<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-215X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Ortopedia y Traumatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-215X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-215X2013000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Artrosis patelofemoral]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Patellofemoral osteoarthritis]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Arthrose fémoro-patellaire]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Lorenzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yenima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Lastre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Lastre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Doménech  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Camagüey ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>230</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-215X2013000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-215X2013000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-215X2013000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: la artrosis del compartimento patelofemoral es observada con frecuencia en pacientes con gonartrosis, entre sus síntomas y signos destacan el dolor y la sensación de inestabilidad. Objetivo: actualizar y profundizar en el conocimiento de aspectos esenciales como: epidemiología, factores predisponentes, imagenología, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento en pacientes con artrosis patelofemoral. Mètodos: se revisaron 200 artículos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline mediante el localizador de información Endnote con la palabra clave patellofemoral osteoarthritis, se utilizaron 52 citas, 46 de ellas de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: se abordan aspectos de gran interés desde el punto de vista epidemiológico acerca de la frecuencia con que se afecta el compartimento patelofemoral y la diferencias entre la condromalacia de rótula y la artrosis patelofemoral. Se describen los factores predisponentes entre los que se destaca, la displasia patelofemoral. Los exámenes imagenológicos se describen en detalle, en especial los relacionados con las vistas axiales de rótula y se menciona la importancia de la gammagrafía ósea. Se nombran las modalidades más usadas y sus principales indicaciones. Conclusiones: la presente revisión aporta elementos actuales para el tratamiento de enfermos con artrosis patelofemoral y aclara las diferencias entre dos entidades que se confunden con frecuencia en la práctica médica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: arthritis of the patellofemoral compartment is frequent in patients with gonarthrosis. Its signs and symptoms include pain and a feeling of instability. Objective: update and broaden knowledge on essential aspects such as epidemiology, predisposing factors, imaging, differential diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Methods: a review was conducted of 200 papers published by Pubmed, Hinari and Medline using the information locator EndNote with the key term "patellofemoral osteoarthritis". Fifty-three citations were used, 46 of them from the last five years. Results: a discussion is provided of topics of great epidemiological interest, such as the frequency with which the patellofemoral compartment is involved, and the differences between patellar chondromalacia and patellofemoral osteoarthritis. A description is included of predisposing factors, among them patellofemoral dysplasia. Imaging studies, especially those based on axial patellar views, are described in detail. Reference is made to the importance of bone scintigraphy. A description is presented of the most common treatment modes and their main indications. Conclusions: the present review provides updated information about the treatment of patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis, and sheds light on the differences between two conditions which are often confused in medical practice.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: on trouve d'habitude une arthrose du compartiment fémoro-patellaire chez les patients atteints de gonarthrose. Les symptômes et signes comprennent la douleur et la sensation d'instabilité. Objectif: le but de cette révision est d'actualiser et d'approfondir les connaissances sur des aspects essentiels tels que l'épidémiologie, les facteurs de prédisposition, l'imagerie, le diagnostic différentiel et le traitement de l'arthrose fémoro-patellaire. Méthodes: On fait une révision de 200 articles publiés à Pubmed, Hinari et Medline, en utilisant le localisateur d'information Endnote avec le mot clé patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Cinquante-trois, dont 46 ont été publiés dans ces