<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0300</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0300</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECIMED]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-03001999000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Bocio difuso eutiroideo: 100 años de tratamiento]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán Cayado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayque]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Ciro Redondo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>138</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-03001999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-03001999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-03001999000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El Bocio Difuso Eutiroideo (BDE) constituye hasta hoy día uno de los temas polémicos en cuanto a su patogenia, y por tanto, a su tratamiento. La terapéutica a base de hormonas tiroideas (HT), está sujeta a una serie de indicaciones que han variado con el decursar de los años y para muchos es puesta en duda por la alta tasa de recidiva tras su suspensión, así como por la aparición de reacciones adversas. La cirugía consta de indicaciones cada vez más precisas y es cuestionable su operatividad. Con el presente trabajo nos proponemos poner de manifiesto los principales factores involucrados en su patogenia y los criterios seguidos para su tratamiento así como los resultados de algunos autores con ambos tratamientos: médico y quirúrgico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[The diffuse euthyroid goiter (DEG) is up now one of the most controversial topics as to the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Thyroid hormones therapy depends on a series of indications that have changed with the years and many specialists doubt the effectiveness of this treatment because of the high rate of relapses after being suspended, as well as the occurence of adverse reactions. The surgical method has very precise indications and its operativeness is questionable. In the present paper, we intend to set forth the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of and the treatment criteria followed in this disease, and also the results that some authors have achieved with the use of both therapies-medical and surgical.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[BOCIO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[BOCIO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HORMONAS TIROIDEAS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[GOITER]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[GOITER]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[THYROID HORMONES]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p>Hospital General "Ciro Redondo". Artemisa <h2> Bocio difuso eutiroideo: 100  a&ntilde;os de tratamiento</h2><i>Dr. Mayque Guzm&aacute;n Cayado</i> <h4> RESUMEN</h4>El  Bocio Difuso Eutiroideo (BDE) constituye hasta hoy d&iacute;a uno de los temas  pol&eacute;micos en cuanto a su patogenia, y por tanto, a su tratamiento. La terap&eacute;utica  a base de hormonas tiroideas (HT), est&aacute; sujeta a una serie de indicaciones  que han variado con el decursar de los a&ntilde;os y para muchos es puesta en  duda por la alta tasa de recidiva tras su suspensi&oacute;n, as&iacute; como por  la aparici&oacute;n de reacciones adversas. La cirug&iacute;a consta de indicaciones  cada vez m&aacute;s precisas y es cuestionable su operatividad. Con el presente  trabajo nos proponemos poner de manifiesto los principales factores involucrados  en su patogenia y los criterios seguidos para su tratamiento as&iacute; como los  resultados de algunos autores con ambos tratamientos: m&eacute;dico y quir&uacute;rgico.      <p><i>Descriptores DeCS</i>: BOCIO/etiolog&iacute;a; BOCIO/terapia; HORMONAS TIROIDEAS/uso  terap&eacute;utico. <h4> &nbsp;Definici&oacute;n, etiolog&iacute;a y patogenia</h4>El  bocio difuso eutiroideo (BDE), bocio simple, bocio no t&oacute;xico o bocio espor&aacute;dico,  se define como todo aquel aumento de volumen de la gl&aacute;ndula tiroides, no  asociado a hiper o hipotiroidismo, y que adem&aacute;s no resulta de un proceso  infeccioso o neopl&aacute;sico de dicha gl&aacute;ndula; sus causas son las siguientes:<sup>1</sup>      <br>&nbsp; <ul>     <li> D&eacute;ficit de yodo.