<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0289</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Hematología, Inmunología y Hemoterapia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0289</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-02892022000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Algoritmo para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipoplasia del timo pediátrica, asociada o no a inmunodeficiencia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of thymus hypoplasia in childhood, associated or not with immune deficiency]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de la Guardia Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Odalis María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-02892022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-02892022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-02892022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Hace aproximadamente 20 años un grupo de médicos investigadores de Cuba reportaron el empleo de las mediciones del timo por ultrasonografía, como un arma valedera en la evaluación inmunológica de los niños menores de 7 años con cuadros de infecciones frecuentes, fundamentalmente respiratorias. El rango de normalidad propuesto del área de la silueta tímica, es entre 1010,6 - 1425,4 mm2, o sea, 1 218 ± 207,4 mm2. Por debajo y por encima de estos valores se hablaría de hipoplasia e hiperplasia, respectivamente. Se considera hipoplasia grave cuando el área tímica es menor de 500 mm2; moderada cuando se encuentra entre 500 y 799 mm2 y leve cuando se halla entre 800 y 999 mm2. Se propone un algoritmo de diagnóstico y tratamiento que engloba la experiencia clínica de 12 años de trabajo en inmunología clínica pediátrica en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología. Este puede constituir una herramienta útil en las manos de los inmunólogos clínicos pediátricos que adecuarían el tratamiento idóneo para llevar el órgano a su tamaño estándar con la consecuente disminución de los procesos infecciosos y la elevación de los niveles de inmunoglobulina A en los pacientes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT About 20 years ago, a group of Cuban medical researchers reported to the literature the use of measurements of the thymus by ultrasonography, as a valid weapon in the immunological evaluation of children under 7 years of age with frequent infections, mainly respiratory. The range of normality proposed for the area of the thymic silhouette is between 1010.6 - 1425.4 mm2, that is, 1 218 ± 207.4 mm2. Below and above these values, we would speak of hypoplasia and hyperplasia, respectively. Severe hypoplasia is considered when the thymic area is less than 500 mm2; moderate when it is between 500 and 799 mm2 and mild when it is between 800 and 999 mm2. A diagnosis and treatment algorithm is proposed that encompasses the clinical experience of 12 years of work in pediatric clinical immunology at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology. It can be a useful tool in the hands of pediatric clinical immunologists who would adapt the ideal treatment to bring the organ to its standard size with the consequent decrease in infectious processes and the elevation of immunoglobulin A levels in patients.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hipoplasia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[timo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[algoritmo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diagnóstico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inmunoglobulina A, inmunodeficiencias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hypoplasia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thymus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[algorithm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diagnostic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immunoglobulin A]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immunodeficiencies]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fundora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sonografía de bazo y timo como elemento evaluador de la respuesta inmune en niños con infecciones recurrentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vacci Monitor]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>5-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabassa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santamaría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chevalier]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecografía tímica de niños con infecciones recurrentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>125-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabassa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación sonográfica del timo en niños sanos Estudio preliminar]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fundora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Notario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabassa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo inmunoepidemiológicos en niños con infecciones respiratorias recurrentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>225-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Jeffrey Modell Foundation</collab>
<source><![CDATA[10 Warning Signs of Primary Immunodeficiency]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manrique de Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Díez Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manejo de las inmunodeficiencias secundarias en Pediatría]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prot diagn ter pediatr]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>437-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M-L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trautner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danebod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymus size at 6 months of age and subsequent child mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>153</volume>
<page-range>683-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fulford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagatsuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Persson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LÅ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arifeen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prentice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymus development and infant and child mortality in rural Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>216-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lichtman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pillai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Células y tejidos del Sistema Inmunitario]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inmunología Celular y Molecular]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<edition>7ma</edition>
<page-range>16-38</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier/Saunders]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Begara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Peculiaridades del sistema inmunitario en niños. Carta informativa de la Micro-inmunoterapia- Asociación Española de Micro-Inmunoterapia, Enero 2017]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rytter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Namusoke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michaelsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlates of thymus size and changes during treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition a cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Afsar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MNA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagatsuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infant cortisol stress-response is associated with thymic function and vaccine response]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stress]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>36-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seoane Reula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Arriba Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnóstico y manejo de las inmunodeficiencias primarias en niños]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prot diagn ter pediatr]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>415-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saavedra Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Verdecia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inmunosenescencia: efectos de la edad sobre el sistema inmune]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rico]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Senescencia del sistema inmune y alteraciones relacionadas con el asma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. alerg. Méx]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>206-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of age on thymic function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Immunol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>316</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[QY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human Thymic Involution and Aging in Humanized Mice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Immunol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1399</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Guardia Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hipoplasia tímica en un lactante con Fibrosis Quística. Presentación de un caso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Hematol Inmunol y Hemoter]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>74-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zdrojewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pachura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pachura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Thymus: A Forgotten, But Very Important Organ]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv Clin Exp Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>369-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ancell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phipps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymosin alpha-1]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Health Syst Pharm]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>879-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Guardia Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías Abraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz Villegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asociación entre hipoplasia del timo y disminución de inmunoglobulina A]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ancell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phipps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymosin alpha-1]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Health Syst Pharm]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>879-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saibara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nemoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akisawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymosin a1 accelerates restoration of T cell-mediated neutralizing antibody response in immunocompromised hosts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Immunopharmacol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chadwick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pido-Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gotch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villacian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Exp Immunol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>477-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thymopentin Immune Modulator]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transgenica]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>23-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Mattia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Decandia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ciccarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of thymostimulin and study of lymphocyte-dependent antibacterial activity in children with recurrent respiratory infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>447-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Formulario Nacional de Medicamentos]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cuba ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro para el Desarrollo de la Farmacología. MINSAP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peláez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomoduladores tímicos Revisión bibliográfica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cuba Farm]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>72-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mollineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inmunomoduladores Respuesta al tratamiento en niños desnutridos menores de 1 año de edad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>191-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabassa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santamaría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto de la Biomodulina T1000 sobre el timo en niños con infecciones recurrentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biomodulina T Cruzada por la vida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Ciencia para la Vida]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>30-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Guardia Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de la Biomodulina T en pacientes pediátricos con Hipoplasia del Timo asociada o no a inmunodeficiencia celular. Ensayo Clínico Fase III]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