derniers cinq ans, sont cités. Résultats: On aborde des aspects très intéressants du point de vue épidémiologique à propos de la fréquence dans laquelle le compartiment fémoro-patellaire est touché, des différences entre la chondromalacie de la rotule et l'arthrose fémoro-patellaire. Les facteurs de prédisposition, tels que la dysplasie fémoro-patellaire, sont décrits. Les examens d'imagerie sont décrits en détail, notamment ceux qui sont en rapport avec les vues axiales de la rotule. On fait mention de l'importance de la gammagraphie osseuse. Quant au traitement, les techniques les plus fréquemment utilisées et leurs indications principales sont définies. Conclusions: La présente révision met en relief les éléments actuels sur le traitement des malades atteints d'arthrose fémoro-patellaire, et fait des distinctions entre les deux conditions fréquemment confondues dans la pratique médicale.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[artrosis patelofemoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[patellofemoral osteoarthritis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Arthrose fémoro-patellaire]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>ART&Iacute;CULO  DE REVISI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><font size="4">Artrosis  patelofemoral</font></b></font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p><font size="3"><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Patellofemoral  osteoarthritis</font></b></font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p><font size="3"><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Arthrose  f&eacute;moro-patellaire </font></b></font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p> </p>    <p><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Dr.  Alejandro &Aacute;lvarez L&oacute;pez, Dra. Yenima Garc&iacute;a Lorenzo, Dra.Guadalupe  L&oacute;pez Lastre, Lic Mercedes L&oacute;pez Lastre </font></b></p>    <p> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Hospital  Universitario &quot;Manuel Ascunce Dom&eacute;nech&quot;. Camag&uuml;ey, Cuba.</font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p><hr size="1" noshade>  <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>    <br> RESUMEN </B></font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Introducci&oacute;n:</b>  la artrosis del compartimento patelofemoral es observada con frecuencia en pacientes  con gonartrosis, entre sus s&iacute;ntomas y signos destacan el dolor y la sensaci&oacute;n  de inestabilidad.    <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Objetivo:</B>  actualizar y profundizar en el conocimiento de aspectos esenciales como: epidemiolog&iacute;a,  factores predisponentes, imagenolog&iacute;a, diagn&oacute;stico diferencial y  tratamiento en pacientes con artrosis patelofemoral.    <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>M&egrave;todos:</B>  se revisaron 200 art&iacute;culos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline mediante  el localizador de informaci&oacute;n Endnote con la palabra clave <I>patellofemoral  osteoarthritis</I>, se utilizaron 52 citas, 46 de ellas de los &uacute;ltimos  cinco a&ntilde;os.    <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Resultados:</B>  se abordan aspectos de gran inter&eacute;s desde el punto de vista epidemiol&oacute;gico  acerca de la frecuencia con que se afecta el compartimento patelofemoral y la  diferencias entre la condromalacia de r&oacute;tula y la artrosis patelofemoral.  Se describen los factores predisponentes entre los que se destaca, la displasia  patelofemoral. Los ex&aacute;menes imagenol&oacute;gicos se describen en detalle,  en especial los relacionados con las vistas axiales de r&oacute;tula y se menciona  la importancia de la gammagraf&iacute;a &oacute;sea. Se nombran las modalidades  m&aacute;s usadas y sus principales indicaciones.    <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Conclusiones:</B>  la presente revisi&oacute;n aporta elementos actuales para el tratamiento de enfermos  con artrosis patelofemoral y aclara las diferencias entre dos entidades que se  confunden con frecuencia en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica. </font></p>    <p></p>    <p>  </p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b>  artrosis patelofemoral.</font><hr size="1" noshade> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>    <br>  ABSTRACT </B></font>     <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Introduction:</b>  arthritis of the patellofemoral compartment is frequent in patients with gonarthrosis.  Its signs and symptoms include pain and a feeling of instability.    <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Objective:</B>  update and broaden knowledge on essential aspects such as epidemiology, predisposing  factors, imaging, differential diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral  osteoarthritis.