</li>    <li> Alimentos o medicamentos  boci&oacute;genos: yoduros (tratamiento de la EPOC), carbonato de litio (antipsic&oacute;tico),  verduras (tiogluc&oacute;sidos de coles y bocio&iacute;na de ra&iacute;ces y semillas)  y mandioca (gluc&oacute;sidos cian&oacute;genos).</li>    <li> Menarquia, embarazo  y anticonceptivos orales (AO).</li>    <li> Tiroiditis de <i>Hashimoto.</i></li>    <li>  Tiroiditis subaguda.</li>    <li> S&iacute;ntesis hormonal inadecuada por defecto  enzim&aacute;tico hereditario: Disminuci&oacute;n del transporte de yodo, d&eacute;ficit  de peroxidasa (TPO), disminuci&oacute;n del acoplamiento de tirosinas, disminuci&oacute;n  o ausencia de desyodasa de yodotirosinas de forma que el yodo no se conserve dentro  de la g&aacute;ndula y aumento de la producci&oacute;n de yodoprote&iacute;nas  metab&oacute;licamente inactivas en el tiroides.</li>    <li> Deficiencia hereditaria  en los receptores de tiroxina en la membrana de la c&eacute;lula.</li>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> Neoplasias  benignas y malignas (esta &uacute;ltima causa aparece excluida conceptualmente).</li>    </ul>    <p>    <br>La  teor&iacute;a m&aacute;s tradicional, en cuanto a su patogenia, plantea que el  bocio representa una respuesta compensadora ante una gama de factores que, de  una forma u otra, afectan su eficacia en la elaboraci&oacute;n de hormonas tiroideas  (HT), lo que provocar&iacute;a disminuci&oacute;n de sus niveles plasm&aacute;ticos  y activaci&oacute;n del mecanismo de retroalimentaci&oacute;n hipofisario con  hipersecreci&oacute;n de tirotropina (TSH), o quiz&aacute;s un aumento de la sensibilidad  de los tirocitos a esta &uacute;ltima, lo cual incrementa la actividad hormonosintetizadora  y, adem&aacute;s, produce aumento de volumen de la gl&aacute;ndula; resultando  en un paciente eutiroideo pero bocioso.     <p>En muchos de estos sujetos resulta  imposible demostrar la presencia de un factor bociog&eacute;nico extr&iacute;nseco,  por lo que desde los estudios iniciados por<i> McGir y Hutchinson </i>y sobre  todo por <i>Stanbury</i> en 1955, se ha especulado que causas intr&iacute;nsecas,  probablemente cong&eacute;nitas sean las responsables del bocio.<sup>2-8</sup>      <p>Se piensa en una causa autoinmune del BDE en aquellos pacientes en quienes  concomitan otros fen&oacute;menos de tipo inmunol&oacute;gico y en los que el  bocio recidiva despu&eacute;s de la cirug&iacute;a. Los estudios que apoyan esta  teor&iacute;a son pocos y se requiere de su ampliaci&oacute;n.<sup>9,10</sup>      <p>En la d&eacute;cada del 80, Drexhage y otros y <i>McMullan</i> describieron  la presencia de un tipo de inmunoglobulinas (IgG) estimuladoras del crecimiento  tiroideo (TGI) en pacientes con enfermedad de Graves y de <i>Hashimoto,</i> con  bocios grandes, y en algunos pacientes con BDE.<sup>11</sup> M&aacute;s recientemente  <i>Davies </i>y otros, reportan haberlas encontrado en el 64 % de los pacientes  con bocio espor&aacute;dico.<sup>12</sup> Estas inmunoglobulinas parecen no actuar  por el mecanismo de la adenilciclasa ni unirse espec&iacute;ficamente al receptor  de TSH.<sup>13</sup>     <p>La posibilidad de cultivar c&eacute;lulas tiroideas en  medios libres de suero ha permitido demostrar que no s&oacute;lo la TSH influye  en el crecimiento tiroideo, sino que existen otros factores de crecimiento como:  el de tipo insul&iacute;nico (IGF-1), el epid&eacute;rmico (EGF) y el de fibroblastos  (FGF), por mencionar algunos, capaces de lograr el mismo efecto.<sup>14-18</sup>  <h4> Prevalencia y cuadro cl&iacute;nico</h4>Su prevalencia es variable, seg&uacute;n  tipo de poblaci&oacute;n. Se estima que el 4 % de la poblaci&oacute;n general<sup>19</sup>  y alrededor del 5 % de la poblaci&oacute;n de Estados Unidos,<sup>20</sup> sufre  esta afecci&oacute;n.     <p>Al igual que el resto de las tiroidopat&iacute;as es  m&aacute;s frecuente en el sexo femenino.<sup>21-25</sup> Es tambi&eacute;n m&aacute;s  frecuente durante la adolescencia y durante el embarazo,<sup>26-29</sup> en el  primero de los casos se debe a un aumento de los estr&oacute;genos en esta etapa,  lo que conlleva a un efecto en el nivel hipofisario aumentando la concentraci&oacute;n  de los receptores para la TRH y la respuesta de las c&eacute;lulas tirotropas  a dicho p&eacute;ptido; en el segundo de los casos hay un aumento en el aclaramiento  de yodo y gran parte del yoduro y las yodotironinas pasan al feto a trav&eacute;s  de la placenta lo que crea en la madre un defecto de yodo y yodotironinas (hipotiroidismo  relativo) que es compensado al activar el eje hip&oacute;fisis-tiroides, aumenta  la TSH y el tiroides se torna bocioso.