<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-2125</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-2125</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ECIMED]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-21252020000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Flora bacteriana resistente al lavado de manos en estudiantes universitarios]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial Flora Resistant to Hand Washing in University Students]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montalvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rubén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salomé]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú Facultad de Medicina Humana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huancayo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-21252020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-21252020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-21252020000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  En la superficie cutánea residen microorganismos responsables del balance bioquímico, algunas son patógenas y persisten a pesar del lavado de manos.  Objetivo:  Identificar la flora bacteriana resistente al lavado de manos en estudiantes universitarios.  Métodos:  Se realizó el estudio observacional analítico de tipo longitudinal, para esto se enrolaron a estudiantes universitarios que recibieron previamente charlas educativas sobre higiene de manos, posteriormente se tomaron muestras antes y después del lavado de las manos.  Resultados:  De 80 muestras analizadas se identificó a Staphylococcus epidermidis como el más frecuente en 95 % de los estudiantes y con el lavado de manos se redujo a 60 %; el segundo agente fue Staphylococcus saprophyticcus, que estuvo presente en 75 % de los casos y después del lavado, en 35 %; E. coli ocupó el tercer lugar, se encontró en 42,5 % de las muestras y tras la higiene de manos se redujo a 17,5 %. Para los agentes transitorios como Klebsiella (p &lt; 0,05) y Pseudomonas, el lavado de manos fue más efectivo; sin embargo, E. coli fue la enterobacteria que permaneció elevada a pesar de la higiene de manos (p = 0,01).  Conclusión:  Algunas colonias de E. coli son resistentes al lavado de manos, similar a los agentes residentes como Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticcus y Staphylococcus aureus.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  The skin surface is inhabited by microorganisms responsible for the biochemical balance; some are pathogenic and persist despite hand washing.  Objective:  To identify, in university students, the bacterial flora resistant to hand washing.  Methods:  A longitudinal, analytical and observational study was carried out, for which university students were included who previously received educational talks on hand hygiene. Samples were taken before and after hand washing.  Results:  Of 80 samples analyzed, Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified as the most frequent in 95% of the students and, with hand washing, it was reduced to 60%. The second agent was Staphylococcus saprophyticcus, present in 75% of the cases and, after hand washing, in 35%. E. coli occupied the third position, as it was found in 42.5% of the samples and, after hand hygiene, it was reduced to 17.5%. For transient agents like Klebsiella (P&lt;0.05) and Pseudomonas, handwashing was more effective; however, E. coli was the enterobacterium that remained elevated despite hand hygiene (P=0.01).  Conclusion:  Some E. coli colonies are resistant to hand washing, similar to resident agents such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticcus and Staphylococcus aureus.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colonización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lavado de manos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[E. coli]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[colonization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hand washing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[E. coli]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Staphylococcus]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>1287-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pittet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America]]></article-title>
<collab>Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force</collab>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR Recomm Rep]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>1-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Mundial de la Salud</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Guía de aplicación de la estrategia multimodal de la OMS para la mejora de la higiene de las manos]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra- Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Londoño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Eficacia de la higiene de manos con un preparado de base alcohólica vs lavado de manos con agua y jabón]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Med Colombiana]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>36-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nantasit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hongsuwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Limmathurotsakul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harbarth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>351</volume>
<page-range>h3728</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NCA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pyrek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sparks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cagatay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barkus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in bacterial flora associated with skin damage on hands of health care personnel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Infect Control]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>513-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montalvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huaroto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarezcano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ticona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalencia de portadores nasales por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en personal de salud del servicio de Cuidados intensivos, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Peruana de Epidemiología]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>08</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>08-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard M2-A9]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wayne, PA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schoch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satcher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triplett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The infantile cutaneous microbiome: A review First published]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatric Dermatology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>67-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huamán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huamán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Efectividad de un programa educativo en la Práctica de lavado de manos en familiares de la Unidad de cuidados intensivos del HNAL]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenthal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microbiología Médica]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<edition>8va</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogutlu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gozdas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruayercan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hacialioglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karabay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors affecting hand hygiene adherence at a private hospital in Turkey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eurasian Journal of Medicine]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>208-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regeard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DuBow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variation of bacterial biodiversity from saline soils and estuary sediments present near the Mediterranean Sea coast of Camargue (France)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>351-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheithauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dangel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passweg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Widmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Workload even affects hand hygiene in a highly trained and well-staffed setting: A prospective observational study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hospital Infection]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>11-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamamizu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kiyoko]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of hand hygiene depends on the patient&#8217;s healthcondition and care environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Japan Journal of Nursing Science]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>413-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