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <B>Methods:</B> a review was conducted of 200 papers published  by Pubmed, Hinari and Medline using the information locator EndNote with the key  term &quot;patellofemoral osteoarthritis&quot;. Fifty-three citations were used,  46 of them from the last five years.    <br> <B>Results:</B> a discussion is provided  of topics of great epidemiological interest, such as the frequency with which  the patellofemoral compartment is involved, and the differences between patellar  chondromalacia and patellofemoral osteoarthritis. A description is included of  predisposing factors, among them patellofemoral dysplasia. Imaging studies, especially  those based on axial patellar views, are described in detail. Reference is made  to the importance of bone scintigraphy. A description is presented of the most  common treatment modes and their main indications.    <br> <B>Conclusions:</B> the  present review provides updated information about the treatment of patients with  patellofemoral osteoarthritis, and sheds light on the differences between two  conditions which are often confused in medical practice. </font></p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Key  words:</b> patellofemoral osteoarthritis. </font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <p> </p>    <p></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>R&Eacute;SUM&Eacute;  </B></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Introduction:  </b>on trouve d'habitude une arthrose du compartiment f&eacute;moro-patellaire  chez les patients atteints de gonarthrose. Les sympt&ocirc;mes et signes comprennent  la douleur et la sensation d'instabilit&eacute;.    <br> <B>Objectif: </B>le but de  cette r&eacute;vision est d'actualiser et d'approfondir les connaissances sur  des aspects essentiels tels que l'&eacute;pid&eacute;miologie, les facteurs de  pr&eacute;disposition, l'imagerie, le diagnostic diff&eacute;rentiel et le traitement  de l'arthrose f&eacute;moro-patellaire.    <br> <B>M&eacute;thodes: </B>on fait une  r&eacute;vision de 200 articles publi&eacute;s &agrave; Pubmed, Hinari et Medline,  en utilisant le localisateur d'information Endnote avec le mot cl&eacute; <I>patellofemoral  osteoarthritis.</I> Cinquante-trois, dont 46 ont &eacute;t&eacute; publi&eacute;s  dans ces derniers cinq ans, sont cit&eacute;s.    <br> <B>R&eacute;sultats:</B>&#160;  on aborde des aspects tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressants du point de vue &eacute;pid&eacute;miologique  &agrave; propos de la fr&eacute;quence dans laquelle le compartiment f&eacute;moro-patellaire  est touch&eacute;, des diff&eacute;rences entre la chondromalacie de la rotule  et l'arthrose f&eacute;moro-patellaire. Les facteurs de pr&eacute;disposition,  tels que la dysplasie f&eacute;moro-patellaire, sont d&eacute;crits. Les examens  d'imagerie sont d&eacute;crits en d&eacute;tail, notamment ceux qui sont en rapport  avec les vues axiales de la rotule. On fait mention de l'importance de la gammagraphie  osseuse. Quant au traitement, les techniques les plus fr&eacute;quemment utilis&eacute;es  et leurs indications principales sont d&eacute;finies.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><B>Conclusions:</B>  la pr&eacute;sente r&eacute;vision met en relief les &eacute;l&eacute;ments actuels  sur le traitement des malades atteints d'arthrose f&eacute;moro-patellaire, et  fait des distinctions entre les deux conditions fr&eacute;quemment confondues  dans la pratique m&eacute;dicale. </font></p>    <p> </p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Mots-cl&eacute;s:</b>  Arthrose f&eacute;moro-patellaire.</font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p><font size="3">I<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>NTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></font></p>    <p></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  artrosis de la rodilla tambi&eacute;n conocida como gonartrosis constituye una  de las enfermedades mas frecuentes en la actualidad. Desde el punto de vista anat&oacute;mico,  la articulaci&oacute;n de la rodilla est&aacute; conformada por tres compartimentos:  el tibiofemoral medial, tibiofemoral lateral y el patelofemoral. La afectaci&oacute;n  de los compartimentos no es similar en pacientes con esta enfermedad.<SUP>1-3</SUP>  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Seg&uacute;n  <I>Guermazi A</I> y otros,<SUP>4</SUP> la afecci&oacute;n tricompartimental es  una de las m&aacute;s frecuentes, al igual que la bicompartimental; sin embargo,  la variedad bicompartimental m&aacute;s publicada en la literatura es la del compartimento  tibiofemoral medial y patelofemoral.