<sup>30</sup> En algunos pacientes regresa  despu&eacute;s de estos eventos y en otros persiste.     <p>El cuadro cl&iacute;nico,  en general, resulta del aumento de volumen de la gl&aacute;ndula y los s&iacute;ntomas  pueden ser de tipo mec&aacute;nico: disfagia, por compresi&oacute;n del es&oacute;fago;  disnea, por compresi&oacute;n de la tr&aacute;quea; dilataci&oacute;n venosa que  se exacerba al alzar los brazos (signo de<i> Pemberton</i>), por compromiso del  retorno venoso; mareos y s&iacute;ncope, por compromiso arterial y de tipo est&eacute;tico.  La compresi&oacute;n del nervio lar&iacute;ngeo recurrente sugiere carcinoma y  el aumento de volumen y el dolor localizados, hemorragia. Desde el punto de vista  bioqu&iacute;mico las determinaciones hormonales se encuentran en el rango normal.  <h4> Tratamiento m&eacute;dico</h4>La historia de las enfermedades tiroideas se  remonta a las primeras &eacute;pocas conocidas de nuestra historia. El papiro  de <i>Ebers</i> (1 500 a&ntilde;os a.n.e.) describe el bocio y se&ntilde;ala,  desde ese entonces, 2 posibles tratamientos: la resecci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica  y la ingesti&oacute;n de sales de un sitio particular del Bajo Egipto (presumiblemente  ricas en yodo).<sup>31</sup>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Nuestros antepasados, de forma general, empleaban  algas, esponjas y otros productos marinos que hoy conocemos son ricos en yodo,  sin embargo en la segunda mitad del siglo xix dicho tratamiento fue rechazado  por la frecuente aparici&oacute;n del fen&oacute;meno de "Jod-basedow", de manera  que las HT devinieron los medicamentos de mayor uso.     <p>En 1891,<i> Murray </i>comenz&oacute;  a tratar a los pacientes mixedematosos con extracto de tiroides y posteriormente  un m&eacute;dico de Edimburgo, el doctor <i>Moyan Sunderland,</i> fue el primero  en sugerir el empleo de este medicamento en el bocio simple.     <p>Si realmente el  paciente tiene una hipersecreci&oacute;n de TSH, el tratamiento con HT estar&iacute;a  justificado con el objetivo de suprimir esta hormona, sin embargo, sus concentraciones  est&aacute;n dentro de l&iacute;mites normales en la mayor&iacute;a de los pacientes,<sup>9,32,33</sup>  lo que hace cuestionable la utilidad terap&eacute;utica de este proceder.     <p>La  administraci&oacute;n de las HT para ser eficaz debe ajustarse a las condiciones  siguientes:<sup>34</sup>     <br>&nbsp; <ul>     <li> Iniciarse en la fase temprana cuando  no se ha producido la transformaci&oacute;n nodular.</li>    <li> La cantidad de HT  debe ser una dosis subt&oacute;xica capaz de suprimir TSH, aproximadamente entre  180 mg de tiroides desecado (TD) o 200 mg de levotiroxina (L-T4).</li>    <li> El  tratamiento debe ser prolongado. La mejor&iacute;a es proporcional al per&iacute;odo  de administraci&oacute;n y el plazo para justificar la eficacia del tratamiento  oscila entre 6 meses y 1 a&ntilde;o.</li>    </ul>    <p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>Las HT son recetadas por  los m&eacute;dicos con frecuencia, unas veces con s&oacute;lidos criterios de  uso, otras no.<sup>35</sup> La L-T4 sint&eacute;tica es la preparaci&oacute;n  tiroidea de uso m&aacute;s com&uacute;n en el tratamiento del hipotiroidismo y  para la supresi&oacute;n de los niveles elevados de TSH en pacientes con n&oacute;dulos  tiroideos y/o aumento de volumen de la gl&aacute;ndula.<sup>36</sup> El 1,2 %  de la poblaci&oacute;n en Suecia recibe L-T4 sint&eacute;tica<sup>37</sup> y alrededor  de 18 000 000 de recetas de HT se llenan en Estados Unidos.<sup>38</sup> Todo  esto nos da una medida de la magnitud del uso de las HT en la pr&aacute;ctica  m&eacute;dica. En los pacientes provenientes de &aacute;reas end&eacute;micas  de d&eacute;ficit de yodo, la yodoterapia ha demostrado ser el tratamiento de  elecci&oacute;n del BDE.<sup>39,40</sup>     <p><i>Vitti</i> y otros, en 1991 propusieron:      <br>&nbsp; <ul>     <li> Pacientes &lt; 40 a&ntilde;os: dosis supresivas.</li>    <li>  Pacientes > 40 a&ntilde;os: dosis m&aacute;s juiciosa.</li>    <li> TSH basal para  descartar autonom&iacute;a.</li>    </ul>    <p>    <br>Despu&eacute;s de los 60 a&ntilde;os  no se recomienda el uso de las HT por lo dudoso de su utilidad y por el peligro  de las sobredosis. A pesar de que el paciente est&eacute; eutiroideo existe lo  que se ha dado en llamar "hipertiroidismo qu&iacute;mico" en pacientes tratados  con L-T4 en los cuales las T4 est&aacute; elevada por el agregado ex&oacute;geno  y cl&iacute;nicamente asintom&aacute;ticos por estar la conversi&oacute;n de T4  a T3 disminuida; la T3 es el mayor indicador de posibilidad de hipertiroidismo  en pacientes tratados con L-T4.