<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0289</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Hematología, Inmunología y Hemoterapia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0289</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-02892012000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Índice hemolítico: una aproximación a los subfenotipos clínicos en niños con drepanocitosis]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hemolytic index: an approach to clinical subphenotypes in children with sickle cell disease]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arencibia-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintero-Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yamilé]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eliezer San Román]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svarch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eva]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machín-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Mirabal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menéndez-Veitía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Toirac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado-Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tamara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>263</fpage>
<lpage>274</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-02892012000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-02892012000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-02892012000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se realizó estudio prospectivo con el objetivo de calcular el índice hemolítico y determinar su asociación con las manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio. Se incluyeron 40 niños con anemia drepanocítica y Sbº talasemia atendidos en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología entre los años 2009-2010. El índice hemolítico se calculó a partir de los valores de deshidrogenasa láctica, bilirrubina y reticulocitos, utilizando el análisis de componentes principales, con media 0 y rango entre -3 y 3. Se compararon los pacientes del grupo 1, con índice hemolítico menor del 33 percentil (-3 a -0,71; n=13), con los pacientes del grupo 2, con índice hemolítico mayor del 66 percentil (0,84 a 3; n=14). En los pacientes del grupo 2 fue más frecuente el síndrome torácico agudo (38,5 % vs. 78,6 % p=0,034) y la enfermedad cerebrovascular (0 % vs. 28,6 %; p=0,037). La prevalencia de asma bronquial (p=0,080) e hipertensión arterial sistólica (p=0,076) tuvo tendencia a ser mayor en el grupo 2. El 42,9 % de los pacientes del grupo 2 tuvieron una velocidad de regurgitación tricuspídea &#8805; 2,5 m/s, lo que no ocurrió en ningún paciente del grupo 1 (p=0,007). En el grupo 2 fueron más frecuentes las transfusiones (p=0,021) y el uso de hidroxiurea (p=0,081). La correlación de la velocidad de regurgitación tricuspídea con el índice hemolítico (r=0,61; p<0,0001) fue mucho mayor que con los otros marcadores de hemólisis incluidos en el análisis. El índice hemolítico permite diferenciar los pacientes con fenotipo hemolítico, los cuales tienen un comportamiento clínico característico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A prospective study was performed in order to calculate the hemolytic index and determine its association with clinical and laboratory manifestations. Forty children with sickle cell anemia and Sß º thalassemia treated at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology from 2009 to 2010 were included in this study. The haemolytic index, with mean 0 and range between -3 to 3, was calculated from the values of lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin and reticulocytes, using the principal component analysis. We compared patients in group 1 with less than 33 hemolytic index percentile (-3 to -0.71, n = 13), patients in group 2 with hemolytic index greater than 66 percentile (0.84 to 3; n = 14). Acute chest syndrome (38.5 % vs. 78.6% p = 0.034) and cerebrovascular disease (0 % vs. 28.6 %, P = 0.037) were more frequent in patients of group 2. The prevalence of asthma (p = 0.080) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.076) tended to be higher in group 2; 42.9 % of patients in group 2 had tricuspid regurgitation velocity ? 2.5 m / s, which did not occur in any patient in group 1 (p = 0.007). Transfusions (p = 0.021) and the use of hydroxyurea (p = 0.081) were more frequent in group 2. The correlation of the tricuspid regurgitation velocity with haemolytic index (r = 0.61, p <0.0001) was significantly higher than other markers of hemolysis included in this analysis. This haemolytic index allows differentiating patients with hemolytic phenotype who have a characteristic clinical behavior.