<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-215X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Ortopedia y Traumatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-215X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-215X2014000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Artrosis y actividad física]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Arthrosis and physical activity]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Arthrose et activité physique]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorge Jaime]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Márquez Arabia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[William Henry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Márquez Arabia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>100</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-215X2014000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-215X2014000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-215X2014000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La artrosis es una de las principales causas de dolor y discapacidad en el mundo y afecta principalmente a las articulaciones de la rodilla, cadera y mano. La influencia de la actividad física en el desarrollo y progresión de la artrosis es controversial. En general, parece no tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la rodilla y la cadera, y por el contrario, beneficia la salud articular. Factores de riesgo, como la obesidad y el trauma previo sí provocan efectos nocivos. La mayoría de los expertos recomienda las medidas no farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla y cadera, entre estas: ejercicios aeróbicos, de fuerza, acuáticos; y la fisioterapia para la mejoría del funcionamiento físico, de la discapacidad y el dolor. Falta determinar con mayor precisión la prescripción ideal del ejercicio para obtener sus efectos en estos pacientes y poder optimizar el manejo individualizado. La adherencia es fundamental para obtener los beneficios de cualquier tipo de ejercicio a corto y largo plazo y se debe evaluar mínimo las preferencias y barreras para su ejecución. Este artículo revisa fundamentalmente los efectos de la actividad física y el ejercicio en el desarrollo, progresión y tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla y cadera.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Osteoarthritis is one of the main causes of pain and disability worldwide and fundamentally affects the knee, the hip and the hand joints. The influence of physical activity in the development and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial. Generally speaking, it seems that it does not have harmful effects in the knee and the hip; it rather benefits the joint health. Risk factors such as obesity and previous trauma do have harmful effects. The majority of experts recommend the non-pharmacological measures for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis such as aerobics, strengthening, aquatic exercises, and physical therapy for improved physical functioning, reduction of disability and pain relief. It is necessary to determine more accurately the ideal prescription of exercises for the patients to obtain the best effects and to optimize the personalized management. The adherence to exercising is important to achieve at short and at long term the best benefits from any type of exercises, and the preferences for performing them and the barriers to do it should be evaluated. This article reviewed the general effects of exercising and of physical activity in the development, progression and treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[L'arthrose est l'une des principales causes de douleur et de handicap, affectant notamment les articulations du genou, de la hanche et des mains. L'influence de l'activité physique sur le développement et la progression de l'arthrose est un sujet encore polémique. Généralement, elle ne semble pas avoir un effet nocif sur le genou et la hanche, elle rapporte au contraire un bénéfice pour la santé des articulations; quelques facteurs de risque tels que l'obésité et le traumatisme préalable provoquent un effet nocif majeur. La plupart des experts recommandent des mesures non pharmacologiques pour traiter l'arthrose de genou et de hanche, telles que des exercices aérobics, de force, aquatiques, et basés sur la kinésithérapie, afin d'améliorer le fonctionnement physique et de soulager les handicaps et la douleur. Il faut définir avec beaucoup plus de précision quelle est la prescription idéale des exercices, afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats chez ces patients et d'optimiser la prise en charge personnalisée. C'est essentiel de suivre le traitement pour atteindre les bénéfices de chaque exercice à court et à long terme, et une évaluation minimale des préférences et des obstacles doit être réalisée pour sa mise en exécution. Cet article met en examen les effets de l'activité physique et de l'exercice sur le développement, la progression et le traitement de l'arthrose de genou et de hanche.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[artrosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ejercicio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad física]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rodilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cadera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[osteoarthritis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exercising]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[knee]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hip]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[arthrose]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[exercice]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[activité physique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[genou]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol    2014;28(1)</b> </font></p>     <p align="right"> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>REVISI&#211;N BIBLIOGR&#193;FICA</b></font></p>     <p align="right">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="left"><font size="4"><b><font face="Verdana">Artrosis y actividad f&iacute;sica</font></b></font></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="3">Arthrosis and physical activity</font></b>    </font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="3">Arthrose et activit&#233;    physique</font></b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> <b>Dr. Jorge Jaime M&#225;rquez Arabia, Dr.    