<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0300</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0300</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECIMED]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-03002004000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Comparación entre la estimulación ortodrómica y antidrómica del nervio sural]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Comparison of orthodromic and antidromic stimulation of the sural nerve]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bárbara Aymeé]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cañizarez Quintero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judith]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collazo Amaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Más Corona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Elena]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Nacional de Neurociencias Departamento de Neurofisiología Clínica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>112</fpage>
<lpage>117</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-03002004000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-03002004000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-03002004000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se identificaron posibles diferencias en las respuestas del nervio sural obtenidas mediante técnicas antidrómicas y ortodrómicas. Se realizó estudio de conducción de nervio sural bilateralmente, a 37 sujetos sanos de los 2 sexos en las condiciones estandarizadas para estos. Se obtuvo a través de t de Student que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los 2 sexos entre las variables duración de la fase negativa, amplitud y área, obtenidas por ambas técnicas. Por lo que se concluyó que con la estimulación antidrómica la respuesta tiene mayor amplitud, se define mejor, y presenta mayor duración de la fase negativa. Esto podría ser utilizado como método alternativo para la confirmación electrofisiológica de daño del nervio sural, no demostrado con los métodos neurográficos convencionales]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Possible differences in sural nerve responses obtained from the application of antidromic and orthodromic techniques were identified. A study of bilateral conduction of sural nerve was performed in 37 healthy subjects of both sexes under standardized conditions. Student´s t test yielded that there were statistically significant differences between the two sexes regarding variables such as duration of negative phase, amplitude and area obtained from both techniques. Therefore, it was concluded that antidromic stimulation facilitates a response of wider amplitude, better definition and longer duration of negative phase. This might be used as an alternative method to electrophysiologically confirm the sural nerve damage that is not shown by the conventional neurographic methods]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nervio sural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[técnicas antidrómicas y ortodrómicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sural nerve]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antidromic y orthodromic techniques]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div class=Section1>    <p class=MsoFooter style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Centro Nacional de Neurociencias</span></p><h2 style='page-break-after:auto'><span lang=ES-TRAD>Comparación  entre la estimulación ortodrómica y antidrómica del nervio sural</span></h2>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Dra. Bárbara Aymeé Hernández Hernández, Dra. Marta Brown  Martínez, Lic. Judith Cañizare</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD>z <i>Quintero, Téc.  Mercedes Collazo Amaro</i> <i>y Téc. María Elena Más Corona</i></span><i><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></i></p><h4>&nbsp;</h4><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Resumen</span></h4>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se identificaron posibles diferencias en las respuestas del  nervio sural obtenidas mediante técnicas antidrómicas y ortodrómicas. Se realizó  estudio de conducción de nervio sural bilateralmente, a 37 sujetos sanos de los  2 sexos en las condiciones estandarizadas para estos. Se obtuvo a través de t  de Student que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los 2 sexos  entre las variables duración de la fase negativa, amplitud y área, obtenidas por  ambas técnicas. Por lo que se concluyó que con la estimulación antidrómica la  respuesta tiene mayor amplitud, se define mejor, y presenta mayor duración de  la fase negativa. Esto podría ser utilizado como método alternativo para la confirmación  electrofisiológica de daño del nervio sural, no demostrado con los métodos neurográficos  convencionales.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Palabras clave</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD>: Nervio sural, técnicas antidrómicas y ortodrómicas.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '>&nbsp;</p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '>&nbsp;</p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '>&nbsp;</p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>El estudio de conducción nerviosa periférica es una técnica  muy útil en el diagnóstico, pronóstico, localización topográfica y evaluación  del tratamiento de las neuropatías periféricas, plexopatías, radiculopatías y  ciertas afecciones medulares.<sup>1-3</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Debido al tiempo de realización de las normas vigentes en  Cuba, los autores de este trabajo se dieron a la tarea de actualizarlas según  las características de la población cubana actual y de analizar la influencia  de ciertos factores como la edad, el sexo y la distancia cátodo-cátodo sobre las  variables del estudio de conducción nerviosa periférica.