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[anemia drepanocítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de componente principal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hemólisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hipertensión pulmonar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sickle cell anemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[principal component analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hemolysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pulmonary hypertension]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> </font>      <P align="right">     <p align="right"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>ART&Iacute;CULO    ORIGINAL </B></font></p>     <p><B> </B></p> <B>      <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">&Iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico:    una aproximaci&oacute;n a los subfenotipos cl&iacute;nicos en ni&ntilde;os con    drepanocitosis</font>      <P>&nbsp;      <P><font face="verdana" size="3">Hemolytic index: an approach to clinical subphenotypes    in children with sickle cell disease</font>      <P>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;      <P>      <P>      <P>      <P>  </B>      <P><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Dr. Alberto    Arencibia-N&uacute;&ntilde;ez,<SUP>I </SUP>Dra. Yamil&eacute; Quintero-Sierra,<SUP>I</SUP>Dr.    Eliezer San Rom&aacute;n-Garc&iacute;a,<SUP>II </SUP>Prof. Dra.Cs. Eva Svarch,<SUP>I    </SUP>Dra. Adys Guti&eacute;rrez-D&iacute;az,<SUP>I </SUP>Dr. Sergio Mach&iacute;n-Garc&iacute;a,<SUP>I    </SUP>Dr. Alejandro Gonz&aacute;lez-Otero,<SUP>I </SUP>Dr. Jes&uacute;s Serrano-Mirabal,<SUP>I    </SUP>Dra. Andrea Men&eacute;ndez-Veit&iacute;a,<SUP>I </SUP>Dra. Marl&eacute;n    Dom&iacute;nguez-Toirac,<SUP>I </SUP>Dra. Tamara Delgado-Vargas<SUP>I</SUP></font></b>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><SUP>I</SUP> Instituto de    Hematolog&iacute;a e Inmunolog&iacute;a. La Habana, Cuba.     <br>   <SUP>II </SUP>Instituto de Cardiolog&iacute;a y Cirug&iacute;a Cardiovascular.    La Habana, Cuba.</font>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr size="1" noshade>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>     <P>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> <b>RESUMEN </b></font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se realiz&oacute;    estudio prospectivo con el objetivo de calcular el &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico    y determinar su asociaci&oacute;n con las manifestaciones cl&iacute;nicas y    de laboratorio. Se incluyeron 40 ni&ntilde;os con anemia drepanoc&iacute;tica    y S<font face="Symbol">b</font>&#186; talasemia atendidos en el Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a e    Inmunolog&iacute;a entre los a&ntilde;os 2009-2010. El &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico    se calcul&oacute; a partir de los valores de deshidrogenasa l&aacute;ctica,    bilirrubina y reticulocitos, utilizando el an&aacute;lisis de componentes principales,    con media 0 y rango entre -3 y 3. Se compararon los pacientes del grupo 1, con    &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico menor del 33 percentil (-3 a -0,71; n=13), con    los pacientes del grupo 2, con &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico mayor del 66        <BR>   percentil (0,84 a 3; n=14). En los pacientes del grupo 2 fue m&aacute;s frecuente    el s&iacute;ndrome tor&aacute;cico agudo (38,5 % <I>vs</I>. 78,6 % p=0,034)    y la enfermedad cerebrovascular (0 % <I>vs</I>. 28,6 %; p=0,037). La prevalencia    de asma bronquial (p=0,080) e hipertensi&oacute;n arterial sist&oacute;lica    (p=0,076) tuvo tendencia a ser mayor en el grupo 2. El 42,9 % de los pacientes    del grupo 2 tuvieron una velocidad de regurgitaci&oacute;n tricusp&iacute;dea    &ge; 2,5 m/s, lo que no ocurri&oacute; en ning&uacute;n paciente del grupo    1 (p=0,007). En el grupo 2 fueron m&aacute;s frecuentes las transfusiones (p=0,021)    y el uso de hidroxiurea (p=0,081). La correlaci&oacute;n de la velocidad de    regurgitaci&oacute;n tricusp&iacute;dea con el &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico    (r=0,61; p&lt;0,0001) fue mucho mayor que con los otros marcadores de hem&oacute;lisis    incluidos en el an&aacute;lisis. El &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico permite    diferenciar los pacientes con fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico, los cuales tienen    un comportamiento cl&iacute;nico caracter&iacute;stico. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Palabras clave</B>:    anemia drepanoc&iacute;tica, an&aacute;lisis de componente principal, hem&oacute;lisis,    hipertensi&oacute;n pulmonar. </font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <p><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="verdana" size="2">A prospective study was performed in order to    calculate the hemolytic index and determine its association with clinical and    laboratory manifestations. Forty children with sickle cell anemia and S&szlig;    &ordm; thalassemia treated at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology from    2009 to 2010 were included in this study. The haemolytic index, with mean 0    and range between -3 to 3, was calculated from the values of lactate dehydrogenase,    bilirubin and reticulocytes, using the principal component analysis. We compared    patients in group 1 with less than 33 hemolytic index percentile (-3 to -0.71,    n = 13), patients in group 2 with hemolytic index greater than 66 percentile    (0.84 to 3; n = 14). Acute chest syndrome (38.5 % vs. 78.6% p = 0.034) and cerebrovascular    disease (0 % vs. 28.6 %, P = 0.037) were more frequent in patients of group    2. The prevalence of asthma (p = 0.080) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.076)    tended to be higher in group 2; 42.9 % of patients in group 2 had tricuspid    regurgitation velocity ? 