William Henry M&#225;rquez Arabia </b></font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&#237;n, Colombia.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><hr size="1" noshade>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>RESUMEN</b> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La artrosis es una de las principales causas    de dolor y discapacidad en el mundo y afecta principalmente a las articulaciones    de la rodilla, cadera y mano. La influencia de la actividad f&#237;sica en el    desarrollo y progresi&#243;n de la artrosis es controversial. En general, parece    no tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la rodilla y la cadera, y por el contrario,    beneficia la salud articular. Factores de riesgo, como la obesidad y el trauma    previo s&#237; provocan efectos nocivos. La mayor&#237;a de los expertos recomienda    las medidas no farmacol&#243;gicas para el tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla    y cadera, entre estas: ejercicios aer&#243;bicos, de fuerza, acu&#225;ticos;    y la fisioterapia para la mejor&#237;a del funcionamiento f&#237;sico, de la    discapacidad y el dolor. Falta determinar con mayor precisi&#243;n la prescripci&#243;n    ideal del ejercicio para obtener sus efectos en estos pacientes y poder optimizar    el manejo individualizado. La adherencia es fundamental para obtener los beneficios    de cualquier tipo de ejercicio a corto y largo plazo y se debe evaluar m&#237;nimo    las preferencias y barreras para su ejecuci&#243;n. Este art&#237;culo revisa    fundamentalmente los efectos de la actividad f&#237;sica y el ejercicio en el    desarrollo, progresi&#243;n y tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla y cadera.    </font></p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Palabras </b> <b>c</b><b>lave</b><b>:</b>    artrosis, ejercicio, actividad f&#237;sica, rodilla, cadera. <hr size="1" noshade></font>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>ABSTRACT</b> </font> </p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Osteoarthritis is one of the main causes of    pain and disability worldwide and fundamentally affects the knee, the hip and    the hand joints. The influence of physical activity in the development and progression    of osteoarthritis is controversial. Generally speaking, it seems that it does    not have harmful effects in the knee and the hip; it rather benefits the joint    health. Risk factors such as obesity and previous trauma do have harmful effects.    The majority of experts recommend the non-pharmacological measures for the treatment    of knee and hip osteoarthritis such as aerobics, strengthening, aquatic exercises,    and physical therapy for improved physical functioning, reduction of disability    and pain relief. It is necessary to determine more accurately the ideal prescription    of exercises for the patients to obtain the best effects and to optimize the    personalized management. The adherence to exercising is important to achieve    at short and at long term the best benefits from any type of exercises, and    the preferences for performing them and the barriers to do it should be evaluated.    This article reviewed the general effects of exercising and of physical activity    in the development, progression and treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis.    </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>  <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Keywords:</b> osteoarthritis, exercising, physical  activity, knee, hip.  <hr size="1" noshade></font>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>R&#201;SUM&#201; </b> </font> </p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> L'arthrose est l'une des principales causes    de douleur et de handicap, affectant notamment les articulations du genou, de    la hanche et des mains. L'influence de l'activit&#233; physique sur le d&#233;veloppement    et la progression de l'arthrose est un sujet encore pol&#233;mique. G&#233;n&#233;ralement,    elle ne semble pas avoir un effet nocif sur le genou et la hanche, elle rapporte    au contraire un b&#233;n&#233;fice pour la sant&#233; des articulations; quelques    facteurs de risque tels que l'ob&#233;sit&#233; et le traumatisme pr&#233;alable    provoquent un effet nocif majeur. La plupart des experts recommandent des mesures    non pharmacologiques pour traiter l'arthrose de genou et de hanche, telles que    des exercices a&#233;robics, de force, aquatiques, et bas&#233;s sur la kin&#233;sith&#233;rapie,    afin d'am&#233;liorer le fonctionnement physique et de soulager les handicaps    et la douleur. Il faut d&#233;finir avec beaucoup plus de pr&#233;cision quelle    est la prescription id&#233;ale des exercices, afin d'obtenir les meilleurs    r&#233;sultats chez ces patients et d'optimiser la prise en charge personnalis&#233;e.    C'est essentiel de suivre le traitement pour atteindre les b&#233;n&#233;fices    de chaque exercice &#224; court et &#224; long terme, et une &#233;valuation    minimale des pr&#233;f&#233;rences et des obstacles doit &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e    pour sa mise en ex&#233;cution. Cet article met en examen les effets de l'activit&#233;    physique et de l'exercice sur le d&#233;veloppement, la progression et le traitement    de l'arthrose de genou et de hanche. </font></p>     <p>  <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Mots cl&#233;s:</b> arthrose, exercice, activit&#233;  physique, genou, hanche.  <hr size="1" noshade></font>     <p>&nbsp; </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="3">INTRODUCCI</font></b><font size="3"><b>&#211;N</b>    </font></font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La artrosis (OA) es la forma m&#225;s com&#250;n    de artritis y su frecuencia ha aumentado alrededor de 30 % en los &#250;ltimos    10 a&#241;os.