<sup>1,4,5</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Además, se plantea que existen diferencias significativas  de las respuestas obtenidas por estimulación ortodrómica y antidrómica. Se plantea  que las respuestas antidrómicas tienen mayor latencia, mayor amplitud y menor  velocidad de conducción que las respuestas ortodrómicas, además, en las primeras  se definen mejor las fases del potencial.<sup>6-10</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;font-weight:normal'>  &nbsp; </span></h4><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Métodos</span></h4>    <p class=MsoBodyText3 style='line-height:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se  estudiaron 102 sujetos sanos de los 2 sexos, entre 15 y 78 años, se les realizó  interrogatorio y examen físico por un especialista de Neurología. Se les tomó  la temperatura corporal, la cual osciló entre 36-36,8 °C, manteniendo constante  la del local (22-24 °C).<sup>11-13</sup></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Los individuos guardaron decúbito prono. Se les realizó estudio  de conducción nerviosa periférica del nervio sural con técnica ortodrómica, a  una submuestra de 27 sujetos se le realizó el registro con técnica antidrómica  con la finalidad de comparar estos resultados. Los nervios se estudiaron de forma  bilateral.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Los estudios fueron realizados con el equipo NEURONICA 4,  software EMGWorkplace.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Los electrodos de estimulación fueron de tipo bipolar concéntrico.  Los de registro fueron de superficie y un electrodo de banda de tierra. Los parámetros  técnicos utilizados fueron los habituales para este estudio. Se midió la distancia  en milímetros entre el sitio de estimulación y el de registro, para calcular posteriormente  la velocidad de conducción. Esta distancia se mantuvo constante entre 10-15 cm.<sup>14-17</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se analizaron las variables siguientes:</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Intensidad promedio del estimulo necesaria para obtener la  respuesta supramáxima.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Latencia al inicio y al pico.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Duración de todo el potencial y de la fase negativa.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Amplitud pico-pico.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Área bajo la curva.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Velocidad de conducción nerviosa usando en su cálculo tanto  la latencia al inicio como al pico.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;font-weight:normal'>  &nbsp; </span></h4><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Resultados  </span></h4>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Relación entre el sexo, la edad y las variables electrofisiológicas  medidas</span></i><i><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size: 10.0pt'></span></i></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>El ANOVA realizado demostró la influencia estadísticamente  significativa (p&lt; 0,05) del sexo en un número considerable de variables como:  la latencia al inicio y al pico, la duración, la duración de la fase negativa  del potencial, la amplitud y la velocidad de conducción tomando en cuenta la latencia  al inicio como al pico.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Debido a esto fue necesario subdividir la muestra en 2 grupos:  femenino y masculino. Se observó, además, que existió efecto de la edad sobre  un grupo considerable de variables.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD><i>Diferencias entre lados</i></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Para ninguna de las variables analizadas existió diferencias  estadísticamente significativas entre ambos lados (derecho e izquierdo), demostrado  a través de una t de Student para muestras dependientes.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se calcularon las diferencias medias permisibles entre lados  para cada variable analizada en cada sexo.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Identificación de las diferencias existentes entre las variables  electrofisiológicas obtenidas por diferentes formas de estimulación (ortodrómica  y antidrómica) (fig.1).</span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><span lang=ES-TRAD><a href="/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0108204.jpg"><img src="/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0108204.jpg" width="307" height="300" border="0"></a></span></p>    
]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Fig. 1</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD>.  Comparación entre la estimulación ortodrómica y antidrómica del nervio sural.</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se demostró a través de una t de Student para muestras dependientes  que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los 2 sexos entre las  variables duración, duración de la fase negativa, amplitud y área obtenidas por  estimulación ortodrómica y antidrómica (fig.2).</span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><span lang=ES-TRAD><a href="/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0208204.jpg"><span style='mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;CG Times&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;CG Times&quot;; color:windowtext;mso-ansi-font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><img border=0 width=371 height=333 id="_x0000_i1027" src=/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0208204.jpg align=middle></span></a></span></p>    