2.5 m / s, which did not occur in any patient in group    1 (p = 0.007). Transfusions (p = 0.021) and the use of hydroxyurea (p = 0.081)    were more frequent in group 2. The correlation of the tricuspid regurgitation    velocity with haemolytic index (r = 0.61, p &lt;0.0001) was significantly higher    than other markers of hemolysis included in this analysis. This haemolytic index    allows differentiating patients with hemolytic phenotype who have a characteristic    clinical behavior.</font></p>     <p><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> sickle cell anemia, principal    component analysis, hemolysis, pulmonary hypertension. </font></p> <hr>     <p>    <br> </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <P>     <P>      <P>      <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</B>    </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Hasta hace pocos    a&ntilde;os, la hem&oacute;lisis se consideraba un elemento secundario en la    fisiopatolog&iacute;a de la drepanocitosis.<SUP>1,2</SUP> Sin embargo, en la    &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada se han desarrollado importantes investigaciones    que han postulado la presencia de 2 subfenotipos cl&iacute;nicos, uno de los    cuales est&aacute; relacionado con la hem&oacute;lisis intravascular cr&oacute;nica.<SUP>3,4</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La hem&oacute;lisis    intravascular cr&oacute;nica produce alteraciones en la biodisponibilidad del    &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico,<SUP>5-7</SUP> genera especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno,<SUP>8</SUP>    activa los elementos de la hemostasia,<SUP>9</SUP> y desarrolla un estado inflamatorio    cr&oacute;nico.<SUP>10</SUP> Los factores mencionados y otros menos conocidos,    interact&uacute;an de forma din&aacute;mica desencadenando una disfunci&oacute;n    endotelial que se expresa en mayor o menor medida en todos los pacientes.<SUP>1</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Desde el punto    de vista cl&iacute;nico, los pacientes con subfenotipo hemol&iacute;tico presentan    menos crisis vasooclusivas dolorosas (CVOD), tienen baja frecuencia de necrosis    de la cabeza de f&eacute;mur y alta incidencia de &uacute;lceras maleolares,    priapismo, hipertensi&oacute;n pulmonar (HTP) y accidente vascular encef&aacute;lico    (AVE) de car&aacute;cter isqu&eacute;mico.<SUP>1,2,4</SUP> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En la actualidad    se investiga extensamente el impacto de la hem&oacute;lisis en los pacientes    pedi&aacute;tricos para detectar precozmente las alteraciones descritas y dise&ntilde;ar    estrategias efectivas que limiten la progresi&oacute;n del da&ntilde;o vascular    cr&oacute;nico.<SUP>11-14</SUP> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En este trabajo    se estudian las diferencias fenot&iacute;picas entre 2 grupos de pacientes pedi&aacute;tricos    definidos a partir de su comportamiento hemol&iacute;tico. </font>     <P>&nbsp;      <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>M&Eacute;TODOS</B>    </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se realiz&oacute;    un estudio prospectivo, que incluy&oacute; 40 ni&ntilde;os con anemia drepanoc&iacute;tica    (AD) y S<font face="Symbol">b</font>&#186; talasemia, atendidos en el Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a    e Inmunolog&iacute;a, entre los a&ntilde;os 2009-2010. Los pacientes fueron    estudiados en el contexto de una investigaci&oacute;n dise&ntilde;ada para determinar    las alteraciones en la circulaci&oacute;n cardiopulmonar y su relaci&oacute;n    con la hem&oacute;lisis. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La muestra se seleccion&oacute;    de forma no aleatoria, consecutiva. Todos los pacientes se encontraban en estado    basal (al menos un mes sin eventos agudos y 3 meses sin transfusiones) y los    padres accedieron a participar en el estudio mediante consentimiento informado.    El estudio fue aprobado por el consejo cient&iacute;fico y el comit&eacute;    de &eacute;tica de la instituci&oacute;n. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Datos cl&iacute;nicos    y de laboratorio</B> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Los datos cl&iacute;nicos    de los pacientes se obtuvieron por medio de la revisi&oacute;n de su historia    cl&iacute;nica. El hemograma completo se realiz&oacute; en un contador celular    marca MINDRAY BC-3200 (<I>Bio-Medical Electronics Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, </I>China).    </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Los reticulocitos    se realizaron por t&eacute;cnicas estandarizadas. Las variables bioqu&iacute;micas    s&eacute;ricas se determinaron en un equipo automatizado <I>Hitachi Automatic    Analyzer</I> Modelo 902 (<I>Hitachi High-Tech Science Systems, </I>Jap&oacute;n)    con el empleo de los estuches comerciales de la Helfa (Helfa Diagn&oacute;sticos,    Quimefa, La Habana, Cuba).