<sup>1,2</sup> Es una de las principales causas de dolor y discapacidad    en el mundo y se refiere a un s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nico, de dolor articular    acompa&#241;ado de varios grados de limitaci&#243;n funcional y psicol&#243;gica    que compromete la calidad de vida.<sup>2,3</sup> Su alta prevalencia, etiolog&#237;a,    patogenia y las razones para su progresi&#243;n todav&#237;a no se determinan    completamente. En general, la OA es una enfermedad articular degenerativa que    involucra un proceso de reparaci&#243;n metab&#243;licamente activo que se lleva    a cabo en los tejidos articulares e implica p&#233;rdida localizada de cart&#237;lago    y remodelaci&#243;n del hueso adyacente.<sup>2,4</sup> Las rodillas, las caderas    y las articulaciones peque&#241;as de las manos son las m&#225;s com&#250;nmente    afectadas. Aunque el dolor, disminuci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n y la calidad    de vida pueden ser consecuencias importantes de la OA, los cambios estructurales    a menudo se presentan sin s&#237;ntomas asociados.<sup>5</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     <br>   FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA ARTROSIS </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Contrariamente a la creencia popular, la OA    no se produce por el envejecimiento y no necesariamente la deteriora, puede    predisponer, pero las articulaciones afectadas y la gravedad de la enfermedad    est&#225;n m&#225;s estrechamente relacionadas con otros factores de riesgo    como lesi&#243;n articular, la obesidad, y los factores anat&#243;micos y biomec&#225;nicos.<sup>2.6</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> LA OA es una enfermedad compleja com&#250;n    con m&#250;ltiples factores de riesgo controversiales que se pueden dividir,    en general, en gen&#233;ticos (herencia hasta 40-60 % para OA la mano, rodilla    y cadera, aunque muchos genes responsables no se conocen, susceptibilidad gen&#233;tica    en mol&#233;culas inflamatorias e involucradas en cascadas de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n),<sup>7-9</sup>    constitucionales (edad, sexo femenino, la obesidad, densidad &#243;sea)<sup>2,10</sup>    y biomec&#225;nicos (lesi&#243;n articular, uso recreativo y laboral, p&#233;rdida    de fuerza muscular, d&#233;ficit propioceptivo, laxitud articular, mala alineaci&#243;n    articular);<sup>10-12</sup> un modelo biomec&#225;nico te&#243;rico puede explicar    el desarrollo de OA y discapacidad<sup>10</sup> (<a href="#fig1_08">Fig</a>.).</font></p>     <p align="center"><a name="fig1_08"></a><img src="/img/revistas/ort/v28n1/f0108114.jpg" width="540" height="562"></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     <br>   Seg&#250;n una revisi&#243;n reciente, relacionada con los marcadores o predictores    para la progresi&#243;n de la OA de rodilla y cadera, la evidencia es fuerte    a moderada para la mala alineaci&#243;n de la rodilla, OA generalizada, la migraci&#243;n    supero-lateral de la cabeza del f&#233;mur, la edad, los niveles de &#225;cido    hialur&#243;nico y la respuesta atr&#243;fica &#243;sea de la cadera. Limitada    para el momento de aducci&#243;n, la nutrici&#243;n, la fuerza del cu&#225;driceps,    los s&#237;ntomas iniciales y cr&#243;nicos, la sinovitis y el edema &#243;seo    en la RM; inconclusa para los estr&#243;genos, la gen&#233;tica y la duraci&#243;n    de la OA; no evidencia para condrocalcinosis, deportes, correr, lesiones, el    tabaquismo, la depresi&#243;n, ansiedad y la meniscectom&#237;a.<sup>13</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Adem&#225;s, una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica    (RS) y meta-an&#225;lisis reciente reporta que los principales factores consistentemente    asociados con OA de la rodilla fueron la obesidad (OR agrupado 2,63, IC 95 %    2,28 a 3,05), traumatismo de rodilla anterior (OR agrupado 3,86, IC 95 %: 2,61    a 5,70), OA de la mano (OR agrupado 1,49, IC 95 % 1,05-2,10), el sexo femenino    (OR agrupado 1,84 IC 95 %: 1,32-2,55) y la edad avanzada.<sup>14</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Actualmente se reconoce que la obesidad y el    sobrepeso predisponen a OA de cadera, rodilla y mano, explicado por su componente    mec&#225;nico y tambi&#233;n por el metab&#243;lico e inflamatorio; el ejercicio    f&#237;sico puede tener un impacto positivo en ellos.<sup>4,15-17</sup> </font></p>     <p>    <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">ACTIVIDAD F&#205;SICA, EJERCICIO Y DEPORTE COMO    RIESGO DE ARTROSIS </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La influencia de la actividad f&#237;sica en    el desarrollo y progresi&#243;n de la OA, particularmente en articulaciones    que soportan peso como la rodilla, es controversial.<sup>3,4,18</sup> </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Una revisi&#243;n reciente basada en la evidencia,    no soporta un consenso claro sobre el efecto de la actividad f&#237;sica en    la aparici&#243;n o progresi&#243;n de la OA en etapas tard&#237;as de la vida,    probablemente debido a diferencias metodol&#243;gicas de los estudios de alta    calidad y a la variaci&#243;n en el tipo, duraci&#243;n y frecuencia de la actividad    f&#237;sica.<sup>3</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> El grupo OASIS establece las siguientes recomendaciones    basadas en el nivel de evidencia (A: alto, B: moderado, C: consenso cl&#237;nico)    con respecto al riesgo de OA de rodilla y cadera:<sup>19 </sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">1.<i> Actividades de la </i> <i>v</i> <i>ida    </i> <i>d</i><i>iaria</i><i>:</i> son un factor de riesgo para OA de rodilla    y &#233;ste aumenta con la intensidad y la duraci&#243;n de la actividad (B).    