<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0289</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Hematología, Inmunología y Hemoterapia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0289</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-02891999000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sistema del complemento e inmunocomplejos circulantes en el mieloma múltiple]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complement system and circulating immune complexes in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Padrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Águila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaescusa Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rinaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada Buchillón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesa Cuervo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José R]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plasencia Ternblón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alelí]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>114</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-02891999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-02891999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-02891999000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se estudiaron 39 enfermos con mieloma múltiple (12 IgA y 27 IgG) en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad: 9 en estadios I + II y 30 en el estadio III, y en diferentes fases clínicas: 17 en fase activa precoz, 7 en fase estable, 8 en recaída y 7 en fase refractaria. Se evaluó la actividad hemolítica de la vía clásica, de la vía alterna y del factor B del complemento. Se cuantificaron los componentes C3 y C4 y se determinó la presencia de inmunocomplejos circulantes. Se comprobó una disminución significativa de la actividad hemolítica de la vía alterna (p= 0,0002), de la actividad hemolítica del factor B (p= 0,00001) y de los niveles séricos de C3 (p= 0,00001). Estas alteraciones se mantuvieron independientemente del tipo de paraproteína, estadio y fase clínica de los pacientes estudiados]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[39 patients with multiple myeloma (12 IgA and 27 IgG) in different stages of the diseases were studied. 9 were in stages I + II and 30 in stage III. As regards the clinical phases, 17 were in active early phase, 7 in steady phase, 8 in relapse and 7 in refractory phase. The hemolytic activity of the classical pathway, of the alternative pathway and of the complement factor B was evaluated. Components C3 and C4 were quantitated and the presence of circulating immune complexes was determined. A significant reduction of the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (p=0.0002), of the hemolytic activity of factor B (p=0.00001), and of the serum levels of C3 (p=0.00001) was proved. These alterations occurred regardless of the type of paraprotein and of the stage and cinical phase of the studied patients]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[MIELOMA MULTIPLE]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIA CLASICA DEL COMPLEMENTO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIA ALTERNATIVA DEL COMPLEMENTO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PRO-PERDINA FACTOR B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENTO 3]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENTO 4]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COMPLEJO ANTIGENO-ANTICUERPO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[MULTIPLE MYELOMA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENT PATHWAY]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CLASSICAL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENT PATHWAY]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ALTERNATIVE]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PROPERDIN FACTOR B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENT 3]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COMPLEMENT 4]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p>Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a e Inmunolog&iacute;a </p><h2> Sistema del complemento  e inmunocomplejos circulantes en el mieloma m&uacute;ltiple</h2><i><a href="*">Dr.  Carlos Hern&aacute;ndez Padr&oacute;n, Dr. Julio Fern&aacute;ndez &Aacute;guila,  Lic. Rinaldo Villaescusa Blanco, Dr. Edgardo Espinosa Mart&iacute;nez, Dr. Rafael  Losada Buchill&oacute;n, Dr. Jos&eacute; R. Mesa Cuervo Y Dra. Alel&iacute; Plasencia  Ternbl&oacute;n</a></i> <h4> Resumen</h4>Se estudiaron 39 enfermos con mieloma  m&uacute;ltiple (12 IgA y 27 IgG) en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad: 9 en  estadios I + II y 30 en el estadio III, y en diferentes fases cl&iacute;nicas:  17 en fase activa precoz, 7 en fase estable, 8 en reca&iacute;da y 7 en fase refractaria.  Se evalu&oacute; la actividad hemol&iacute;tica de la v&iacute;a cl&aacute;sica,  de la v&iacute;a alterna y del factor B del complemento. Se cuantificaron los  componentes C3 y C4 y se determin&oacute; la presencia de inmunocomplejos circulantes.  Se comprob&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n significativa de la actividad hemol&iacute;tica  de la v&iacute;a alterna (p= 0,0002), de la actividad hemol&iacute;tica del factor  B (p= 0,00001) y de los niveles s&eacute;ricos de C3 (p= 0,00001). Estas alteraciones  se mantuvieron independientemente del tipo de paraprote&iacute;na, estadio y fase  cl&iacute;nica de los pacientes estudiados.     <p><i>Descriptores DeCS</i>: MIELOMA  MULTIPLE/inmunolog&iacute;a; VIA CLASICA DEL COMPLEMENTO; VIA ALTERNATIVA DEL  COMPLEMENTO; PRO-PERDINA FACTOR B; COMPLEMENTO 3; COMPLEMENTO 4; COMPLEJO ANTIGENO-ANTICUERPO.      <p>El mieloma m&uacute;ltiple (MM) tiene un amplio espectro de manifestaciones  cl&iacute;nicas que van desde una etapa indolente hasta episodios fulminantes  asociados con compromiso de m&uacute;ltiples &oacute;rganos y muerte a corto plazo.  El curso cl&iacute;nico de la enfermedad se caracteriza por la anemia, dolores  y fracturas &oacute;seas, hipercalcemia, deterioro de la funci&oacute;n renal  e infecciones recurrentes.<sup>1</sup>     <p>La mayor susceptibilidad a las infecciones  es el resultado de un deterioro en las defensas del hospedero. La causa parece  ser multifactorial e involucra trastornos tanto celulares como humorales.