<SUP>15</SUP> Las determinaciones de deshidrogenasa    l&aacute;ctica (LDH) y hemoglobina fetal (HbF) se realizaron por las t&eacute;cnicas    recomendadas en la literatura.<SUP>16,17</SUP> </font>      <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Evaluaci&oacute;n    cardio-respiratoria</B> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se establecieron    los percentiles de la tensi&oacute;n arterial (TA) de acuerdo con la edad y    la talla de los pacientes, basados en las recomendaciones del grupo norteamericano    de trabajo para la hipertensi&oacute;n arterial en ni&ntilde;os y adolescentes.    Se consider&oacute; hipertenso a todo paciente cuya TA se encontrara por encima    del 90 percentil.<SUP>18</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La ecocardiograf&iacute;a    con <I>Doppler </I>se realiz&oacute; en el Instituto de Cardiolog&iacute;a y    Cirug&iacute;a Cardiovascular. Se utiliz&oacute; un equipo <I>Philips Sonos    5500</I> (<I>Philips Medical Systems, Best, </I>Holanda), con transductores    apropiados para la edad. Despu&eacute;s de un per&iacute;odo de reposo de 10    min se visualizaron las estructuras card&iacute;acas en modo M, a trav&eacute;s    de la ventana paraesternal, y se realizaron las mediciones correspondientes    mediante los programas incorporados al equipo, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones    de la Sociedad Norteamericana de Ecocardiograf&iacute;a.<SUP>19</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La velocidad de    regurgitaci&oacute;n tricusp&iacute;dea (VRT) se determin&oacute; en las vistas    eje corto y eje largo paraesternal y 4 c&aacute;maras apical y subcostal, tomando    el valor m&aacute;ximo de estas mediciones. Se consideraron elevados los valores    de VRT &ge; 2,5 m/s.<SUP>19</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se midi&oacute;    la saturaci&oacute;n de ox&iacute;geno (SaO<SUB>2</SUB>) con el ox&iacute;metro    de pulso OXY 9800<I> </I>(Equipos m&eacute;dicos COMBIOMED, Cuba). Se sigui&oacute;    la metodolog&iacute;a recomendada por la Sociedad Norteamericana del T&oacute;rax.<SUP>20</SUP>    </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>An&aacute;lisis    estad&iacute;stico</B> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se confeccion&oacute;    una base de datos en <I>Microsoft Office Excel</I> 2003 y se utiliz&oacute;    el procesador estad&iacute;stico SPSS versi&oacute;n 11.5. A partir del an&aacute;lisis    de componentes principales se gener&oacute; una nueva variable,<SUP>21</SUP>    el &iacute;ndice hemol&iacute;tico (IH) que se calcul&oacute; a partir de los    valores de LDH, bilirrubina y reticulocitos, y explica que el 67 % de la varianza    de estos 3 componentes principales. </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La muestra se dividi&oacute;    en 3 grupos a partir del c&aacute;lculo de percentiles del IH, y se compararon    los valores extremos. El grupo 1 qued&oacute; compuesto por los pacientes con    IH menor del 33 percentil (-3 a -0,71; n=13), mientras que el grupo 2 presentaba    un IH mayor del 66 percentil (0,84 a 3; n=14). El grupo de pacientes con valores    intermedios se excluyeron del an&aacute;lisis de grupos. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El an&aacute;lisis    de las variables cuantitativas se realiz&oacute; mediante la prueba de t de    Student y la prueba de correlaci&oacute;n lineal, y las variables cualitativas    se procesaron a partir de la prueba de Pearson<font face="Symbol"> c</font><SUP>2</SUP>.    El valor de significaci&oacute;n estad&iacute;stica se estableci&oacute; en    95 %, con una tendencia a la significaci&oacute;n en 90 % debido al tama&ntilde;o    de la muestra.</font>     <P>&nbsp;      <P>      <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>RESULTADOS</B>    </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El c&aacute;lculo    del IH gener&oacute; una nueva variable con una distribuci&oacute;n normal,    media de 0 y desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar de 1,73; como se aprecia en la    <a href="/img/revistas/hih/v28n3/file:///C|/Program%20Files/Macromedia/Dreamweaver%204/Lessons/Lesson%20Files/f0108312.jpg">figura    1</a>. Su valor m&iacute;nimo fue -3 y el m&aacute;ximo +3. Para el an&aacute;lisis    la muestra se dividi&oacute; en 3 grupos a partir del c&aacute;lculo de percentiles.    Se compararon los individuos de los grupos extremos: el grupo 1 (barras naranjas)    qued&oacute; compuesto por 13 pacientes con IH entre -3 y -0,71; mientras en    el grupo 2 (barras verdes) se incluyeron 14 pacientes con IH entre 0,84 y 3<FONT  COLOR="#ff0000">. </FONT></font> </p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La <a href="/img/revistas/hih/v28n3/f0208312.jpg">figura  2</a> muestra la correlaci&oacute;n del IH con las variables a partir de las que  se gener&oacute;. Se encontr&oacute; una fuerte correlaci&oacute;n lineal con  la LDH (r=0,61), la bilirrubina (r=0,73), y los reticulocitos (r=0,69); con una  alta significaci&oacute;n estad&iacute;stica (p&lt;0,0001). </font>      