Los pacientes con o sin OA, en general, pueden alcanzar un alto nivel de actividad    f&#237;sica, siempre que esta no sea dolorosa ni predisponga a trauma (B). La    OA radiogr&#225;fica o cl&#237;nica no es una contraindicaci&#243;n para promover    la actividad en los pacientes sedentarios (C). </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">2. <i>Actividad </i> <i>o</i><i>cupacional</i><i>:</i>    existe una relaci&#243;n entre &#233;sta y la OA de rodilla y cadera (A) y se    recomienda hacer una historia ocupacional (B). La naturaleza exacta del stress    biomec&#225;nico que conduce a OA sigue sin aclararse, pero factores como las    altas cargas articulares, posiciones corporales no naturales, levantar objetos    pesados, escalar y saltar pueden contribuir a la OA de rodilla y cadera. Se    debe evitar la actividad laboral que produzca o perpet&#250;e el dolor (B).    Los m&#233;dicos deben estar pendientes de los signos y s&#237;ntomas tempranos    de la OA de rodilla y cadera de los trabajadores expuestos a cargas que se sabe    o se supone favorecen la OA (C). </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">3. <i>Ejercicio</i><i>:</i> el ejercicio estructurado    recomendado para la salud tiene un efecto favorable sobre el dolor y la funci&#243;n    del paciente sedentario con OA de rodilla (A). Se pueden realizar ejercicios    est&#225;ticos o din&#225;micos, considerando la disponibilidad, preferencia    y tolerancia (A). Como los beneficios disminuyen cuando el ejercicio se suspende,    debe realizarse con una frecuencia de una a tres veces por semana (B). La ayuda    profesional puede ser &#250;til para mejorar la adherencia al ejercicio (B).    No hay evidencia que sugiera suspender el ejercicio durante las crisis de OA    (C). </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">4.<i> Deporte y </i> <i>r</i><i>ecreaci&#243;n</i><i>:</i>    son un factor de riesgo para OA de rodilla y cadera y &#233;ste se correlaciona    con la duraci&#243;n e intensidad de la exposici&#243;n (A). El riesgo de OA    asociado con el deporte es menor que el relacionado con la historia de trauma    y el sobrepeso (A). No hay conclusiones firmes sobre el posible papel protector    de los deportes como el ciclismo, la nataci&#243;n o el golf. Los atletas deben    conocer que el trauma articular es un factor de riesgo mayor que la pr&#225;ctica    del deporte (A) y que el riesgo se relaciona con la duraci&#243;n e intensidad    de la exposici&#243;n (B). El paciente con OA puede seguir participando regularmente    en deportes recreativos que no causen dolor (C) y se le debe aconsejar el cambio    de los deportes de alto riesgo para trauma articular (C). </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     <br>   En ausencia de lesi&#243;n articular, no hay evidencia para soportar la idea    err&#243;nea de que el ejercicio es perjudicial para las articulaciones; por    el contrario, parece que tiene efectos positivos para los tejidos articulares,    adem&#225;s de sus beneficios para la salud.<sup>4,20</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La participaci&#243;n de personas con articulaciones    y funci&#243;n neuromuscular normales en deportes que causan m&#237;nimo impacto    articular y carga de torsi&#243;n, puede causar la formaci&#243;n de osteofitos,    con efecto m&#237;nimo o nulo sobre el riesgo de OA.<sup>4,21</sup> En cambio,    la participaci&#243;n repetitiva en deportes con alta carga rotacional e impacto    como f&#250;tbol, tenis, salto de obst&#225;culos, balonmano y <i>basketbal</i>l    pudieran incrementar el riesgo de degeneraci&#243;n articular inducida por lesi&#243;n.<sup>21-25    </sup>Sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que la obesidad y las lesiones articulares    tienen mayor riesgo de OA precoz que el deporte en s&#237;, y el ejercicio se    usa com&#250;nmente para prevenir y tratar la OA.<sup>3,4,15,25-27</sup> Los    pacientes con anormalidades anat&#243;micas o mal alineaci&#243;n, lesiones    o cirug&#237;as previas, OA, inestabilidad articular, incongruencia o displasia    de la superficie articular, alteraciones de la inervaci&#243;n o inadecuada    fuerza muscular tienen mayor riesgo de da&#241;o articular durante la pr&#225;ctica    deportiva.<sup>21,27</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Debido a que varios estudios han encontrado    controversia en la relaci&#243;n de la AF con la OA, se realiz&#243; una RS    para estudiarla y evaluar el efecto de la AF en las estructuras articulares    individuales de la rodilla, la cual reporta esa misma evidencia contradictoria    en la OA de rodilla y que la relaci&#243;n entre la actividad f&#237;sica y    las estructuras espec&#237;ficas de la rodilla difieren, con evidencia fuerte    de una relaci&#243;n positiva entre la actividad f&#237;sica y osteofitostibiofemorales    (no necesariamente patol&#243;gicos), ausencia de una asociaci&#243;n entre    actividad f&#237;sica y el estrechamiento del espacio articular y una fuerte    evidencia de la relaci&#243;n inversa entre la actividad f&#237;sica y los defectos    del cart&#237;lago.<sup>18</sup> </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Todos los hallazgos mencionados, sugieren que    no se ha demostrado la asociaci&#243;n directa entre la actividad f&#237;sica    en general y un efecto perjudicial sobre la rodilla y la cadera, y en contraste,    ser&#237;a ben&#233;fica para la salud articular en personas sin factores predisponentes.    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     <br>   EJERCICIO EN EL MANEJO DE LA ARTROSIS </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Antes de sugerir el ejercicio al paciente con    OA, debe realizarse una evaluaci&#243;n y manejo hol&#237;stico (social, pensamientos    del paciente, ocupacional, &#225;nimo, psicol&#243;gico, calidad del sue&#241;o,    servicio de salud, comorbilidades, actitud frente al ejercicio, evaluaci&#243;n    del dolor). Existen una serie de opciones de tratamiento multidisciplinario    que requieren una combinaci&#243;n de medidas farmacol&#243;gicas y no farmacol&#243;gicas,    estas &#250;ltimas consideradas como fundamentales y recomendadas, tanto que    3 de ellas se recomiendan como el tratamiento b&#225;sico: educaci&#243;n e    informaci&#243;n, actividad y ejercicio, manejo del peso.