<sup>36</sup>     <p>En nuestro pa&iacute;s se ha seguido  hist&oacute;ricamente la siguiente pauta [Navarro D, &Aacute;lvarez E. Bocio eutiroideo.  Conducta cl&iacute;nico-terap&eacute;utica. En: La gl&aacute;ndula tiroides. La  Habana:Editorial Ciencias M&eacute;dicas, 1992:48-59]:     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>&nbsp; <ul>     <li> Bocio  entre 40-60 g: dosis sustitutiva.</li>    <li> Bocio mayor que 60 g o nodular: dosis  supresiva.</li>    </ul>    <p>    <br>Los reportes cada d&iacute;a m&aacute;s frecuentes,  sobre la aparici&oacute;n de reacciones adversas a causa del uso cr&oacute;nico  de las HT y a su sobredosificaci&oacute;n como: taquicardia, arritmias, hipertensi&oacute;n  arterial, embolismo cerebral, trastornos psiqui&aacute;tricos e incluso muertes  en ancianos<sup>41-45</sup> as&iacute; como la desmineralizaci&oacute;n &oacute;sea  en mujeres posmenop&aacute;usicas,<sup>46</sup> han llevado a la reconsideraci&oacute;n  de las bondades de dicha terap&eacute;utica en el BDE.     <p>El valor de la TSH basal  o la respuesta de esta hormona a la estimulaci&oacute;n con TRH, parecen ser de  un valor indiscutible al descartar la presencia de autonom&iacute;a tiroidea con  supresi&oacute;n del eje hipot&aacute;lamo-hip&oacute;fisis-tiroides.     <p>La abstenci&oacute;n  terap&eacute;utica constituye una indicaci&oacute;n cuando el bocio ya no es tributario  de tratamiento m&eacute;dico, pero a&uacute;n no existe una indicaci&oacute;n  clara de cirug&iacute;a.<sup>30</sup> <h4> Tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico</h4>La  cirug&iacute;a de tiroides no comenz&oacute; a ser efectiva hasta finales del  siglo xix ya que, entre otras razones, la riqueza vascular del tejido hac&iacute;a  que ante cualquier maniobra quir&uacute;rgica se produjeran grandes hemorragias.<sup>31</sup>      <p>Hoy d&iacute;a se plantea que el tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico del bocio es  fisiol&oacute;gicamente inconsistente ya que reduce la habilidad del tejido para  satisfacer las necesidades hormonales del individuo, sin embargo es indicada en  los casos siguientes:     <br>&nbsp; <ul>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> S&iacute;ntomas obstructivos severos  (disfagia y disfon&iacute;a) a pesar del tratamiento m&eacute;dico con HT).</li>    <li>  Cuestiones cosm&eacute;ticas.</li>    <li> Sospecha de que en su estadio multinodular  albergue un carcinoma.</li>    <li> N&oacute;dulos &uacute;nicos.</li>    <li> No tolerancia  a las dosis requeridas para el tratamiento m&eacute;dico.</li>    </ul>    <p>    <br>Con  respecto al uso preventivo de las HT en la recidiva posquir&uacute;rgica del bocio,  un estudio prospectivo en el a&ntilde;o 1994, de 9 a&ntilde;os previos de seguimiento,  concluy&oacute; en que el uso de L-T4 (100 mg/d) no logr&oacute; ning&uacute;n  efecto sobre la incidencia de recidiva posquir&uacute;rgica.<sup>47</sup>     <p>La  tasa de recurrencia es baja, sin embargo, la tasa de morbilidad posquir&uacute;rgica  es alta (disfon&iacute;a frecuente); y en segunda, la enfermedad no parece curarse  con la tiroidectom&iacute;a.     <p>En la tabla se recogen los resultados de algunos  autores, con el uso de las HT, en el bocio simple.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>     <center>Tabla<i>. Resultados  de algunos autores durante estos 100 a&ntilde;os de tratamiento en el BDE</i></CENTER>    <center><table CELLPADDING=5 >  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>Ref.</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Autor (A&ntilde;o)</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>n</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Medicamento</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>Dosis diaria</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Duraci&oacute;n</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>Respuesta  satisfactoria</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>Observaciones</center></td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%"><sup>*</sup></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Bruns</i>  