<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En la <a href="#tab">tabla    </a>se observa la comparaci&oacute;n de los pacientes de los grupos 1 y 2. En    la muestra solo se incluyeron 3 pacientes con S<font face="Symbol">b</font>&#186; talasemia que    estuvieron dentro del grupo 1. </font>     <P>      <div class=Section1>        <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'><a name="tab"></a>Tabla</span></b><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>. Comparación entre      los pacientes según su ESTADO hemolítico</span></p>       <div align=center>      <table class=MsoTableWeb1 border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 width=557  style='width:417.55pt'>       <tr style='height:34.0pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.0pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Variables</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.0pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>Grupo 1 </span></p>               ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>(n = 13)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.0pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>Grupo 2 </span></p>               <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>(n = 14)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.0pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>p</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=557 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style='width:417.55pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><i><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Datos demográficos y fenotípicos</span></i></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Sexo masculino, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5  (38,5)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>7  (50)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,547</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Edad (años, X ± DE)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>11,3 ± 3,93</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>11,2 ± 3,42</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,914</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Fenotipo SS, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>10 (76,9)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>14 (100)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,057</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=557 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style='width:417.55pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><i><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Manifestaciones clínicas</span></i></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Crisis dolorosas por año (X ± DE)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,64 ± 0,51</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,83 ± 0,34</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,272</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Síndrome torácico agudo, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5 (38,5)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>11 (78,6)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,034</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Enfermedad cerebro-vascular, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0 (0)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>4 (28,6)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,037</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Secuestro esplénico, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>8 (61,5)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>7 (50,0)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,546</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Historia de dactilitis, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5 (38,5)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>9 (64,3)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,179</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=557 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style='width:417.55pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><i><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Alteraciones orgánicas</span></i></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Asma bronquial, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>1 (7,7)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5 (35,7)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,080</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Oximetría de pulso (X ± DE)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>95,3 ± 3,1</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>94,6 ± 2,9</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,346</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Hipertensión arterial sistólica, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0 (0)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>3 (21,4)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,076</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:34.85pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.85pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Velocidad