<sup>2</sup>      <p>En la actividad celular se han encontrado trastornos en la funci&oacute;n de  los gra-nulocitos,<sup>3-5</sup> de los monocitos, este &uacute;ltimo no aceptado  por todos los investigadores<sup>5</sup> y de los linfocitos T, tanto por una  disminuci&oacute;n en su n&uacute;mero como por alteraciones en la distribuci&oacute;n  de las subpoblaciones CD4/CD8.<sup>6-9</sup> Tambi&eacute;n se ha demostrado disminuci&oacute;n  de la actividad de las c&eacute;lulas asesinas naturales (NK) en enfermos en estadios  avanzados y aumento de &eacute;stas en los que muestran una baja masa tumoral.<sup>10</sup>      <p>A pesar de la gran variedad de alteraciones descritas, la mayor&iacute;a de  las infecciones ocurren en presencia de un n&uacute;mero adecuado de neutr&oacute;filos  circulantes con funci&oacute;n aparentemente normal.<sup>11</sup> Este hecho,  unido a la frecuencia relativamente baja de infecciones virales y mic&oacute;ticas,  ha motivado que las investigaciones se dirijan a los tras-tornos humorales m&aacute;s  que a los celulares.     <p>En el MM se produce un aumento monoclonal de una inmunoglobulina  anormal, el resto de las inmunoglobulinas normales, incluyendo los anticuerpos  naturales, suelen estar disminuidas, as&iacute; como la respuesta a ant&iacute;genos  espec&iacute;ficos.<sup>12,13</sup> En el sistema del complemento se se&ntilde;ala  disminuci&oacute;n en las concentraciones de los componentes tercero y cuarto  (C3 y C4), as&iacute; como en la actividad hemol&iacute;tica de la v&iacute;a  alterna (AHVA) y del factor B.<sup>14-16</sup> Otras alteraciones reportadas son  el aumento del fragmento Bb que sugiere la activaci&oacute;n de la v&iacute;a  alterna (VA),<sup>17</sup> uni&oacute;n deficiente del C3b, componente del sistema  con mayor actividad como opxonina al <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, posiblemente  motivado por defectos en la actividad del C3<sup>11</sup> y disminuci&oacute;n  del componente C1.<sup>3,17</sup>     <p>La mayor&iacute;a de las investigaciones  en esta enfermedad se han limitado al an&aacute;lisis aislado de los par&aacute;metros  anteriormente mencionados en un n&uacute;mero peque&ntilde;o de casos, y se han  obtenido resultados dis&iacute;miles. Por ello nos propusimos realizar el presente  trabajo en un grupo de pacientes con MM en diferentes estadios y fases cl&iacute;nicas  de la enfermedad. <h4> M&eacute;todos</h4>Se estudiaron 39 pacientes (16 mujeres  y 23 hombres) atendidos en el Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a e Inmunolog&iacute;a  que cumpl&iacute;an los criterios diagn&oacute;sticos establecidos para el MM.<sup>18</sup>  Se clasificaron en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad teniendo en cuenta los  siguientes criterios: en fase activa precoz se consideraron los enfermos al momento  del diagn&oacute;stico. La fase estable se defini&oacute; como un per&iacute;odo  con cambios menores del 20 % en la concentraci&oacute;n s&eacute;rica del componente  monoclonal o en la excreci&oacute;n urinaria de cadenas ligeras, sin signos de  progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad desde el punto de vista cl&iacute;nico, radiol&oacute;gico  o de laboratorio, mantenidos por 6 meses o m&aacute;s.<sup>19</sup> Como reca&iacute;da  se interpret&oacute; la progresi&oacute;n del proceso neopl&aacute;sico en aquellos  enfermos que previamente hab&iacute;an respondido a la terapia de inducci&oacute;n.  En fase refractaria se incluyeron los pacientes con resistencia primaria a la  quimioterapia y/o progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad durante la etapa de inducci&oacute;n  de la remisi&oacute;n.<sup>20</sup>     <p>El estadio cl&iacute;nico del mieloma se  estableci&oacute; a partir del sistema propuesto por <i>Durie</i> y <i>Salmon</i>.<sup>21</sup>  Los pacientes en estadios I y II (3 y 6, respectivamente) se unificaron en un  solo grupo con el prop&oacute;sito de hacer m&aacute;s homog&eacute;nea la muestra.      <p>Los pacientes tambi&eacute;n se clasificaron de acuerdo con la paraprote&iacute;na  expresada.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Ning&uacute;n enfermo ten&iacute;a complicaciones agudas, ni infecciones  cl&iacute;nicamente demostrables en el momento de la investigaci&oacute;n.     <p>La  sangre se obtuvo por punci&oacute;n venosa y se conserv&oacute; el suero a -70  <font face="Symbol,Times">&deg;</font>. Los sueros controles se obtuvieron y conservaron  en las mismas condiciones. Se midi&oacute; la actividad hemol&iacute;tica de la  v&iacute;a cl&aacute;sica (AHVC) seg&uacute;n el m&eacute;todo descrito por Mayer,<sup>22</sup>  la AHVA acorde con lo propuesto por Platts-Mells<sup>23</sup> y la actividad hemol&iacute;tica  del factor B (AHFB) por el m&eacute;todo de Aguado.<sup>24</sup> Los componentes  C3 y C4 se cuantificaron por inmunodifusi&oacute;n radial simple con el empleo  de antisueros espec&iacute;ficos<sup>25</sup> y los inmunocomplejos circulantes  (ICC) mediante la precipitaci&oacute;n con el polietilenglicol 6 000 al 3,76 %  de concentraci&oacute;n final.<sup>26</sup>     <p>Los valores normales de las pruebas  se obtuvieron a partir de 30 individuos sanos con caracter&iacute;sticas similares  en edad y sexo a la muestra estudiada.     <p>Los datos se procesaron en un ordenador  IBM compatible, utilizando el paquete estad&iacute;stico Epi-Info versi&oacute;n  6,0. Se compararon los valores promedios de las diferentes variables seg&uacute;n  estadio, tipo de mieloma y fase cl&iacute;nica con un an&aacute;lisis de varianza  1 v&iacute;a. El nivel de significaci&oacute;n elegido fue del 5 %. Las variables  se compararon con los valores de referencia del grupo control utilizando a prueba  de la t de Student. <h4> Resultados</h4>Del total de pacientes estudiados, 16  eran mujeres y 23 hombres. La edad promedio fue de 63 a&ntilde;os (rango de 23  a 82 a&ntilde;os). Diecisiete pacientes se encontraban en fase activa precoz,  7 en fase estable o de meseta, 8 en reca&iacute;da y 7 en fase refractaria.     <p>De  acuerdo con la paraprote&iacute;na expresada, 27 eran IgG y 12 IgA. Tres pacientes  ten&iacute;an mieloma no secretor, 2 de ellos IgG y el tercero IgA.     <p>Al comparar  los 39 pacientes con los controles normales, no hubo diferencias significativas  en las determinaciones de la AHVC, en los valores de C4 y de los ICC; mientras  que en los resultados de la AHVA, la AHFB y los niveles de C3, existi&oacute;  una diferencia muy significativa (p &lt; 0,05) como muestra la tabla 1.     <center>      <p>TABLA 1. <i>Actividad del sistema del complemento e inmunocomplejos circulantes</i>      <br><i>en pacientes con mieloma m&uacute;ltiple</i></center>    <p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <center><table CELLPADDING=5 >  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="5" WIDTH="63%">     <center>Controles normales</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="38%">      <center>Pacientes</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>Estudio</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>P</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica  v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">cl&aacute;sica (CH50)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>27,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,5</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>27,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  3,85</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>NS</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica  v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">alterna (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>98,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 16,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>81,30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 9,67</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>37</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>0,0002</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">factor B (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>99,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 11,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>83,18</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 7,94</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>37</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>0,00001</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">C3 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>2,02</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,34</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>1,43</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,23</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>0,00001</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">C4 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>0,35</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,15</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>0,39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,07</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>NS</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Polietilenglicol 6000</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>5,40</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  41,70</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>NS</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">(DO.10<sup>-2</sup>)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  </table></center>    <p>Los mismos resultados se obtuvieron cuando se analizaron las  variables estudiadas al separar los enfermos seg&uacute;n la paraprote&iacute;na  expresada, el estadio de la enfermedad y fase cl&iacute;nica en que se encontraban  (tablas 2-4).     <center>     <p>TABLA 2. <i>Actividad del sistema del complemento e  inmunocomplejos circulantes</i>     <br><i>seg&uacute;n tipo de paraprote&iacute;na</i></center>    <p>    <br>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><table CELLPADDING=5 > <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="10">     <center>Pacientes</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Controles  normales</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Mieloma  IgA</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Mieloma IgG</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Estudio&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">cl&aacute;sica (CH50)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27,50</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,50</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27,01</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  3,40</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">12</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27,27</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,01</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad  hemol&iacute;tica v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">alterna (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">98,00</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  16,0</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">78,43</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  3,49</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">11*</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">82,76</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  11,62</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">26*</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad  hemol&iacute;tica</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">factor B (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">99,00</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  11,0</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">84,09</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  5,14</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">11*</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">82,84</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  9,18&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">26*</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">C3  (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">2,02</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,34</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">1,39</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,27</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">12*</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">1,44</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,22&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27*</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">C4  (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">0,35</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,15</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">0,40</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,06</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">12</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">0,38</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,08</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Polietilenglicol  6000</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">(DO. 10<sup>-2</sup>)&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">6,50</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,50</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">30</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">6,6</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,60</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">12</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">5,50</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,8</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">27</td></tr> </table></center>    
