<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-0300</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-0300</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECIMED]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-03002024000100011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Concentración atmosférica de material particulado previo a la pandemia por COVID-19 en Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Atmospheric concentration of particulate matter prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilches Visbal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Homero]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo Pedraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Midian Clara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayra Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Magdalena Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Santa Marta]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Empresa Promotora de Salud Sánitas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Medellín]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-03002024000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-03002024000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-03002024000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 se transmite principalmente por vía aérea, en la cual influyen factores ambientales como el material particulado.  Objetivos: Determinar la concentración media de material particulado 10 en cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental en Santa Marta (Colombia) para evaluar el riesgo incremental o predisposición de morbimortalidad por COVID-19, previo inicio de la pandemia.  Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra de cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental sobre la concentración de material particulado. La información se obtuvo de la base de datos &#8220;Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena&#8221; del sitio web de datos abiertos del Gobierno de Colombia.  Resultados: En las cinco estaciones ambientales la concentración media anual de material particulado superó o se acercó a 50 µg/m3, el límite permitido por año en Colombia, y casi triplicó lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Entre el 13-30 % de las concentraciones diarias de material particulado 10 superaron los 75 µg/m3: umbral en el país. Entretanto, el 50-75 % de las concentraciones excedieron la dosis diaria de referencia en organismos internacionales. Los mayores niveles de contaminación se observaron en el sector sur.  Conclusiones: En todas las estaciones gran parte de las concentraciones diarias y la media anual sobrepasaron el límite de material particulado 10. Esto aumentó el riesgo establecido de COVID-19, y se presume la predisposición para morbimortalidad por esta enfermedad, en la ciudad de Santa Marta, antes del inicio de la pandemia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted mainly by the airborne route, which is influenced by environmental factors such as particulate matter.  Objectives: To determine the mean concentration of particulate matter 10 in five environmental monitoring stations in Santa Marta (Colombia) to evaluate the incremental risk or predisposition of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, prior to the onset of the pandemic.  Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of five environmental monitoring stations on the concentration of particulate matter. The information was obtained from the database "Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena" of the open data website of the Colombian government.  Results: In the five environmental stations the annual average concentration of particulate matter exceeded or approached 50 µg/m3, the limit allowed per year in Colombia, and almost tripled that established by the WHO. Between 13-30% of the daily concentrations of particulate matter exceeded 75 µg/m3: the threshold in the country. Meanwhile, 50-75 % of the concentrations exceeded the daily reference dose in international organizations. The highest pollution levels were observed in the southern sector.  Conclusions: In all stations a large part of the daily concentrations and the annual mean exceeded the limit for particulate matter 10. This increased the established risk of COVID-19, and the predisposition for morbimortality due to this disease in the city of Santa Marta, before the beginning of the pandemic, is presumed.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[material particulado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PM10]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[factor de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Santa Marta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[particulate matter]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PM10]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[risk factor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Santa Marta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monterrosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buelvas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordosgoitia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Probable trastorno de ansiedad generalizada en la pandemia COVID-19 valoración en médicos generales del Caribe colombiano]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Duazary]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>7-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comunian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dongo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palestini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Air pollution and COVID-19 The role of particulate matter in the spread and increase of COVID-19's morbidity and mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Environ Res Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morawska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 The world should face the reality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environ Int]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>139</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenhalgh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jimenez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prather]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tufekci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schooley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>397</volume>
<numero>10285</numero>
<issue>10285</issue>
<page-range>1603-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Organización Mundial de la Salud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[(OMS)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Calidad del aire ambiente (exterior)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La contaminación del aire, un problema de todos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Fac Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>189-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pizzorno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crinnion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Particulate matter is a surprisingly common contributor to disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Integr Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>8-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zapata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contaminación ambiental por PM10 dentro y fuera del domicilio y capacidad respiratoria en Puerto Nare, Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Salud Púb]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caravanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cropper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanrahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pollution and Global Health-An agenda for prevention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environ Health Perspect]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poteser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moshammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemmerer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weitensfelder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Air pollution is associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Vienna, Austria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Environ Res Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MINADES)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución 2254 de 2017]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MINADES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Corporación Autónoma Regional del Magdalena (CORPAMAG)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Monitoreo Calidad de Aire departamento del Magdalena]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Magdalena, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CORPAMAG]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Unión Europea (EU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Air Quality Standards]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[EU ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>California Environmental Protection Agency</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Air quality standards and attainment status]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candanoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goribar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relación partículas respirables (PM10)/ partículas suspendidas totales (PST) en Santa Marta (Colombia)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[DYNA]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>179</numero>
<issue>179</issue>
<page-range>157-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diazgranados M]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morales]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de la calidad del aire en Santa Marta por efectos del polvillo de carbón en zonas portuarias a partir de un Modelo de predicción espacio-temporal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