<sup>1,2,28-36</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Adem&#225;s, recomendaciones internacionales    en OA de rodilla y cadera -<i>Osteoarthritis Research Society International</i>    (OARSI) y<i> European League Against Rheumatism</i> (EULAR), el <i>American    College of Rheumatology</i>, y las 18 gu&#237;as analizadas recientemente por<i>    Misso </i>y otros, reportan que las 2 medidas de tratamiento son igualmente    efectivas y consideran a no farmacol&#243;gicas como la primera l&#237;nea de    manejo, e incluyen al ejercicio como pilar fundamental.<sup>28,34-38</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> En general, la orientaci&#243;n del tratamiento    multidisciplinario debe incluir; educaci&#243;n y automanejo, manejo no farmacol&#243;gico    (ejercicio aer&#243;bico, de fuerza, hidroterapia, terapia manual, p&#233;rdida    de peso, terapia f&#237;sica y termoterapia, electroterapia, ortesis, ayudas    y dispositivos, tratamiento invasivo, contacto telef&#243;nico regular, intevenciones    psicosociales), tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico (acetaminof&#233;n, AINES selectivos    y no selectivos, AINEs t&#243;picos y la capsaicina, inyecciones intra-articulares    de corticoides y hialuronatos, la glucosamina y/o sulfato de condroitina para    aliviar los s&#237;ntomas; sulfato de glucosamina, condroit&#237;n sulfato y    diacere&#237;na para posibles efectos modificadores de la estructura y el uso    de analg&#233;sicos opioides y duloxetinapara. El tratamiento del dolor (refractario    o respuesta inadecuada a tratamiento inicial) y modalidades quir&#250;rgicas    (reemplazos articulares totales, pr&#243;tesis de rodilla unicompartimental,    osteotom&#237;a y cirug&#237;a de preservaci&#243;n articular; lavado articular    y desbridamiento artrosc&#243;pico en la OA de rodilla, y la fusi&#243;n articular    como procedimiento de rescate si falla la pr&#243;tesis).<sup>2,34-37</sup>    </font></p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>    <br>   RECOMENDACIONES Y BENEFICIOS DEL EJERCICIO EN LA OA</b> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Las organizaciones e investigadores especializados    recomiendan el ejercicio aer&#243;bico, el de fuerza y el de flexibilidad, como    terapia de la OA de m&#250;ltiples localizaciones, pero la mayor&#237;a de la    evidencia existe para la OA de rodilla y en segundo lugar la OA decadera.<sup>2,19,28,32-42</sup>    </font></p>   <font size="2" face="Verdana"> A parte de los beneficios del ejercicio en los  diferentes sistemas (cardiovascular, respiratorio, metab&#243;lico, etc.) y en  la salud en general, el paciente con OA puede obtener otros efectos espec&#237;ficos.<sup>2,4,10,43-46</sup>  </font>      <p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">EJERCICIO EN ARTROSIS DE RODILLA </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Una revisi&#243;n de la literatura de numerosos    ensayos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados (RCT) de buena calidad, nivel I en forma    de revisiones Cochrane y sistem&#225;ticas,<sup>41,42,47,48</sup> incluso una    RS de RSs sobre los efectos del ejercicio en la OA de rodilla establecida,<sup>49</sup>    encuentra peque&#241;os problemas con el cegamiento, con la asignaci&#243;n    al azar, el an&#225;lisis de intenci&#243;n a tratar, la adherencia y la heterogeneidad    en la evaluaci&#243;n de esos estudios.<sup>23</sup> Las intervenciones evaluadas    incluyeron entrenamiento de fuerza progresivo, fortalecimiento de los cu&#225;driceps,    ejercicios acu&#225;ticos, ejercicios en tierra, caminando, intensificaci&#243;n    de actividades de la vida, entrenamiento aer&#243;bico y otras modalidades de    ejercicio y concluyen lo siguiente:<b> </b>s&#243;lo eval&#250;an los efectos    de las intervenciones sobre los s&#237;ntomas y el grado de discapacidad de    los pacientes. No realizan evaluaciones cl&#237;nicas o radiol&#243;gicas. En    general, los niveles de intervenci&#243;n de ejercicios fueron bajos o moderados.    Si el ejercicio es estructurado y progresivo, muestra beneficio en las personas    sedentarias. </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Hay poca correlaci&#243;n entre la severidad    de los s&#237;ntomas de la OA al inicio de la actividad y el grado de beneficio.    Probablemente tiene ventaja el ejercicio din&#225;mico sobre el est&#225;tico.    La obesidad es una comorbilidad frecuente. El ejercicio es seguro y la disminuci&#243;n    de la grasa corporal y/o el peso brinda beneficios. La mayor parte de los beneficios    se miden a corto plazo. No se han demostrado beneficios a largo plazo (m&#225;s    de 6 meses), a menos que se hagan "sesiones de refuerzo" despu&#233;s del entrenamiento.    Los efectos ben&#233;ficos sobre el dolor son peque&#241;os a moderados. </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Todas las intervenciones, excepto el entrenamiento    de fuerza progresivo, tiene un efecto peque&#241;o a moderado en la discapacidad.    Los beneficios de los ejercicios en tierra pueden ser similares a los obtenidos    con los AINES. Generalmente, el manejo no farmacol&#243;gico es tan efectivo    como el farmacol&#243;gico. El ejercicio ligero o moderado no provoca aumento    del dolor o discapacidad<b>.</b> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Otras recomendaciones no referidas en la revisi&#243;n    mencionada que se derivan del consenso "MOVE" y de las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica    cl&#237;nica basadas en la evidencia del "Ottawa Panel", con nivel IA se resumen    a continuaci&#243;n:<sup>16,40,50</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 1. Recomendaciones del consenso "MOVE" acerca    el papel del ejercicio en la OA de rodilla y cadera: </font></p>     <blockquote>        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> a) El fortalecimiento y el ejercicio aer&#243;bico      pueden reducir el dolor y mejorar la funci&#243;n y el estado de salud. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> b) Para ser eficaces, los programas de ejercicio      deben incluir asesoramiento y educaci&#243;n para promover un cambio de estilo      de vida positivo con un aumento de la actividad f&#237;sica. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> c) Los ejercicios ambulatorios y los grupales      son igualmente efectivos y se debe considerar la preferencia del paciente.      </font></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> d) Deben adoptarse estrategias para mejorar      y mantener la adherencia, por ejemplo, monitore y revisi&#243;n a largo plazo      y la inclusi&#243;n del c&#243;nyuge y la familia en el ejercicio. </font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 2. Recomendaciones del Ottawa Panel sobre el    EF en el manejo de la OA: </font></p>     <blockquote>        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> a) Fortalecimiento isot&#243;nico e isom&#233;trico      de miembros inferiores, principalmente del cuadriceps y los isquiotibiales,      para el dolor al levantarse y acostarse y el estado funcional. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> b) EF conc&#233;ntrico para el dolor en reposo      y durante las actividades. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> c) EF conc&#233;ntrico-exc&#233;ntrico para      el dolor en reposo y durante actividades funcionales espec&#237;ficas: caminar      15-m y tiempo para subir y bajar. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> d) EF ambulatorio para el dolor, estado funcional,      nivel de energ&#237;a y arco de movimiento en flexi&#243;n. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> e) EF general de miembros inferiores (incluida      la fuerza muscular, la flexibilidad y la movilidad/coordinaci&#243;n) para      el dolor nocturno y la habilidad en las escaleras. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> f) EF de miembros inferiores con progresi&#243;n      de cargas para el dolor en reposo y arcos de movimiento. </font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 3. Recomendaciones de la actividad f&#237;sica    general, Fitness y ejercicio aer&#243;bico seg&#250;n el Ottawa Panel: </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote>        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> a) Ejercicios funcionales de todo el cuerpo      para el dolor y estado funcional (movilidad, caminar, trabajo, actividades      diarias). </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> b) Programas de caminata para el dolor, estado      funcional, la longitud de la zancada, funcionalidad para ir a la cama y el      ba&#241;o, capacidad aer&#243;bica, nivel de energ&#237;a y el uso de medicamentos.      </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> c) Correr en el agua para la actividad f&#237;sica      y la capacidad aer&#243;bica. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> d) Yoga para el dolor durante la actividad      y arcos de movimiento. </font></p>       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> e) Terapia manual con ejercicio para el dolor.      </font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     <br>   Las recomendaciones anteriores relacionadas con el entrenamiento de fuerza (EF)    est&#225;n avaladas por una RS y RCTs recientes que reportan que este ejercicio    al optimizar la fuerza muscular, el balance y activaci&#243;n muscular, y la    superficie de carga articular mejora el dolor, la funci&#243;n, el tiempo de    caminada y el torque muscular del paciente con OA de rodilla.<sup>51-58</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> En resumen, y demostrado con nuevos RCTs, los    pacientes con OA de rodilla obtienen beneficios uniformes en el funcionamiento    f&#237;sico, con reducci&#243;n del dolor y la discapacidad, mediante el ejercicio    aer&#243;bico, de fuerza muscular, acu&#225;tico, o del basado en fisioterapia.    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   EJERCICIO EN ARTROSIS DE CADERA </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> El ejercicio para la OA de cadera y rodilla    tiene el mismo objetivo principal: mejorar el rango de movilidad articular,    elongar, fortalecer y volver resistente el m&#250;sculo y el tend&#243;n, y    disminuir el dolor y la carga en el compartimiento sintom&#225;tico.<sup>33</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Hay controversia con el beneficio del ejercicio    en la OA de cadera debido a que varias gu&#237;as y consensos proponen el ejercicio    aer&#243;bico (incluyendo el acu&#225;tico), el de fuerza y de flexibilidad    para disminuir el dolor, mejorar la funci&#243;n y la calidad de vida de los    pacientes, pero los efectos y recomendaciones del ejercicio en ellos se han    basado o extrapolado de aquellos con OA de rodilla,<sup>33,35,39,48,50,59-62</sup>    seg&#250;n las RS, hay pocos RCT exclusivos para OA de cadera y no se pueden    confirmar los beneficios por la calidad metodol&#243;gica de &#233;stos.<sup>42,59,60,61,63</sup>    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> De manera similar, una RS en la que s&#243;lo    6 intervenciones con ejercicio en la OA de cadera cumplieron los criterios de    selecci&#243;n encontr&#243; evidencia insuficiente para respaldar al ejercicio    como tratamiento para disminuir el dolor, mejorar la funci&#243;n o mejorar    la calidad de vida. Se debe tener en cuenta que ninguno de los estudios cumpli&#243;    con los par&#225;metros del ejercicio recomendados para la OA y concluyen que    se necesitan RCT de alta calidad y deber&#237;an establecerse las caracter&#237;sticas    &#243;ptimas del ejercicio para lograr beneficios a largo plazo en el manejo    de la OA de la cadera.<sup>64</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Para aclarar la controversia en los efectos    del ejercicio en la OA, un meta-an&#225;lisis reciente, en el que se extrajeron    los datos espec&#237;ficos de la OA de cadera a partir de 8 RCTs, con metodolog&#237;a    del entrenamiento similares, que evaluaron el efecto del ejercicio sobre la    OA de rodilla y cadera, mostraron un tama&#241;o del efecto significativo para    el ejercicio (-0,46 [95 % CI -0,64, -0,28; P &lt; 0,0001]). </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> El Entrenamiento de fuerza fue la modalidad    m&#225;s utilizada en los RCT y los autores sugieren que &#233;ste podr&#237;a    ser el tipo m&#225;s eficaz de ejercicio.