<center>     <p>p  &lt; 0,001 con respecto a los controles normales.     <br>&nbsp;     <br>&nbsp;     <p>TABLA  3. <i>Actividad del sistema del complemento e inmunocomplejos circulantes seg&uacute;n  el estadio cl&iacute;nico</i></center>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>    <br>     <center><table CELLPADDING=5 > <tr>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Pacientes</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Controles  normales</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Estadios  I + II</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="30%">     <center>Estadio III</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Estudio&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%"><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">DE</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">N</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">cl&aacute;sica (CH50)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      
<center>27,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>26,33</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  2,46</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>9</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>27,86</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,15</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td></tr> <tr>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica v&iacute;a</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">alterna(%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>98,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 16,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>79,56</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 4,98</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>81,82</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 10,60</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>29*</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">factor B (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>99,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 11,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>82,90</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 4,87</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>83,26</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 8,67</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>29*</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">C3 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>2,02</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,34</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>1,38</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,17</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>9*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>1,45</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  0,25</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td></tr> <tr>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">C4 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>0,35</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,15</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>0,39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,08</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>9</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>0,39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font> 0,07</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>30</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">Polietilenglicol  6000</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">(DO.10<sup>-2</sup>)&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>5,1</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,90</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>9</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">      <center>5,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center><font face="Symbol">&plusmn;</font>  4,8</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10%">     <center>30</center></td></tr> </table></center>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>      <p>* p &lt; 0,001 con respecto a los controles normales.TABLA 4. <i>Actividad  del</i>     <br><i>sistema del complemento e inmunocomplejos circulantes seg&uacute;n  fase de la enfermedad</i> </center>    <p>    <center>Tabla 4.<font face="Swis721 BT"><font size=-2>  </font></font><i>Actividad del sistema del complemento e inmunocomplejos circulantes  seg&uacute;n fase de la enfermedad</i></center>    <center><table CELLPADDING=5 >  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="6" WIDTH="38%">      <center>Pacientes</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="19%">      <center>Controles normales&nbsp;</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="19%">      <center>Activa precoz</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="19%">     <center>Estable</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="19%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>Reca&iacute;da</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="19%">     <center>Refractaria</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">Estudio&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>N</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center><img SRC="/img/revistas/hih/v15n2/x.gif" height=15 width=13></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      
