<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-215X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Ortopedia y Traumatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-215X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-215X2022000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evolución de la osteosíntesis de los huesos largos y fijación por enclavado intramedular flexible]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution of Long Bone Osteosynthesis and Flexible Intramedullary Nail Fixation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ceballos Mesa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabares Neyra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balmaseda Manent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez Benito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Octavio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loredo Quesada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tamara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana Facultad General Calixto García Departamento de Ortopedia y Traumatología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones de Longevidad, Envejecimiento y Salud  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-215X2022000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-215X2022000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-215X2022000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  Se presenta la evolución histórica y científica de la osteosíntesis de huesos largos realizada con dos tipos de implantes intramedulares: Pines o varillas flexibles y clavos rígidos.  Objetivo: Publicar un artículo científico que sirva de soporte teórico y práctico al personal en formación y, como punto de referencia y consulta a los ortopédicos y traumatólogos.  Métodos:  Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica retrospectiva de artículos sobre fracturas de los miembros publicadas en revistas de traumatología nacionales y extranjeras indexadas en las bases de datos MEDLINE y certificadas por el organismo de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, así como libros de relevancia sobre este tema y experiencias de los autores. Dadas las diferencias entre los dos tipos de implantes se estudiaron por separado la osteosíntesis con pines flexibles (Rush) y la realizada con clavos rígidos (Küntscher). Se seleccionaron las siguientes variables para el estudio: reducción, vía de acceso, penetración del implante, estabilidad, bloqueo, metal usado y consolidación. La fecha de incorporación de las innovaciones tecnológicas a la práctica quirúrgica fue enmarcada en tres momentos generacionales en el período de tiempo comprendido desde 1939 hasta la actualidad.  Conclusiones: Esta revisión permitió identificar dos tipos de implantes intramedulares: los pines flexibles y los clavos rígidos. El estudio de sus características permitió organizarlos en generaciones para poder ubicar en el tiempo su contribución a los conocimientos que permiten devolver al paciente su vida activa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  This article discuses the historical and scientific evolution of long bone osteosynthesis performed with two types of intramedullary implants, flexible pins or rods and rigid nails.  Objective:  To publish a scientific article that serves as theoretical and practical support for staff in training and, as a point of reference and consultation for orthopedists and traumatologists.  Methods:  A retrospective bibliographic review of articles is carried out on limb fractures published in local and foreign trauma journals indexed in the MEDLINE databases and certified by CITMA, as well as relevant books on this topic and experiences of the authors. Given the differences between the two types of implants, we separately studied the osteosynthesis with flexible pins (Rush) from that performed with rigid pins (Küntscher). The variables selected for the study were reduction, access route, implant penetration, stability, locking, metal used, and consolidation. The inclusion of technological innovations to surgical practice was framed in three generational moments from 1939 to the present.  Conclusions:  Thow types of intramedullary implants were identifies from this revision: flexible pins and rigid nails. The study of their characteristics allowed to organize them into generations in order to locate their contribution to the knowledge allowing the patient to return to an active life over time.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pines flexibles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clavos rígidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reducción funcional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fresado del canal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cerrojo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flexible pins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rigid nails]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[functional reduction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[channel milling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bolt]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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