de regurgitación tricuspídea &#8805; 2,5 m/s, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.85pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0 (0)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.85pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>6 (42,9)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:34.85pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,007</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Microalbuminuria, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5 (38,5)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>5 (35,7)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,883</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=557 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style='width:417.55pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><i><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Tratamiento</span></i></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Historia de transfusiones, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>7 (53,8)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>13 (92,9)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,021</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Hidroxiurea, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>6 (46,2)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>11 (78,6)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,081</span></p>         </td>       </tr>       <tr style='height:25.5pt'>          <td width=273 nowrap valign=top style='width:204.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:   150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:   Verdana'>Esplenectomía parcial, n (%)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>3 (23,1)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=104 nowrap valign=top style='width:77.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>4 (28,6)</span></p>         </td>         <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style='width:56.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt'>                <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='   text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;   line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>0,745</span></p>         </td>       </tr>     </table>   </div>       <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana'>    <br>     X ± DE: media ± desviación estándar.</span></p> </div>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">No se observaron    diferencias en el n&uacute;mero de crisis dolorosas, antecedentes de secuestro    espl&eacute;nico y dactilitis; sin embargo, en el grupo 2 fueron m&aacute;s    frecuentes el s&iacute;ndrome tor&aacute;cico agudo (38,5 % <I>vs</I>. 78,6    %; p=0,034) y la enfermedad cerebrovascular (0 % <I>vs</I>. 28,6 %; p=0,037).    </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En los pacientes    del grupo 2 fue m&aacute;s frecuente al asma bronquial y la HTA, con una tendencia    a la significaci&oacute;n en ambos casos. La VRT &ge; 2,5 m/s estuvo presente    en el 42,9 % de los pacientes de este grupo, mientras todos los pacientes del    grupo 1 tuvieron valores normales (p=0,007). La SaO<SUB>2 </SUB>y la microalbuminuria    no mostraron diferencias significativas. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Solo un paciente    del grupo 2 no hab&iacute;a sido transfundido, lo cual hace m&aacute;s frecuente    esta medida terap&eacute;utica en los pacientes con IH alto (53,8 % <I>vs</I>.    92,9 %; p=0,021). Tambi&eacute;n fue m&aacute;s frecuente el tratamiento con    hidroxiurea, con tendencia a la significaci&oacute;n (p=0,081). No hubo diferencias    en relaci&oacute;n con el antecedente de esplenectom&iacute;a parcial. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En la <a href="#fig3_08">figura    3</a> se muestra la asociaci&oacute;n entre los valores de VRT y el IH. La correlaci&oacute;n    de la VRT con el IH (r=0,61; p&lt;0,0001) fue mayor que con los marcadores de    hem&oacute;lisis de forma independiente: LDH (r=0,43; p=0,005); bilirrubina    (r=0,29; p=0,065); reticulocitos (r=0,21; p=0,195). </font>      <P align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B><img src="/img/revistas/hih/v28n3/f0308312.jpg" width="424" height="381"></B></font>    <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a name="fig3_08"></a></b></font>     