1896</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>326</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>TD</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>75</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Mejor  respuesta en j&oacute;venes con bocios recientes&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">48</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Greer  </i>1953</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>TD</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>2!3 g</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>76</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">No  influyeron la edad, sexo ni&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>40</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>No TTO</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>15</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">el tiempo de evoluci&oacute;n</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">49</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Badillo</i>  1963</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>21</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T3</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>75 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>12 sem</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>57</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Posible  inclusi&oacute;n de&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>16</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>Placebo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>10</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">hipotiroideos</td></tr> <tr>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">50&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Gutteridge  </i>1978</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>21</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>200 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>6-36 sem</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>57</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Mejor  respuesta en bocios peque&ntilde;os de etiolog&iacute;a autoinmune</td></tr> <tr>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">51</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Doniach</i> 1979</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>75</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Mejor respuesta en jov&eacute;nes  con menor T. Evol. TodosT. de <i>Hashimoto</i></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">52</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Ashcrsft  </i>1981</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>446</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>37</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Todos  los pacientes ten&iacute;an n&oacute;dulos</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">53</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Perrild</i>  1982</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>12m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>NS</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Disminuci&oacute;n  significativa en los primeros 3 meses. En los tratados</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>33</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>150 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>NS</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">con L-T4 hubo recidiva al suspender  el TTO</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>17</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>200 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>p&lt;0,05</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T3</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>60 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>p&lt;0,01</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">54</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Olbricht  </i>1984</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>20</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>12 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>70</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Respuesta  evidente con L-T4 a&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>20</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>Yodo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>500 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">los 3 meses</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">55</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Faldt!Rasmussen</i>  