<SUP>5,6</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  afecci&oacute;n del compartimento patelofemoral de forma aislada no es frecuente  seg&uacute;n <I>Barret JP</I> y otros,<SUP>7</SUP> y representa solo el 4 %, pero  asociado a otros compartimentos su frecuencia es m&aacute;s marcada. Los s&iacute;ntomas  y signos de pacientes con artrosis patelofemoral (APF) pueden varias desde una  forma asintom&aacute;tica a otra muy incapacitante. El dolor, la sensaci&oacute;n  de inestabilidad o ambos son los s&iacute;ntomas mas frecuentes, el dolor por  lo general se localiza en la cara anterior de la rodilla y aumenta su intensidad  al subir escaleras, en la posici&oacute;n de cuclillas o arrodillado. Cuando el  enfermo mantiene la rodilla flexionada por un periodo prolongado necesita realizar  la extensi&oacute;n para aliviar el dolor.<SUP>8-10</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El  tratamiento de esta afecci&oacute;n depende de elementos como: la edad, factores  predisponentes y estadio de la enfermedad. El tratamiento conservador es la primera  l&iacute;nea e incluye una gran cantidad de m&eacute;todos. Por otra parte, las  modalidades quir&uacute;rgicas var&iacute;an desde las que conservan la articulaci&oacute;n,  hasta aquellas en que se realiza su sustituci&oacute;n de forma parcial o total.<SUP>11-13</SUP>  </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Debido  a la gran cantidad de pacientes afectados por esta enfermedad a nivel mundial  y en Cuba, es prop&oacute;sito de este trabajo actualizar al personal m&eacute;dico  sobre aspectos esenciales como: epidemiolog&iacute;a, factores predisponentes,  imagenolog&iacute;a, diagn&oacute;stico diferencial y tratamiento.</font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>  </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>M&Eacute;TODOS  </B> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Se  realiz&oacute; una revisi&oacute;n bibliogr&aacute;fica de 200 art&iacute;culos  publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline mediante el localizador de informaci&oacute;n  Endnote, se utilizaron 52 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisi&oacute;n,  46 de ellas de los &uacute;ltimos cinco a&ntilde;os. Tambi&eacute;n fueron utilizados  dos libros, publicados en los &uacute;ltimos cinco a&ntilde;os.</font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">    <br>  <b><font size="3">RESULTADOS</font></b><font size="3"> <b>Y DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">ACERCA  DE LA ENFERMEDAD     <br> </font></p>    <p></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Epidemiolog&iacute;a</b></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  artrosis patelofemoral tiene diferentes formas de presentaci&oacute;n entre las  que se encuentra la primaria, que es la m&aacute;s frecuente, seg&uacute;n <I>Dejour  D</I> y otros,<SUP>14</SUP> hasta en el 49 %; postraum&aacute;tica en el 9 % y  la asociada a inestabilidad patelofemoral en el 33 %. </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En  un estudio realizado por los autores de esta revisi&oacute;n en 315 pacientes  diagnosticados y tratados por v&iacute;a artrosc&oacute;pica con el diagn&oacute;stico  de gonartrosis primaria en el Hospital Universitario &quot;Manuel Ascunce&quot;  en la ciudad de Camag&uuml;ey entre los a&ntilde;os 2006 y 2008, el 28,6 % present&oacute;  afecci&oacute;n de un solo compartimento y de ellos el patelofemoral de forma  aislada en 10 enfermos para el 11,1 %. Sin embargo, la presencia de APF en combinaci&oacute;n  con la afectaci&oacute;n de otros compartimentos se observ&oacute; en 190 pacientes  para el 60,3 %, lo que mostr&oacute; que la frecuencia de APF es m&aacute;s marcada  en forma combinada con otros compartimentos de la articulaci&oacute;n, que de  la forma aislada (<a href="#f0108213">Fig.</a>). </font></p>    <p align="center"><img src="/img/revistas/ort/v27n2/f0108213.jpg" width="530" height="334"><a name="f0108213"></a></p>    <p></p>    <p>  </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><I>Dejour D</I>  y otros,<SUP>15</SUP> plantean un predominio de la enfermedad en el sexo femenino,  75 %, otros como <i>Davis AO,</i> afirman lo contrario.    <br>     <br>     <br> </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>  </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Condromalacia  y artrosis patelofemoral</b></font><i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">  </font></i></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El  t&eacute;rmino condromalacia es confundido de manera frecuente con el de APF,  por esta raz&oacute;n se hace necesario aclarar que en caso de existir osteofitos,  esclerosis subcondral, quistes y sinovitis es mejor clasificar estas lesiones  como APF seg&uacute;n plantea <I>Aglietti P</I> y otros,<SUP>16</SUP> adem&aacute;s,  la condromalacia de r&oacute;tula es una entidad que afecta por lo general a pacientes  menores de 40 a&ntilde;os de edad y la APF aumenta su frecuencia por encima de  esta edad (<a href="#t0108213">tabla</a>).    <br> </font></p>    <p align="center"><img src="/img/revistas/ort/v27n2/t0108213.gif" width="579" height="276"><a name="t0108213"></a></p>    <p></p>    <p><i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">    <br>      <br> </font></font></i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Factores  predisponentes a la <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">artrosis  patelofemoral </font></b></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Seg&uacute;n  <I>Dejour D</I> y otros,<SUP>14</SUP> existen factores que predisponen al desarrollo  de esta enfermedad entre los que se encuentran: displasia de la tr&oacute;clea  y r&oacute;tula, adem&aacute;s de la mala alineaci&oacute;n patelofemoral, este  propio autor plantea que la altura de la r&oacute;tula no est&aacute; relacionada  con el desarrollo de la APF. </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  presencia o no de displasia patelofemoral define el tipo de tratamiento a ser  utilizado; en caso de pacientes con ausencia de displasia son &uacute;tiles por  lo general las t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas no prot&eacute;sicas como la  liberaci&oacute;n del retin&aacute;culo lateral, plicaturas mediales, osteotom&iacute;a  y medializaci&oacute;n de la tuberosidad tibial, para mejorar la alineaci&oacute;n  y el balance de la articulaci&oacute;n. Por otra parte, en pacientes con displasia  patelofemoral son necesarias t&eacute;cnicas de sustituci&oacute;n prot&eacute;sicas  de tipo parciales o totales.<SUP>17-19</SUP></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><SUP><i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">    <br>  </font></i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"></font></SUP></font>  </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Imagenolog&iacute;a    <br>  </b></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><SUP><i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">    <br>  </font></i></SUP>Para realizar una correcta evaluaci&oacute;n de la articulaci&oacute;n  patelofemoral se necesitan vistas radiogr&aacute;ficas anteroposteriores, laterales  en 20 grados de flexi&oacute;n con carga de peso y axiales en 30 grados.<SUP>20-22</SUP>  En pacientes por encima de 50 a&ntilde;os y antecedentes de cirug&iacute;a anterior  de la articulaci&oacute;n, es necesaria la vista de <I>Rosenberg TD</I> y otros,<SUP>23</SUP>  en 45 grados de flexi&oacute;n y carga de peso. </font> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  vista lateral es importante para detectar la presencia de osteofitos supratrocleares,  altura de la r&oacute;tula, estrechamiento del espacio articular y detectar signos  radiogr&aacute;ficos de displasia de la tr&oacute;clea y r&oacute;tula.<SUP>24,25</SUP>  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">En la  vista axial de r&oacute;tula en 30 grados flexi&oacute;n, se puede observar la  presencia de estrechamiento articular en algunas ocasiones con contacto entre  la r&oacute;tula y la cavidad troclear, osteofitos y se detecta si la r&oacute;tula  est&aacute; centrada o subluxada.<SUP>26</SUP> Basado en esta vista radiogr&aacute;fica  <I>Iwano T</I> y otros,<SUP>27</SUP> proponen la siguiente clasificaci&oacute;n  para pacientes con APF que afecta el lado lateral, &uacute;til para definir pron&oacute;stico  y conducta a seguir: </font></p>    <p> </p>    <blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">-  Estadio 1. Ligera artrosis, estrechamiento articular mayor a tres mil&iacute;metros.  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">- Estadio  2. Moderada, estrechamiento articular menor a tres mil&iacute;metros. </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">-  Estadio 3. Severa, contacto &oacute;seo menor a un cuarto de la superficie articular.  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">- Estadio  4. Muy severa, contacto &oacute;seo en toda la superficie articular. </font></p></blockquote>    <p>  </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La artrograf&iacute;a  en combinaci&oacute;n con la tomograf&iacute;a axial computarizada es otro de  los estudios imagenol&oacute;gicos de gran ayuda en pacientes con APF, en especial  en aquellos con inestabilidad de la r&oacute;tula, ya que define la extensi&oacute;n  de la afecci&oacute;n de los cart&iacute;lagos y la necesidad o no de la cirug&iacute;a  de realineaci&oacute;n.