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<body><![CDATA[<P align="center">&nbsp; <B>     <P>      <P>      <P>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">DISCUSI&Oacute;N</font>  </B>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El IH re&uacute;ne    las caracter&iacute;sticas de los marcadores de hem&oacute;lisis, y elimina    la variabilidad entre ellos. La t&eacute;cnica de an&aacute;lisis de componentes    principales fue aplicada con similares prop&oacute;sitos por un grupo de investigadores    de Washington DC, en una muestra de ni&ntilde;os con drepanocitosis,<SUP>14,22</SUP>    y ha sido ampliamente utilizada en el campo de las investigaciones biom&eacute;dicas.<SUP>23,24</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Como se observa    en la figura 1, el IH tiene una distribuci&oacute;n normal. Los pacientes ubicados    a la derecha del cero tendr&aacute;n mayor propensi&oacute;n a la hem&oacute;lisis,    a diferencia de los que se encuentren en valores negativos, que tienden a la    vasooclusi&oacute;n. No obstante, la mayor&iacute;a de los casos se encuentran    hacia el centro de la curva en la que ocurre la combinaci&oacute;n de fen&oacute;menos    cl&iacute;nicos que caracteriza a la enfermedad.<SUP>1</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La LDH es una enzima    que se encuentra en el interior de los hemat&iacute;es. Cuando ocurre la ruptura    de estos y se vierte su contenido a la circulaci&oacute;n, esta enzima se libera    junto a la hemoglobina y la arginasa.<SUP>4,5,7,25,26</SUP> A partir de los    trabajos de <I>Kato</I>,<SUP>1,2</SUP> la LDH se ha definido como el principal    marcador de hem&oacute;lisis y se relaciona adem&aacute;s con cifras bajas de    hemoglobina, reticulocitosis y niveles altos de bilirrubina.<SUP>8,27,28 </SUP>    </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Los elementos cl&iacute;nicos    asociados con el fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico en ni&ntilde;os difieren de los    cl&aacute;sicamente descritos en adultos.<SUP>11</SUP> En las edades pedi&aacute;tricas    son poco frecuentes las &uacute;lceras maleolares y el priapismo, por lo tanto,    estos eventos no son evaluables en nuestros pacientes. </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En los enfermos    con hiperhem&oacute;lisis se detect&oacute; mayor frecuencia de STA y AVE de    tipo isqu&eacute;mico. Estos datos se corresponden con lo publicado por otros    autores.<SUP>3,11,28</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Durante la infecci&oacute;n    se activa el sistema inmunol&oacute;gico, lo que desencadena un estado inflamatorio    agudo que se superpone a la inflamaci&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica basal. Adem&aacute;s,    durante estos episodios hay un d&eacute;ficit agudo de arginina debido a la    hiperhem&oacute;lisis que ocurre en la sepsis, lo que deprime a&uacute;n m&aacute;s    la biodisponibilidad de &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico y profundiza la vasculopat&iacute;a    de la enfermedad.<SUP>6,11</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Las alteraciones    pulmonares agudas y cr&oacute;nicas del tipo de asma/hiperreactividad bronquial,    han mostrado una fuerte asociaci&oacute;n con la presencia de HTP, que est&aacute;    muy vinculada con el fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico.<SUP>11,14,29</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El AVE isqu&eacute;mico    es tambi&eacute;n uno de los elementos cl&iacute;nicos asociados con este subfenotipo.<SUP>14,29-32</SUP>    El da&ntilde;o endotelial cr&oacute;nico repercute en los vasos del pol&iacute;gono    de Willis y produce un estrechamiento de su luz que puede conducir progresivamente    a la obliteraci&oacute;n.<SUP>2</SUP> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Aunque las CVOD    son m&aacute;s frecuentes en los pacientes con fenotipo vasooclusivo,<SUP>33</SUP>    no se encontr&oacute; esta asociaci&oacute;n con ninguno de los grupos analizados.    Tampoco se observ&oacute; asociaci&oacute;n entre la hem&oacute;lisis y los    antecedentes de crisis de secuestro espl&eacute;nico y dactilitis. Estos aspectos    han sido poco estudiados en investigaciones precedentes.<SUP>29,30,32</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En los pacientes    del grupo 2 hubo un aumento de la frecuencia de HTA sist&oacute;lica. El compromiso    vascular perif&eacute;rico es una de las alteraciones presentes en el fenotipo    hemol&iacute;tico y se ha comunicado la relaci&oacute;n entre el aumento de    LDH y la elevaci&oacute;n de la TA sist&oacute;lica.<SUP>34</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La desaturaci&oacute;n    de ox&iacute;geno es un factor que interviene en la etiopatogenia de la vasculopat&iacute;a    en los pacientes con drepanocitosis. La exposici&oacute;n a la hipoxia cr&oacute;nica    induce la expresi&oacute;n de endotelina 1 por las c&eacute;lulas del endotelio    pulmonar, que act&uacute;a como un potente vasoconstrictor. Adem&aacute;s, genera    un estado pro-inflamatorio y de activaci&oacute;n vascular, a partir de la producci&oacute;n    de factor 1 alfa inducible por la hipoxia, que activa las c&eacute;lulas inflamatorias    a trav&eacute;s de v&iacute;as de se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n intracelulares.<SUP>10</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Investigaciones    recientes han se&ntilde;alado la asociaci&oacute;n de la disminuci&oacute;n    de la SaO<SUB>2</SUB> tanto diurna como nocturna con la HTP, como parte del    fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico.<SUP>28,35</SUP> En el presente estudio se encontr&oacute;    una disminuci&oacute;n ligera de la SaO<SUB>2</SUB> diurna, que no result&oacute;    estad&iacute;sticamente significativa. De igual modo ocurri&oacute; con la presencia    de microalbuminuria. </font>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La frecuencia del    tratamiento con hidroxiurea (HU) fue mayor en los pacientes del grupo 2. Aunque    el impacto de la HU sobre la hem&oacute;lisis es modesto, a&uacute;n no se conoce    su influencia a largo plazo en este grupo de pacientes.<SUP>22,33</SUP> En nuestro    estudio se encontr&oacute; una tendencia a la significaci&oacute;n entre el    uso de la HU y el componente hemol&iacute;tico, lo que contrasta con un estudio    reciente donde se comunic&oacute; asociaci&oacute;n negativa entre estos elementos.<SUP>22</SUP>    Un aspecto a tener en cuenta es que solo el 38 % de esos pacientes tomaban HU,    lo que ocurri&oacute; en el 63 % de nuestra muestra. En nuestro instituto se    inicia tratamiento con este medicamento desde los 2 a&ntilde;os de edad en los    pacientes que presentan STA, AVE o crisis dolorosas recurrentes, lo que justifica    su elevada frecuencia. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se conoce que la    esplenectom&iacute;a es un factor de riesgo de trombosis y vasculopat&iacute;a,    aunque no se ha establecido que est&eacute; relacionada directamente con la    hem&oacute;lisis.<SUP>36 </SUP> No se encontr&oacute; relaci&oacute;n entre    el antecedente de esplenectom&iacute;a con la hem&oacute;lisis. No obstante,    en nuestra instituci&oacute;n se realiza esplenectom&iacute;a parcial a los    pacientes con crisis de secuestro espl&eacute;nico desde 1986 y se ha demostrado    que se conserva la funci&oacute;n fagoc&iacute;tica y hemocater&eacute;tica    del bazo.<SUP>37,38</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Las investigaciones    realizadas por <I>Gladwin</I> en 195 adultos con drepanocitosis, establecieron    que los pacientes con VRT &ge; 2,5 m/s ten&iacute;an una supervivencia a    los 3 a&ntilde;os 40 % menor que el resto, y que este marcador de riesgo se    presentaba en el 32 % de los adultos con AD.<SUP>39</SUP> Una investigaci&oacute;n    realizada en nuestra instituci&oacute;n que incluy&oacute; m&aacute;s de 100    adultos con AD, determin&oacute; la prevalencia de VRT &ge; 2,5 m/s en el    28,8 %.<SUP>3</SUP> En este trabajo se encontraron 13 ni&ntilde;os, lo que representa    el 32,5 %. Ninguno de estos pacientes pertenece al grupo 1. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La relaci&oacute;n    entre la VRT y la LDH es constante en las investigaciones publicadas.<SUP>3,28</SUP>    Sin embargo, su relaci&oacute;n con otros marcadores de hem&oacute;lisis, es    variable.<SUP>3 </SUP>En los pacientes se comport&oacute; de manera similar    a la descrita; no obstante, hubo una fuerte correlaci&oacute;n entre la VRT    y el IH, lo que corrobora su validez como determinante del fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico.<SUP>14</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Numerosas investigaciones    han demostrado el aumento de la mortalidad atribuible al fenotipo hemol&iacute;tico,    ya sea a partir de la determinaci&oacute;n de la HTP<SUP>39,40</SUP> o de los    valores de LDH.<SUP>33</SUP> Hasta el momento no se ha esclarecido el impacto    de estas alteraciones en la ni&ntilde;ez. Sin embargo, se conoce que persisten    o se agravan con el transcurso del tiempo.<SUP>35,41</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La complejidad    de la drepanocitosis hace est&eacute;ril cualquier intento por simplificarla;    por tanto, el enfoque de la enfermedad debe ser cada vez m&aacute;s profundo    e integrador. La tendencia del tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico de la enfermedad    transcurre hacia la poliquimioterapia. Seleccionar la combinaci&oacute;n apropiada    para cada paciente solo ser&aacute; posible si avanzamos en su caracterizaci&oacute;n    genot&iacute;pica, prote&oacute;mica, as&iacute; como en la expresi&oacute;n    fenot&iacute;pica de estos factores.</font>     <P>&nbsp;      <P>      <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>REFERENCIAS    BILIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</B> </font>      <P>      ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;     <P>     <P>      <P>     <P>      <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Recibido: 15 de    junio del 2012.     <br>   Aprobado: </font> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">15    de julio del 2012.</font>     <P>&nbsp;      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>     <P>      <P>      <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Dr. <I>Alberto    Arencibia-N&uacute;&ntilde;ez</I>. Instituto de Hematolog&iacute;a e Inmunolog&iacute;a.    Apartado 8070, CP 10800. La Habana, Cuba. Tel (537) 643 8695, 8268, Fax (537)    644 2334. Correo electr&oacute;nico: <U><FONT  COLOR="#0000ff"><a href="mailto:rchematologia@infomed.sld.cu" target="_blank">rchematologia@infomed.sld.cu.    </a></FONT></U></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><I>Website</I>:    <U><FONT COLOR="#0000ff"><a href="http://www.sld.cu/sitios/ihi" target="_blank">http://www.sld.cu/sitios/ihi</a></FONT></U>    </font>       ]]></body><back>
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