1984</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>19</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L!T3</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>60 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>12 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>p&lt;0,01</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">No  recidiva al suspender TTO</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">56&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Berghout</i>  1989</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>113</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Cirug&iacute;a</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>82,3</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">En  el 17,7 % recidiv&oacute; el bocio</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">57</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Berghout  1990</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>26</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Placebo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>9 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>aument&oacute;</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Recidiva  tras suspender el tratamiento</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>26</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>2,5 mg/Peg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>58</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"></td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>26</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4+CBZ</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>2,5 mg/kg+40 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>35</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">58</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Hegedus</i>  1991</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>13</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>90-150 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>24 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>p&lt;0,001</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">T.<i>Hashimoto</i>  hipotiroideas.</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">59</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Hinenkel</i>  1992</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>Yodo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>150 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>6 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>18,5 a 8,8 ml</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Posible  inclusi&oacute;n de pacientes&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>14,1 a 8,3 ml</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">bocio end&eacute;mico.  Recidiva al&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>30</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4 + Yodo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center>50 mg + 100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>17,2 a 8,3 ml</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">suspender TTO en  el grupo conL-T4&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">60</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Papini</i></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>51</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>NS</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">N&oacute;dulos tiroideos</td></tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>50</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>Placebo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>No cambios</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">49</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Bistrop  </i>1994</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>40</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>9 a&ntilde;os</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>85,5 a&ntilde;os</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">Casos  operados previamente</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>60</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>No TTo</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">      <center><sup>-</sup></center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>78,2</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">61</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%"><i>Pav&oacute;n  