<SUP>20</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  gammagraf&iacute;a &oacute;sea con tecnecio 99 ofrece la posibilidad de diagnosticar  la enfermedad mucho antes de su aparici&oacute;n en la radiograf&iacute;a convencional.  Mediante este examen se observa aumento de la captaci&oacute;n de este elemento  en la articulaci&oacute;n patelofemoral.<SUP>28</SUP> <I>Dye SF,</I><SUP>29</SUP>  plantea que la presencia de dolor anterior en la rodilla con ausencia de signos  radiogr&aacute;ficos de APF y aumento de la captaci&oacute;n del radiof&aacute;rmaco  en la articulaci&oacute;n patelofemoral, se debe interpretar como la p&eacute;rdida  de la homeostasis tisular y responde a la presencia de este s&iacute;ntoma.     <br>      <br> <b>    <br> </b></font><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Diagn&oacute;stico  diferencial </font></b></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  enfermedad que m&aacute;s se asemeja a la APF es la condrocalcinosis. Esta entidad  representa el 8 % de todos los tipos de artritis patelofemorales de forma aislada  seg&uacute;n <I>Dejour D</I> y otros.<SUP>14</SUP> La causa de esta enfermedad  es desconocida y se caracteriza por el dep&oacute;sito de microcristales en varias  partes de la articulaci&oacute;n. La condrocalcinosis es una enfermedad metab&oacute;lica  que afecta diversas articulaciones del organismo y su presentaci&oacute;n var&iacute;a  de una forma benigna a otra muy destructiva. La articulaci&oacute;n de la rodilla  es una de las m&aacute;s afectadas por esta entidad y en especial su forma destructiva  se asemeja a la APF. El cuadro cl&iacute;nico se caracteriza por la presencia  de sinovitis de tipo serosanguinolenta. La radiograf&iacute;a es decisiva para  el diagn&oacute;stico diferencial ya que en pacientes con condrocalcinosis existe  irregularidad en las superficies articulares, por lo general, la afecci&oacute;n  es bilateral, la r&oacute;tula est&aacute; delgada en especial hacia la cara lateral  donde se aprecia subluxaci&oacute;n de manera frecuente.<SUP>30,31</SUP></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">    <br>  </font></i><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b>Tratamiento  </b></font>    <br>     <br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El  tratamiento conservador en pacientes con APF constituye la primera l&iacute;nea  con independencia de la causa, entre sus variantes se encuentran: la modificaci&oacute;n  de la actividad f&iacute;sica, control del peso corporal, uso de analg&eacute;sicos,  antinflamatorios, esteroides intrarticulares, viscosuplementaci&oacute;n, soportes,  ortesis, terapia f&iacute;sica y suplementos nutricionales como los sulfatos de  condritina y glucosamina.<SUP>32,33</SUP> La efectividad de estas modalidades  de tratamiento est&aacute; en dependencia de la causa y grado de afecci&oacute;n  del </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">enfermo.<SUP>34,35</SUP>  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Los  procedimientos artrosc&oacute;picos desempe&ntilde;an un papel muy importante  en el tratamiento de pacientes con APF. Mediante esta v&iacute;a de acceso m&iacute;nimo,  se pueden realizar t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas como: desbridamiento artrosc&oacute;pico,  liberaci&oacute;n del retin&aacute;culo lateral y realineaci&oacute;n o plicatura  proximal de partes blandas.<SUP>36-38</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">El  desbridamiento artrosc&oacute;pico est&aacute; justificado en presencia de s&iacute;ntomas  y signos mec&aacute;nicos y cuerpos libres articulares. El efecto de este procedimiento  es transitorio, ya que elimina los irritantes mec&aacute;nicos y el paciente disminuye  sus s&iacute;ntomas, pero no detiene el progreso de la enfermedad.<SUP>15 </SUP>  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La liberaci&oacute;n  del retin&aacute;culo lateral est&aacute; indicada en caso de presi&oacute;n excesiva  del lado lateral de la r&oacute;tula, lo que puede ser confirmado mediante la  realizaci&oacute;n de radiograf&iacute;as, este procedimiento mejora la alineaci&oacute;n  patelofemoral y pude ser combinado con la plicatura del retin&aacute;culo medial  como m&eacute;todo de realineaci&oacute;n proximal.<SUP>39-41</SUP> La patelectom&iacute;a  vertical lateral es un procedimiento de utilidad en pacientes con osteofitos laterales  que producen bloqueo y sinovitis a repetici&oacute;n; se debe seccionar alrededor  de 1,5 cent&iacute;metros y en el mismo acto quir&uacute;rgico, extraer los osteofitos  localizados en la tr&oacute;clea.<SUP>42</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Existen  otros m&eacute;todos de realineaci&oacute;n proximal con el objetivo primordial  de aliviar la presi&oacute;n del compartimento patelofemoral lateral, entre estos  m&eacute;todos se encuentra la reinserci&oacute;n del vasto medial hacia el vasto  lateral acompa&ntilde;ado de la liberaci&oacute;n del retin&aacute;culo lateral,  lo que es llevado a cabo mediante artrotom&iacute;a.