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Fig. 2. </span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Estudio  de conducción nerviosa del nervio sural, en un sujeto sano en la misma extremidad.  </span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><span lang=ES-TRAD>A: con técnica ortodrómica; B: con técnica  antidrómica</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;'>.</span></p>    <p class=MsoFooter style=' '><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Cálculo</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD> <i>de</i> <i>las ecuaciones</i>  <i>de regresión</i></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Debido a la utilización de la distancia en estos estudios  para el cálculo de la velocidad de conducción nerviosa y además el efecto anteriormente  mencionado de la edad sobre las variables, se procedió a analizar el grado de  correlación de estas con dichos factores (edad y distancia). Posteriormente se  calcularon las ecuaciones de regresión que caracterizan a las variables. A las  variables que no mostraron grado de correlación alguno ni con la edad ni con la  distancia (amplitud, duración, duración de la fase negativa, velocidad de conducción  nerviosa tomando en cuenta la latencia tanto al inicio como al pico) se les calculó  la mediana con un intervalo de confianza a 95 %; porque al utilizar la media el  rango del intervalo se observó muy estrecho debido a la distorsión ejercida por  los valores extremos en un promedio, por tal razón la mediana caracterizó mejor  estas variables. En la figura3 se muestra el análisis de correlación para la variable  latencia al inicio en el estudio ortodrómico en función de la edad, la distancia  cátodo-cátodo y la talla. También se calculó la intensidad media necesaria para  lograr la estimulación supramáxima.</span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><span lang=ES-TRAD><a href="/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0308204.jpg"><span style='mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;CG Times&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;CG Times&quot;; color:windowtext;mso-ansi-font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><img border=0 width=366 height=308 id="_x0000_i1028" src=/img/revistas/ibi/v23n2/fig0308204.jpg align=middle></span></a></span></p>    
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' text-align:center'><i><span lang=ES-TRAD>Fig. 3.</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD>  Análisis de correlación de la latencia en el estudio sensitivo del nervio sural.  Sexo femenino.</span></p><h4><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Discusión</span></h4>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se ha reportado la influencia de factores como la edad y  el sexo en las variables del estudio de conducción. Se plantea que las mujeres  tienen latencias más cortas y velocidades más rápidas que los hombres, así como  que la latencia se prolonga, la velocidad se enlentece y la amplitud disminuye  con edades avanzadas, lo cual concuerda con estos hallazgos.<sup>18-25</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>También se ha planteado la existencia de diferencias entre  el estudio ortodrómico y el antidrómico, con este último la respuesta tiene mayor  amplitud, se define mejor la morfología trifásica, su inicio y final, se obtiene  con menor intensidad de estimulación e incluso hay autores que plantean que no  necesita de técnicas de promediación para obtenerlo.<sup>18-28</sup></span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Estos resultados concuerdan con tales planteamientos excepto  con el último, porque siempre se utilizaron técnicas de promediación. Se demostró  que con la estimulación antidrómica la respuesta tiene mayor ampltud, se define  mejor y presenta menor duración de la fase negativa; por lo que esta se mide de  forma más fiel (fig. 1).</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=ES-TRAD>Se concluyó que las variables del estudio de conducción nerviosa  periférica son influenciadas por el sexo, la edad y la distancia. Las variables  del estudio de conducción nerviosa periférica del nervio sural difieren con la  técnica de estimulación (ortodrómica o antidrómica).</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:10.0pt'></span></p><h4><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Summary</span></h4>    <p class=MsoNormal style=' '><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Possible differences in sural  nerve responses obtained from the application of antidromic and orthodromic techniques  were identified. A study of bilateral conduction of sural nerve was performed  in 37 healthy subjects of both sexes under standardized conditions. Student´s  t test yielded that there were statistically significant differences between the  two sexes regarding variables such as duration of negative phase, amplitude and  area obtained from both techniques. Therefore, it was concluded that antidromic  stimulation facilitates a response of wider amplitude, better definition and longer  duration of negative phase. This might be used as an alternative method to electrophysiologically  confirm the sural nerve damage that is not shown by the conventional neurographic  methods.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size: 10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'></span></p>    <!-- ref --><p class=MsoNormal style=' '><i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Key words</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>: Sural nerve; antidromic y orthodromic  techniques.</span><!-- ref -->Aminoff  MJ. Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology. 3ed. Churchill, Livingstone; 1992.</span><span      lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:      &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;      '><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;      font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>    <!-- ref -->Schalow  G, Zach GA, Warzok R. Classification of human peripheral nerves fibre groups by  conduction velocity and nerve fibre diameter in preserved following spinal cord  lesion. 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