de Paz</i> 1996</td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>39</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>L-T4</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center>100 mg</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">      <center>12 m</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">     <center>NS</center></td><td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="13%">N&oacute;dulos  tiroideos</td></tr> </table></center>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center>     <p><sup>*</sup> Referido por Greer  1953<sup>48</sup> L-T4= Levotiroxina s&oacute;dica L-T3= Liotironina TD= Tiroides  desecado</center>    <p>Por todo lo anterior se concluye que el tratamiento del BDE,  aparejado a los recientes descubrimientos en cuanto a su patogenia, ha resultado  en nuevos enfoques terap&eacute;uticos. La cirug&iacute;a ha perdido lugar y cada  d&iacute;a se hace m&aacute;s cuestionable el empleo de las HT durante toda la  vida. Si bien es cierto que en un porcentaje de los casos el bocio se reduce,  en otros la aparici&oacute;n de peligrosas reacciones adversas conspira contra  su indicaci&oacute;n. A nuestro juicio esta modalidad terap&eacute;utica debe  explotarse cuando las determinaciones de TSH lo justifiquen y en per&iacute;odos  cr&iacute;ticos, d&iacute;ganse la pubertad y el embarazo. Todo parece indicar  que en los pacientes j&oacute;venes, con bocios peque&ntilde;os y de corto tiempo  de evoluci&oacute;n, y donde se demuestre su etiolog&iacute;a autoinmune, se obtienen  los mejores resultados. <h4> SUMMARY</h4>The diffuse euthyroid goiter (DEG) is  up now one of the most controversial topics as to the pathogenesis and treatment  of this disease. Thyroid hormones therapy depends on a series of indications that  have changed with the years and many specialists doubt the effectiveness of this  treatment because of the high rate of relapses after being suspended, as well  as the occurence of adverse reactions. The surgical method has very precise indications  and its operativeness is questionable. In the present paper, we intend to set  forth the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of and the treatment criteria  followed in this disease, and also the results that some authors have achieved  with the use of both therapies-medical and surgical.     <p><i>Subject headings:</i>  GOITER/etiology; GOITER/therapy; THYROID HORMONES/therapeutic use. <h4> REFERENCIAS  BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</h4><ol>     <!-- ref --><li> Greenspan FS, Rapoport B. Tiroides. En: Greenspan  FS, Forsham PH, eds. Endocrinolog&iacute;a b&aacute;sica y cl&iacute;nica. M&eacute;xico  DF: El Manual Moderno, 1988:142-200.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Corral J, Mart&iacute;n C, P&eacute;rez  R, S&aacute;nchez I, Mories MT, San Millan JL, et al. Thyroglobulin gen point  mutation associated with non-endimic simple goitre. Lancet 1993;341:462-4.</li>    <!-- ref --><li>  Beckers C. Non-toxic goitre. En: De Vischer M, ed. Comprehensive endocrinology.  The thyroid gland. New York: Raven Press, 1980:231-55.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Miralles JM, P&eacute;rez  Centeno C, Mories M, Burgos R, Gonz&aacute;lez-Sarmiento R. Detecci&oacute;n de  una mutaci&oacute;n reconocida por la endonucleasa de restricci&oacute;n BgIII  en el gen de la tiroperoxidasa (TPO) en un paciente con bocio espor&aacute;dico  (abstract). Endocrinolog&iacute;a 1996;43:79.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Ohyama Y, Hosoya Tk, Kameya  T, Susuki N, Nakamura S, Kazahari K, et al. Congenital euthyro8id goitre with  impaired thyroglobulin transport. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:129-35.</li>    <li> Ieiri  T. thyroglobulin (Tg) gene and familial Tg synthesis defect [abstract]. Nippon  Rinsho 1994;52:869-74.</li>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> de Carvalho DP, Rego KG, Rosenthal D. Thyroid  peroxidase in dyshormonogenetic goiters with organification and ghyroglobulin  defects. Thyroid 1994;4:421-6.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Medeiros Neto G, Targovnik HM, Vassart  G. Defective thyroglobulin sinthesis and secretion causing goiter and hypothyroidism.  Endocrine Rev 1993;14:165-83.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Larsen PR, Ingbar SH. The thyroid gland.  En: Wilson JD, Foster DW (eds). Textbook of endocrinology 8 ed. Philadelphia:  WB Saunders, 1992:463-5.