<center>DE</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>N</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">v&iacute;a cl&aacute;sica (CH50)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>27,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn; 6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>27,16</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn; 4,28</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>17</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>27,32</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;1,89</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>7</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>29,72</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;3,05</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>8</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>25,98</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>&plusmn;4,60</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>7</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">v&iacute;a alterna (%)&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>98,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;16,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>82,91</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn; 14,5</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>16*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>81,73</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;2,81</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>6*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>79,26</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;2,67</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>79,74</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;2,43</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>7*</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">Actividad hemol&iacute;tica</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">factor B (%)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>99,00</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;11,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>82,63</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;10,88</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>16*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>84,31</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;5,28</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>6*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>83,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;5,59</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>83,12</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>&plusmn;4,52</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>7*</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">C3 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>2,02</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn; 0,34</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>1,47</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn; 0,18</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>17*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>1,49</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;0,23</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>7*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>1,43</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;0,32</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>1,28</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;0,19</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>7*</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">C4 (g/L)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>0,35</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn; 0,15</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>0,39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn; 0,07</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>17</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>0,42</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;0,08</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>7</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>0,36</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;0,06</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>8*</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>0,40</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>&plusmn;0,09</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>7</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">Polietilenglicol 6000</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn; 6,50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>4,7</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn; 4,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>17</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>6,9</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;5,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>7</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>6,0</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>&plusmn;5,1</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>8</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>6,3</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">     <center>&plusmn;4,7</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">      <center>7</center></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">(DO . 10-2)</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="6%">&nbsp;</td></tr>  </table></center>    <center>     <p>* p &lt; 0,001 con respecto a los controles normales.</center><h4>  Discusi&oacute;n</h4>Las complicaciones infecciosas son muy frecuentes en pacientes  con MM. Investigaciones previas han tratado de vincular la alta incidencia de  procesos s&eacute;pticos con defectos en la opsonizaci&oacute;n; sin embargo,  son pocas las series que estudian el sistema del complemento y la mayor&iacute;a  de ellas tienen un reducido n&uacute;mero de casos.<sup>2-4,10,11,27</sup>     <p>En  el presente estudio no encontramos alteraciones de la AHVC, y s&oacute;lo un paciente  tuvo disminuci&oacute;n del C4. Estos resultados difieren de lo planteado por  otros autores, particularmente en lo referente a los niveles s&eacute;ricos del  C4 que se comunica que est&aacute;n disminuidos del 20 a 56 % de los ca-sos.<sup>3,4,11,14,17</sup>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>La ausencia de ICC es un resultado que se corresponde con la ausencia de alteraciones  en la v&iacute;a cl&aacute;sica.     <p>Se demostr&oacute; disminuci&oacute;n de la  AHVA en el 69,2 % de los pacientes, atribuible a la disminuci&oacute;n de la AHFB  y de los niveles s&eacute;ricos del C3. <i>Kraut</i> y <i>Sagone</i><sup>15</sup>  investigaron la VA del complemento en 18 pacientes con MM mediante un ensayo de  quimioluminiscencia y encontraron una actividad anormal en m&aacute;s de la mitad  de &eacute;stos, pero solamente en un tercio de ellos apareci&oacute; disminuci&oacute;n  de alguno de sus componentes. <i>Zurlo</i> y otros<sup>17</sup> probaron activaci&oacute;n  de la VA, pero no identificaron el agente activador <i>in vitro</i> y sugirieron  que <i>in vivo</i> pudieran actuar varios mecanismos: en primer lugar plantean  la posibilidad de activaci&oacute;n por las c&eacute;lulas tumorales bas&aacute;ndose  en hallazgos previos de otros autores<sup>28</sup> y en la relaci&oacute;n demostrada  por ellos entre la masa tumoral y la disminuci&oacute;n de la actividad de la  VA, y en segundo lugar, que los agregados de paraprote&iacute;na act&uacute;en  como agentes activadores.     <p>Las alteraciones demostradas en esta investigaci&oacute;n  se presentaron de forma an&aacute;loga en pacientes con diferentes tipos de mieloma  seg&uacute;n la prote&iacute;na expresada, en aqu&eacute;llos que ten&iacute;an  una masa tumoral m&aacute;s baja y en los que la masa tumoral era mayor, as&iacute;  como en todas las fases cl&iacute;nicas estudiadas. Estos resultados coinciden  con los de otros autores, que no encontraron relaci&oacute;n entre las disfunciones  del sistema de complemento y los par&aacute;metros referidos.<sup>3,4</sup><i>Spitler</i>  y otros<sup>14</sup> comunicaron una disminuci&oacute;n del C2, C3 y C4 en pacientes  con mieloma IgG.     <p>En las series estudiadas por <i>Kraut</i> y <i>Sagone</i><sup>15</sup>  y <i>Zurlo</i> y otros<sup>17</sup> se demostr&oacute; una relaci&oacute;n inversa  entre la concentraci&oacute;n s&eacute;rica de la prote&iacute;na monoclonal y  la de varios componentes del sistema.     <p><i>Cheson</i> y otros<sup>11</sup> comunicaron  una asociaci&oacute;n entre los antecedentes de infecciones, la fase cl&iacute;nica  de la enfermedad y las alteraciones del complemento.     <p>La AHFB est&aacute; disminuida  en el 79,5 % de nuestros enfermos, otros autores tuvieron un hallazgo similar,  pero en menos del 30 % de sus pacientes.<sup>11,15,17</sup> Esta alteraci&oacute;n  pudiera ser motivada por trastornos en la s&iacute;ntesis del factor B (cuantitativos  y cualitativos) o por aumento de su catabolismo.     <p>En el 84,5 % de los pacientes  estuvo disminuida la cuantificaci&oacute;n del componente C3, anomal&iacute;a  que ha sido comunicada por otros autores, pero en un porcentaje menor al nuestro.<sup>4,16,18,29</sup>  La disminuci&oacute;n del C3 pudiera estar causada por un error en su s&iacute;ntesis  o por aumento de su catabolismo.     <p>La iniciaci&oacute;n de la VA depende de la  generaci&oacute;n constante de mol&eacute;culas de C3b capaces de fijarse de una  manera espec&iacute;fica a diferentes sustratos, discriminando entre las c&eacute;lulas  propias y las de agentes infecciosos de acuerdo con su contenido de &aacute;cido  si&aacute;lico. La existencia de infecciones subcl&iacute;nicas pudiera ser un  mecanismo que cause disminuci&oacute;n de C3 por consumo, lo que unido a la afectaci&oacute;n  de la AHFB, conlleva a las alteraciones de la VA ya se&ntilde;aladas y adem&aacute;s  a una opsonizaci&oacute;n defectuosa, lo que pudiera influir en la alta incidencia  de infecciones en pacientes con MM. <h4> Summary</h4>39 patients with multiple  myeloma (12 IgA and 27 IgG) in different stages of the diseases were studied.  9 were in stages I + II and 30 in stage III. As regards the clinical phases, 17  were in active early phase, 7 in steady phase, 8 in relapse and 7 in refractory  phase. The hemolytic activity of the classical pathway, of the alternative pathway  and of the complement factor B was evaluated. Components C3 and C4 were quantitated  and the presence of circulating immune complexes was determined. A significant  reduction of the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (p=0.0002), of  the hemolytic activity of factor B (p=0.00001), and of the serum levels of C3  (p=0.00001) was proved. These alterations occurred regardless of the type of paraprotein  and of the stage and cinical phase of the studied patients.     <p><i>Subject headings:</i>  MULTIPLE MYELOMA/immunology; COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, CLASSICAL; COMPLEMENT PATHWAY,  ALTERNATIVE; PROPERDIN FACTOR B; COMPLEMENT 3; COMPLEMENT 4; ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY  COMPLEX. <dir> <dir> <dir>&nbsp;</dir></dir></dir><h4> Referencias bibliogr&aacute;ficas</h4>    <!-- ref --><P>  1. Malpas JS. Clinical presentation and diagnosis. En: Malpas JS, Bersagel DE,  Kyle RA, eds. Myeloma: biology and management. Oxford: Oxford University, 1995:169-90.<!-- ref --><P>  2. Paglieroni T, Caggiano V, MacKenzie M. Abnormalities in immune regulation precede  the development of multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 1992;40:591-9.<!-- ref --><P> 3. MacGregor  RR, Negendak WG, Schreiber AD. Impaired granolocyte adherence in multiple myeloma:  relationship to complement system, granulocyte delivery and infection. Blood 1978;51:591-9.<!-- ref --><P>  4. Cheson DB, Plass RR, Rothstein G. Defective opsonization in multiple myeloma.  Blood 1980;55: 602-5.<!-- ref --><P> 5. Jacobson DR, Zolla-Pazner S. Immunosuppression  and infection in multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol 1986;13:382-90.<!-- ref --><P> 6. Epstein  J, Hoover R, Kornblutl J, Barlogie B. Biological aspects of multiple myeloma.  Baillieres Clin Haematol 1995;721-34.<!-- ref --><P> 7. Ruiz-Arg&uuml;ellez GJ, San Miguel  JF. Cell surface markers in multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69: 684-90.<!-- ref --><P>  8. Mellstedt H, Holm G, Petterson D, Bj&ouml;rkholm M, Johansson B, Lindemaln  C, et al. T cells in monoclonal gammopathies. Scand J Haematol 1982;29:57-64.<!-- ref --><P>  9. Barlogie B. Gale RP. Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocyte leukemia: parallels  and contrast. Am J Med 1992;93:443-50.<!-- ref --><P> 10. Osterborg A, Nilsson B, Bj&ouml;rkholm  M, Holm G, Mellstedt H. Natural killer cell activity in monoclonal gammapathies:  relation to disease activity. Eur J Haematol 1990;45:153-7.<!-- ref --><P> 11. Cheson  BD, Walker HS, Heath ME, Gobel RJ, Janatova J. Defective binding of the third  component of complement (C3) to Streptococcus pneumoniae in multiple myeloma.  Blood 1984;63:949-57.<!