<sup>65</sup> Adicionalmente, RCTs    recientes con ejercicio aer&#243;bico y de fuerza no analizados en las RS, muestran    mejor&#237;a del dolor, la funci&#243;n f&#237;sica y la discapacidad, lo cual    podr&#237;a dar m&#225;s valor a las recomendaciones de las gu&#237;as basadas    en la evidencia.<sup>63,66-69</sup> </font></p>     <p>    <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">OTRAS MODALIDADES DE EJERCICIO PARA LA ARTROSIS    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Actualmente, se est&#225;n utilizando las siguientes    modalidades de ejercicio con buenos resultados en la OA, principalmente de rodilla,    pero falta an&#225;lisis para evidenciar sus beneficios con propiedad: ejercicios    propioceptivos y vibratorios, terapia Spa, Hidroterapia "Kneipp", terapia manual,    Baduanjin y TaiChi.<sup>70-82</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Una RS de 5 RCTs concluye que el Taich&#237;    puede ser efectivo para el control del dolor pero hay controversia en la mejor&#237;a    de la funci&#243;n f&#237;sica (mejor&#243; en 2 de 4 RCT).<sup>71</sup> 4 RCTs    m&#225;s recientes en pacientes con OA de rodilla, utilizaron TaiCh&#237; 60    minutos por sesi&#243;n, de 2 a 4 veces semanales, durante 6, 12, 12 o 24 semanas,    encontrando de manera significativa, disminuci&#243;n del dolor y la rigidez    y mejor&#237;a de la funci&#243;n f&#237;sica, la auto-eficacia, la depresi&#243;n    y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud,<sup>83-86</sup> tanto que las    recomendaciones de 2012 del <i>American College of Rheumatology</i> EULAR de    2013 lo incluyen en OA de rodilla y cadera.<sup>28,37</sup> </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>    <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">PRESCRIPCI&#211;N DEL EJERCICIO PARA LA ARTROSIS    </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Para poder prescribir adecuadamente el ejercicio    al paciente con OA se debe conocer que esta tiene factores de riesgo f&#237;sicos,    cognitivos, visuales, psicol&#243;gicos, sociales, de salud y sociodemogr&#225;ficos    y presenta como s&#237;ntomas y signos principales dolor, sensibilidad localizada,    rigidez y rango de movimiento limitado, inestabilidad articular, debilidad muscular    periarticular, discapacidad y fatiga; y sus problemas relacionados incluyen    disminuci&#243;n de la capacidad aer&#243;bica, fuerza muscular, flexibilidad,    propiocepci&#243;n y balance. </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes son mayores,    muchos tienen sobrepeso, obesidad u otras comorbilidades previas o inducidas    por la inactividad y pueden tener alteraciones del &#225;nimo y la autoconfianza.    Lo anterior, se debe tratar de mejorar con el ejercicio m&#225;s espec&#237;fico    para cada condici&#243;n, por ejemplo aumentando la fuerza y la flexibilidad    de los m&#250;sculos estabilizadores, mejorar el fitness, modificar los factores    biomec&#225;nicos, etc&#233;tera.<sup>10,45,87</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Una RS que consider&#243; 10 RCTs y 6 Revisiones    de alta calidad metodol&#243;gica que cumplieron los criterios de selecci&#243;n    desde 1950 a 2008 encontr&#243; que hay gran heterogeneidad en los estudios    que eval&#250;an el ejercicio en el tratamiento de la OA de rodilla y cadera,    no obstante, hay evidencia que soporta los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza,    el aer&#243;bico o su combinaci&#243;n en adultos y ancianos,<sup>3</sup> est&#225;    pendiente determinar con mayor precisi&#243;n la prescripci&#243;n ideal del    ejercicio para obtener sus efectos en estos pacientes y poder optimizar el manejo    individualizado. La prescipci&#243;n del ejercicio debe ser individualizada    y tener en cuenta las preferencias del paciente. Aunque falta evidencia, el    seguimiento continuo y la supervici&#243;n por un profesional de salud m&#237;nimo    en las fases iniciales de entrenamiento de cualquier modalidad de ejercicio    son esenciales para la participaci&#243;n de lo pacientes y la garant&#237;a    de los beneficios del ejercicio.<sup>37,46</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> A pesar de una considerable variaci&#243;n en    el dise&#241;o de los estudios, selecci&#243;n de la poblaci&#243;n, y el tipo,    duraci&#243;n, intensidad y alcance de la supervisi&#243;n de una multitud de    intervenciones,<sup>3,88</sup> el colegio americano de medicina del deporte    (ACSM) recomienda las siguientes consideraciones y prescripci&#243;n del ejercicio    (<a href="/img/revistas/ort/v28n1/t0108114.jpg">tabla</a>) para pacientes con OA.<sup>45,46,89</sup></font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana">S&#237;ntomas de los pacientes con    OA de esfuerzo limitada por: </font></p> <ul type="disc">       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> El tipo de ejercicio debe ser el menos doloroso      (el cicloerg&#243;metro puede tolerarse m&#225;s y permite mejor evaluaci&#243;n      cardiovascular que la banda).    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Se deben monitorizar los niveles de dolor      con la escala de BORG CR10.<sup>10,89    <br>         <br>     </sup> </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Se puede medir la fuerza muscular isom&#233;trica,      isot&#243;nica o isocin&#233;tica generalmente con el test de una repetici&#243;n      m&#225;xima.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Evitar ejercicios vigorosos durante las crisis      agudas y per&#237;odos de inflamaci&#243;n; se puede hacer ejercicios de flexibilidad      en estos per&#237;odos.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Se debe realizar la progresi&#243;n del ejercicio      enfatizando m&#225;s en la duraci&#243;n que en la intensidad: tanto el aer&#243;bico      como el de fuerza debe iniciar con baja carga y se tiene en cuenta el dolor      para las variaciones de &#233;sta.