gyrA and parC genes, resulting in changes at amino acid positions Ser-83&#8594;Ile and Ile-157&#8594;Val in GyrA, and Ser-80&#8594;Trp in ParC. In addition, a change at position His-59&#8594;Tyr in GyrA was also found in one sample. The results showed that alterations in both genes have been commonly linked to FQR in mutants of other Mycoplasma species, including M. gallisepticum. This is the first study on M. gallisepticum positive samples from chickens in Ecuador which revealed the occurrence of mutations resulting in amino acid changes previously linked to FQR.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la ocurrencia de mutaciones en las regiones determinantes de resistencia a quinolonas (QRDR de sus siglas en Inglés) de los genes gyrA y parC en muestras de campo positivas para M. gallisepticum, procedentes de parvadas de pollos de Ecuador. Se extrajo el ADN de 24 muestras positivas por PCR a M. gallisepticum de 22 parvadas de pollos de engorde de crianza comercial. Los genes gyrA y parC se amplificaron por PCR. Para analizar las características genéticas, los productos de PCR se secuenciaron por tecnología Sanger. Para identificar mutaciones involucradas en resistencia a fluoroquinolonas (FQR), las secuencias obtenidas se procesaron y analizaron utilizando las herramientas Geneious R11, BLASTn, MAFFT, ExPASy MBWS y BioEdit. Todas las muestras presentaron mutaciones, tanto en los genes gyrA como parC, lo que resultó en cambios en las posiciones de aminoácidos Ser-83&#8594;Ile e Ile-157&#8594;Val en GyrA, y Ser-80&#8594;Trp en ParC. Además, también se encontró en una muestra un cambio en la posición His-59&#8594;Tyr en GyrA. Los resultados mostraron que las alteraciones en ambos genes se han relacionado comúnmente con FQR en mutantes de otras especies de Mycoplasma, incluido M. gallisepticum. Este es el primer estudio en muestras positivas de M. gallisepticum de pollos en Ecuador que reveló la aparición de mutaciones que resultaron en cambios en aminoácidos, previamente vinculados a FQR.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[M. gallisepticum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antibiotic-resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gyrA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[poultry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[QRDR-mutations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[M. gallisepticum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia a antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gyrA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[parC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aves de corral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mutaciones QRDR]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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