-- ref --><P> 12. Alexanian R, Dimopoulos MA. Management of multiple  myeloma. Semin Hematol 1995;32:20-30.<!-- ref --><P> 13. Kolb JP, Arrians Zolla-Pazner  S. Suppression of the humoral immune response by plasmacytomas: mediation by adherent  mononuclear cells. J Immunol 1977;118:702-9.<!-- ref --><P> 14. Spitler LE, Spath P, Petz  L, Cooper N, Fundenberg HH. Phagocytes and C4 in paraproteinaemia. Br J Haematol  1975;29:279-92.<!-- ref --><P> 15. Kraut EH, Sagone AL. Alternative pathway of complement  in multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 1981;11:335-45.<P> 16. Hopen G, Glette J,  Halstensen A, Kalager T, Schreiner A, Solberg. Granulocyte function in malignant  monoclonal gammopathy. Scand J Haematol 1983;31:133-43.</P>    <!-- ref --><P> 17. Zurlo JJ, Schechter  GP, Fries LF. Complement abnormalities in multiple myeloma. AM J Med 1989;87:411-20.<!-- ref --><P>  18. Durie BG. Staging and kinetics of multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol 1986;13:300-9.<!-- ref --><P>  19. Oken MM. Standard treatment of multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69:781-6.<!-- ref --><P>  20. Giles FJ. Refractory multiple myeloma: recent advances in therapy. Hematol  Pathol 1995;9(3-4): 121-40.<!-- ref --><P> 21. Durie BG, Salmon SE. Clinical staging system  for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting  clinical features, response to treatment and survival. Cancer 1975;36:842-5.<!-- ref --><P>  22. Mayer MM. Complement and complement fixation. En: Kabat EA, Mayer MM, ed.  Experimental immunochemistry. Illinois: Thomas Publisher, 1967:133-240.<!-- ref --><P>  23. Platts-Mills TAE, Ishizata K. Activation of the alternative pathway of human  complement by rabbits cell. J Immunol 1974;113:348-58.<!-- ref --><P> 24. Aguado MT, Celada  A, Lambert PH. Medida de la funci&oacute;n de la v&iacute;a alternativa del sistema  del complemento. Actividad hemol&iacute;tica y solubilizaci&oacute;n de inmunocomplejos.  Inmunolog&iacute;a 1983;2: 63-70.<!-- ref --><P> 25. Mancini G, Carbonara AO, Heremans  JF. A single radial diffusion method for the immunological quantitation of proteins.  Preters H. ed. Int Prot Biol Fluid 11<sup>th</sup> Colloque. Oxford: Pergamon  1964: 370-3.<!-- ref --><P> 26. Haskov&aacute; V, Kaslik K, Riha I, Malt I, Rovensky J.  Simple method of circulating immune-complex detection in human sera by polyethylene  glycol precipitation. Z Immun Forsch 1978;154:399-406.<!-- ref --><P> 27. Hargreaves R,  Griffiths, Faux T. Infection and immunological responses in myeloma. Blood 1991;76  (Suppl 1):352.<!-- ref --><P> 28. Ramos OF, Sarmay G, Klein E, Yefenof E, Gergely J. Complement-dependent  cellular cytotoxicity: lymphoblastoid lines that activate complement component  3 (C3) and express receptors have increased sensitivity to lymphocyte-mediated  lysis in the presence of fresh serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1985;82:5470-4.<!-- ref --><P>  29. Cheson BO. Opsonic activity of myeloma immunoglobulins (MM-Ig). Am J Hematol  1981;11:347-53.Recibido: 10 de diciembre de 1998. Aprobado: 4 de febrero de  1999.     <br>Dr. <i>Carlos Hern&aacute;ndez Padr&oacute;n</i>. Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a  e Inmunolog&iacute;a. Apartado 8070, CP 10800, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Tel&eacute;fono  (537)578268. Fax (537)338979. e-mail: <a href="mailtoihidir@hemato.sld.cu">ihidir@hemato.sld.cu</a>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br><a href="mailtoihidir@hemato.sld.cu"></a>       ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malpas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical presentation and diagnosis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malpas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bersagel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Myeloma: biology and management]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>169-90</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paglieroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caggiano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Abnormalities in immune regulation precede the development of multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Hematol]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>591-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacGregor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negendak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schreiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impaired granolocyte adherence in multiple myeloma: relationship to complement system, granulocyte delivery and infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>591-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Defective opsonization in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>602-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zolla-Pazner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immunosuppression and infection in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Oncol]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>382-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Epstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kornblutl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlogie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biological aspects of multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Baillieres Clin Haematol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>721-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Argüellez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[San Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cell surface markers in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mayo Clin Proc]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>684-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellstedt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Björkholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindemaln]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[T cells in monoclonal gammopathies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Haematol]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>57-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlogie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocyte leukemia: parallels and