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Para minimizar el dolor, se debe hacer un      calentamiento y enfriamiento de 5-10 minutos.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Si la artralgia persiste por 2 horas posejercicio      y excede la severidad previa a la actividad, se debe reducir la duraci&#243;n/intensidad      en las pr&#243;ximas sesiones.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Aconsejar el ejercicio en el momento del      d&#237;a con menos dolor y/o sumado al pico de actividad de los medicamentos.    <br>         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Utilizar calzado adecuado estable con absorci&#243;n      de choque o recomendado biomec&#225;nicamente.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Mantener un peso saludable.<sup>17,90</sup>          <br>         <br>     </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Incorporar ejercicios funcionales a tolerancia      como sentarse, pararse y subir escaleras para mejorar el control neuromuscular,      el balance y mantener las actividades diarias.    <br>         <br>     </font></li>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Para ejercicios acu&#225;ticos, la temperatura      debe ser de 28-31<sup> </sup>&deg;C, para relajar los m&#250;sculos y reducir      el dolor. </font></li>     </ul>     <p align="left">     <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">Aunque falta evidencia para confirmar la efectividad    y prescripci&#243;n &#243;ptima del ejercicio despu&#233;s de la artroplastia,    es fundamental que el paciente contin&#250;e realizando las modalidades del    ejercicio recomendadas para OA de una manera precoz, progresiva e individualizada    dentro de su proceso completo de rehabilitaci&#243;n y posteriormente, para    obtener sus beneficios.<sup>91-100</sup> </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> La adherencia es fundamental para obtener los    efectos beneficiosos de cualquier tipo de ejercicio a corto y largo plazo y    se debe evaluar m&#237;nimo las preferencias y barreras para realizarlo. Las    intervenciones como el ejercicio supervisado o individualizado y t&#233;cnicas    de auto-manejo pueden mejorar la adherencia al ejercicio, pero en ocasiones    el paciente prefiere el entrenamiento ambulatorio o en casa.<sup>101-105</sup></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana"><b><font size="3">REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&#193;FICAS</font></b>    </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 1. Robbins L, Kulesa MG. The state of the science    in the prevention and management of osteoarthritis. Am J Nurs. 2012;112(3 Suppl    1):S3-S11.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 2. National Collaborating Center for Chronic    Conditions. Osteoarthritis: National clinical guideline for care and management    in adults. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 3. Hart LE, Haaland DA, Baribeau DA, Mukovozov    IM, Sabljic TF. 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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 38. Misso ML, Pitt VJ, Jones KM, Barnes HN,    Piterman L, Green SE. Quality and consistency of clinical practice guidelines    for diagnosis and management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a descriptive    overview of published guidelines. Med J Aust. 2008;189(7):394-9.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 39. Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M, Bannwarth    B, Bijlsma JW, Dieppe P, et al. EULAR Recommendations 2003: An evidence based    approach to the manage- ment of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a task force    of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies. Ann Rheum Dis.    2003;62(12):1145-55.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 40. Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden NK, Barlow    J, Birrell F, et al. Evidence- based recommendations for the role of exercise    in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee-the MOVE consensus. Rheumatology    (Oxford). 2005;44:67-73.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 41. Fransen M, McConnell S. Exercise for osteoarthritis    of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;4:CD004376.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 42. Bartels EM, Lund H, Hagen KB, Dagfinrud    H, Christensen R, Danneskiold-Sams&#248;e B. Aquatic exercise for the treatment    of knee an hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005523.        </font></p>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 103. Pisters MF, Veenhof C, Schellevis FG, Twisk    JW, Dekker J, De Bakker DH. Exercise adherence improves long-term patient outcome    in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).    2010;62(8):1087-94.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 104. Focht BC, Garver MJ, Devor ST, Dials J,    Rose M, Lucas AR, Improving maintenance of physical activity in older, knee    osteoarthritis patients trial-pilot (IMPACT-P): Design and methods. Contemp    Clin Trials. 2012;33(5):976-82.     </font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana"> 105. Jordan JL, Holden MA, Mason EE, Foster    NE. Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal    pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD005956.     </font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">Recibido: 14 de marzo de 2013. </font>    <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana">Aprobado: 25 de junio de 2013. </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p> <font size="2" face="Verdana">Dr.<i> Jorge Jaime M&#225;rquez Arabia</i><i>.</i>    Universidad de Antioquia, Medell&#237;n, Colombia. Dg 80 No. 78B-240 Bloque    73 Apto. 303. Medell&#237;n, Colombia.    <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana">Correo electr&#243;nico: <a href="mailto:jaimejorge33@yahoo.com">jaimejorge33@yahoo.com</a>    </font></p> <font size="2" face="Verdana">> </font>       ]]></body><back>
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