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> VanderGaag RD, Drexhage HA, Wiersinga WM. Further  studies on thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins in euthyroid nonendemic  goiters. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1985;60:972-9.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Mc Mullan NM, Smyuth  PPA. In vitro generation of NADPH as an index of thyroid stimulatin immunolobulins  (TSI) in goitrous disease. Clin Endocrinol 1984;20:269-80.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Davies R,  Lawry J, Bhatia V, Weetman A P. Growth stimulating antibodies in endemic gotre:  a reappraisal. Clinical Endocrinol 1995;43:189-95.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Zalkarija M, Mc Kenzie  JM. Do thyroid growth-promoting inmunoglobulings exist?. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol  1990;70:308-10.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Eggo MC, Bachrach LK, Burrow GN. Interaction of TSH,  insulin, and insulin like growth factors in regulating thyroid growth and function  [bstract]. Growth Factors 1990;2:99-109.</li>    <li> Wu J, Dent P, Jeline T, Wolfmann  A, Weber MJ, Sturgill TW. Inhibition of EGF-activated MAP kinase signalling pathway  by adenosine 3'5' [abstract]. Monophosphate Sc 1993;262:1065-8.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> De Vito  WJ, Chanoine JP, Alex S, Fang SL, Stone S, Huber CA, et al. Effect of in vivo  administration of recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor in thyroid function  in the rat: induction of colloid goiter. Endocrinology 1992;131:729-35.</li>    <li>  Rybakowa M, Soltysik-Wilk E, Tylek D, Krzanowska M, Kowalczyk M. Incidence of  goiter in children of the Tamobrzed district and environmental factors [abstract].  Endocrynol Pol 1992;43:12-7.</li>    <li> Phillips ID, Becks GP, Logan A, Wang JF,  Smith C, Hill DJ. Altered expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and  IGF binding proteins during rat thyroid hyperplasia and involution [abstract].  Growth Factors 1994;10:207-22.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Tunbridge WMG. The epidemiology of thyroid  diseases. En: Ingbar SH, Braverman LE (eds). The thyroid. 5 ed. Philadelphia:  Lippincott, 1986:625-33.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Larsen PR. The thyroid. En: Wyngaarden JB, Smith  LLH, Bennett JC, eds. Cecil texbook of medicine. 19 ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,  1992:1248-71.</li>    <li> Gras C, Hellec C, Spiegel A, Chungue E, Boutin JP, Cardines  R, et al. Goiter in Tahiti [abstract]Med Trop Mars 1992;52:57-61.</li>    <li> Katugampola  SL, Balasuriya S, Fernando MA. Prevalence of goiter in a rural community in Sri  Lanka [abstract]. Asia Pac J Public Health 1992;6:182-7.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Wolde-Gebril  Z, Demeke T, West CE, VanderHaar F. Goitre in Ethiopia. Br J Nutr 1993;69:257-68.</li>    <li>  Hsiao YL, Chang TC. Prevalence of goiter in Taiwanese adults: a preliminary study  [abstract]. J Formos Med Assoc 1995;94:1979.</li>    <li> Wong GW. Leung SS. Kwok  MM, Openheimer SJ. Goitre in Southern Chinese children in Hong Kong [abstract].  Ann Trop Paediatr 1995;15:27-31.</li>    <li> Syrenicz M, Syrenicz A, Gozdzik J, Pynka  S, Czekalski S. Frequencyof goiter in children and adolescents in the Szczcecin  region [abstract]. Endocrinol Pol 1992;43:38-46.</li>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><li> Foley TP. Goiter in  adolescents. Endocrinol Metabol Clin North Am 1993;22:593-606.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Glinoer  D, Lemone M. Goiter and pregnancy: a new insight into an old problem. Thyroid  1992;2:65-70.</li>    <li> Castelli V. Hypothyroidism and simple goiter in pregnancy  [abstract]. Recenti Prog Med 1994;85:190-5.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen  PR. Maternal and fetal thyroid function. Engl J Med 1994;331:1072-8.</li>    <!-- ref --><li>  Amaro M&eacute;ndez S. Bocio. En: Breve historia de la endocrinolog&iacute;a.  La Habana: Editorial Cient&iacute;fico T&eacute;cnica, 1975:67-73.</li>    <!-- ref --><li> Schaaf  L, Trojan J, Helton TE, Usadel KH, Magner JA. Serumn thyrotropin (TSH) heterogeneity  in euthyroid subjects and patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: the core fucose  content of TSH-releasing hormone-released TSH is altered, but not the net charge  of TSH. 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