<SUP>43,44</SUP> </font></p>    <p>  </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Dentro de las  t&eacute;cnicas de realineaci&oacute;n distal se encuentra la osteotom&iacute;a,  combinada en ocasiones con procedimientos de reparaci&oacute;n de los cart&iacute;lagos.  El requisito fundamental para la realizaci&oacute;n de esta t&eacute;cnica es  conocer el estado de la superficie articular que va asumir la trasferencia de  la carga biomec&aacute;nica. Seg&uacute;n <I>Mihalko WM</I> y otros,<SUP>45</SUP>  las dos indicaciones para la transferencia de la tuberosidad tibial anterior son:  la necesidad de realineaci&oacute;n de la r&oacute;tula, cuando el proceso degenerativo  es limitado y que la realineaci&oacute;n produzca la disminuci&oacute;n de las  cargas biomec&aacute;nicas en el &aacute;rea afectada. </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  sustituci&oacute;n prot&eacute;sica en pacientes con APF est&aacute; justificada  en los estadios m&aacute;s avanzados de la enfermedad, pacientes con displasia  patelofemoral y fallas de otros tratamientos de tipo quir&uacute;rgico.<SUP>46-48</SUP>  </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Las  sustituciones prot&eacute;sicas tienen dos modalidades, la parcial y la total.  La artroplastia parcial de la articulaci&oacute;n patelofemoral est&aacute; indicada  seg&uacute;n <I>Leadbetter WB,</I><SUP>49</SUP> en caso de: APF aislada, presencia  de s&iacute;ntomas y signos que interfieren con las actividades de la vida diaria,  falta de respuesta favorable al tratamiento conservador por m&aacute;s de tres  a seis meses, ausencia de afecci&oacute;n tibiofemoral, alineaci&oacute;n tibiofemoral  normal, pacientes no obesos y ausencia de artritis de tipo inflamatoria. La necesidad  de conversi&oacute;n de la artroplastia unicompartimental a la total, est&aacute;  en dependencia de factores como: progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad en los compartimentos  tibiofemorales, la edad y el dise&ntilde;o de pr&oacute;tesis utilizado, seg&uacute;n  plantea <I>Bellemans</I> y otros.<SUP>50</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  conversi&oacute;n a la artroplastia total seg&uacute;n <I>Leadbetter WB,</I><SUP>49</SUP>  es alrededor del 9 %. A pesar de la indicaci&oacute;n para la artroplastia unicompartimental  en pacientes con APF aislada, otros investigadores como <I>Mont MA,</I><SUP>51  </SUP><I>Meding JB</I><SUP>52 </SUP>y otros, defienden la realizaci&oacute;n de  la artroplastia total aun cuando solo exista afecci&oacute;n del compartimento  patelofemoral, debido a que este procedimiento tiene un muy bajo &iacute;ndice  de sustituci&oacute;n, al compararlo con el de los pacientes a los que se les  realiza artroplastia unicompartimental patelofemoral. </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  patelectom&iacute;a total no debe ser considerada como una soluci&oacute;n definitiva  en pacientes con APF, debido a dos razones fundamentales, la primera es que con  la patelectom&iacute;a se alivia el dolor en los primeros momentos, pero despu&eacute;s  es frecuente encontrar tendomalacia que causa dolor de forma reiterada y segundo,  la p&eacute;rdida de la r&oacute;tula conlleva a la disminuci&oacute;n en la longitud  y por ende de la fuerza del cu&aacute;driceps, lo que afecta de manera permanente  la funci&oacute;n de la articulaci&oacute;n.<SUP>28</SUP> </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  APF es una entidad frecuente en combinaci&oacute;n con otros compartimentos de  la rodilla, sus causas pueden ser: idiop&aacute;tica y secundaria a trastornos  de la alineaci&oacute;n patelofemoral y traumas previos. En relaci&oacute;n al  tratamiento se deben tener en cuenta factores como la edad, estadio de la enfermedad  y presencia de displasia patelofemoral. </font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">La  presente revisi&oacute;n aporta elementos actuales para el tratamiento de enfermos  con artrosis patelofemoral y aclara las diferencias entre </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">condromalacia  y artrosis patelofemoral</font>,<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">  dos entidades que se confunden con frecuencia en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica.  </font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><B>REFERENCIAS  BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS </B></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">  </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">1. Clark  AL. Osteoarthritis: what we have been missing in the patellofemoral joint. Exerc  Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36(1):30-7.