contrast]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Med]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>443-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osterborg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nilsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Björkholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellstedt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Natural killer cell activity in monoclonal gammapathies: relation to disease activity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Haematol]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>153-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gobel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janatova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Defective binding of the third component of complement (C3) to Streptococcus pneumoniae in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>949-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexanian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dimopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Management of multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Hematol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>20-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrians Zolla-Pazner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Suppression of the humoral immune response by plasmacytomas: mediation by adherent mononuclear cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Immunol]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<page-range>702-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fundenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Phagocytes and C4 in paraproteinaemia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Haematol]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>279-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sagone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Alternative pathway of complement in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Hematol]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>335-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halstensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalager]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schreiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Granulocyte function in malignant monoclonal gammopathy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Haematol]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>133-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zurlo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schechter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fries]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complement abnormalities in multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AM J Med]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>411-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Staging and kinetics of multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semin Oncol]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>300-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Standard treatment of multiple myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mayo Clin Proc]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>781-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Refractory multiple myeloma: recent advances in therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hematol Pathol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>121-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salmon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>842-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complement and complement fixation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Experimental immunochemistry]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<page-range>133-240</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomas Publisher]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Platts-Mills]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TAE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishizata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Activation of the alternative pathway of human complement by rabbits cell]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Immunol]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<page-range>348-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Celada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Medida de la función de la vía alternativa del sistema del complemento: Actividad hemolítica y solubilización de inmunocomplejos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inmunología]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>63-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mancini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbonara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heremans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A single radial diffusion method for the immunological quantitation of proteins]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasková]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaslik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovensky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Simple method of circulating immune-complex detection in human sera by polyethylene glycol precipitation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Z Immun Forsch]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<page-range>399-406</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hargreaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths, Faux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Infection and immunological responses in myeloma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl 1</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl 1</issue>
<supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
<page-range>352</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yefenof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gergely]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: lymphoblastoid lines that activate complement component 3 (C3) and express receptors have increased sensitivity to lymphocyte-mediated lysis in the presence of fresh serum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>5470-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Opsonic activity of myeloma immunoglobulins (MM-Ig)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Hematol]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>347-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
