<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-084X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nucleus]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nucleus]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-084X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CUBAENERGIA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-084X2018000200042</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Exploring the possibility of radiography in emission mode at higher energies: Improving the visualization of the internal structure of paintings]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Explorando las posibilidades de la radiografía en modo de emisión a altas energías: Cómo optimizar la visualización de la estructura interna en pinturas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olivier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leyva Pernia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willems]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Espen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Piet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Antwerp, Conservation Studies  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Antwerp Maritime Academy  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Antwerp Department of Mathematics and Computer Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centre of Technological Applications and Nuclear Development (CEADEN)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Havana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,GE Sensing &amp; Inspection Technologies  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Antwerp Department of Chemistry ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>64</numero>
<fpage>42</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-084X2018000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-084X2018000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-084X2018000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary We demonstrated in previous investigations that the internal structure of paintings can be visualized with conventional radiography in transmission mode when paintings have the proper stratigraphy. Unfortunately, there are many paintings that do not result in useful images. This problem can be solved by using radiography in emission mode. With this technique, the painting is irradiated with high energetic X-rays originating from an X-ray tube operating at 100 keV - 320 keV while inside the painting low energetic signals such as photoelectrons or characteristic photons are being generated. These signals escape from the top 10 µm of the painting and are able to illuminate the imaging plate. However, this technique has also some disadvantages. One of them is that it is not able to visualize underlying paintings. In this study, we explored the possibility to enhance the information depth by increasing the energy of the photon source from 100 keV up to 1.3325 MeV (i.e., 60Co source). At the same time, we also studied how the contrast between pigments is generated in emission mode. For this, we used mathematical simulation of particle transport in matter to understand the relation between input particle (particle type such as photon, electron or positron and the energy of the particle), the material being irradiated (element from which it is composed, thickness and density) and the output signal (generated particle types and energy). Finally, we will show that it is possible to image paintings using a 192Ir and even a 60Co source.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En investigaciones previas se ha demostrado que la estructura interna de las pinturas se puede visualizar satisfactoriamente con la radiografía convencional en modo de transmisión, siempre y cuando dichas pinturas tengan la estratigrafía adecuada. Desafortunadamente, hay muchos casos en los que la aplicación de este método no resultan en imágenes útiles. Este problema puede ser resuelto usando la radiografía en modo de emisión. Con esta técnica, la pintura se irradia con rayos X de alta energía originados en un tubo de rayos X trabajando entre 100 keV y 320 keV. Esto genera señales de baja energía (fotoelectrones o fotones característicos) en el interior de la pintura que, al escapar de las 10 &#956;m superiores, pueden iluminar una placa de imágenes. No obstante, su aplicación también implica ciertas desventajas. Una de ellas es la incapacidad de visualizar las pinturas subyacentes. En este estudio, exploramos la posibilidad de incrementar la información obtenida a mayores profundidades aumentando la energía de la fuente de fotones desde 100 keV hasta 1.3325 MeV (fuente de 60Co). También estudiamos el impacto de esta energía en el contraste obtenido entre los pigmentos. Para esto, utilizamos la simulación matemática del transporte de partículas en la materia para comprender la relación entre partículas de entrada (fotones, electrones o positrones y la energía de las partículas), el material que se irradia (elemento del que está compuesto, espesor) y la señal de salida (tipos de partículas generados y energía). Finalmente, mostraremos que es posible crear imágenes de pinturas usando una fuente 60Co.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cultural objects]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[X-ray radiography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[X-ray sources]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Monte Carlo method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stratigraphy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[iridium 192]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cobalt 60]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[objetos culturales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[radiografía por rayos X]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fuentes de rayos X]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método de Monte Carlo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estratigrafía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[iridio 192]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cobalto 60]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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