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">2.  Moen TC, Laskin W, Puri L. The lateral compartment in knees with isolated medial  and patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a histologic analysis of articular cartilage.  J Arthroplasty. 2011;26(5):783-7.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">3.  Peat G, Duncan RC, Wood LR, Thomas E, Muller S. Clinical features of symptomatic  patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(2):R63.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">4.  Guermazi A, Burstein D, Conaghan P, Eckstein F, Hellio Le Graverand Gastineau  MP. Imaging in osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34(3):645-87.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">5.  Seitlinger G, Beitzel K, Scheurecker G, Imhoff A, Hofmann S. The painful patellofemoral  joint. Biomechanics, diagnosis and therapy. Orthopade. 2011;40(4):353-68.     </font></p>    ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">41.  Wu CC. Combined lateral retinacular release with drilling chondroplasty for treatment  of patellofemoral osteoarthritis associated with patellar malalignment in elderly  patients. Knee. 2011;18(1):24-9.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">42.  Paulos LE, O'Connor DL, Karistinos A. Partial lateral patellar facetectomy for  treatment of arthritis due to lateral patellar compression syndrome. Arthroscopy.  2008;24(5):547-53.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">43.  Berend KR, Lombardi AV, Morris MJ, Hurst JM, Kavolus JJ. Does preoperative patellofemoral  joint state affect medial unicompartmental arthroplasty survival? Orthopedics.  2011; 34(9):e494-6.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">44.  Tsavalas N, Katonis P, Karantanas AH. Knee joint anterior malalignment and patellofemoral  osteoarthritis: an MRI study. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(2):418-28.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">45.  Mihalko WM, Adjei YB, Spang JT, Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA, Saleh KJ. Controversies  and techniques in the surgical management of patellofemoral arthritis. J Bone  Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(12):2788- 802.     </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">46.  Lonner JH. Patellofemoral arthroplasty: the impact of design on outcomes. Orthop  Clin North Am. 2008;39(3):347-54.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">47.  Gao X, Xu ZJ, He RX, Yan SG, Wu LD. A preliminary report of patellofemoral arthroplasty  in isolated patellofemoral arthritis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123(21):3020-3.      </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">48.  Lonner JH. Patellofemoral arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2010;59:67-84.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">49.  Leadbetter WB, Kolisek FR, Levitt RL, Brooker AF, Zietz P, Marker DR, et al. Patellofemoral  arthroplasty: a multi-centre study with minimum 2-year follow-up. Int Orthop.  2009;33(6):1597-601.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">50.  Bellemans J, Vandenneucker H. Isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis: prosthetic  indications. In: Zaffagnini S, Dejour D, Arendt EA, editors. Patellofemoral Pain,  Instability, and Arthritis. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2010. p. 279-85.     </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">51.  Mont MA, Haas S, Mullick T, Hungerford DS. Total knee arthroplasty for patellofemoral  arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1977-81.     </font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">52.  Meding JB, Wing JT, Keating EM, Ritter MA. Total knee arthroplasty for isolated  patellofemoral arthritis in younger patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;464:78-82.      </font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p> </p>    <p> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Recibido:  5 de enero del 2013.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Aprobado:  30 de marzo del 2013. </font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p> </p>    <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><I>Alejandro  &Aacute;lvarez L&oacute;pez.</I> Hospital Universitario &quot;Manuel Ascunce Domenech&quot;.  Carretera Central Oeste Km 4 &#189;, 70 100. Ciudad de Camag&uuml;ey, Cuba.    <br>  </font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Correo electr&oacute;nico:  <U><FONT COLOR="#0000ff"><a href="mailto:yenima@finlay.cmw.sld.cu">yenima@finlay.cmw.sld.cu</a></FONT></U>  </font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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