<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0864-2176</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Oftalmología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Oftalmol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0864-2176</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0864-21762021000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sensibilidad al contraste en edad pediátrica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Contrast sensitivity in pediatric ages]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lourdes Rita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresita de Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zazo Enríquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Regla María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lora Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer"  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-21762021000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0864-21762021000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0864-21762021000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La sensibilidad al contraste es considerada como la capacidad de discriminar diferencias de iluminación entre áreas adyacentes, cuyo umbral se estima como la menor cantidad de contraste que se necesita para lograr esta distinción. La medida de la agudeza visual cuantifica la visión en alto contraste; sin embargo, los objetos que nos encontramos en la vida real no son solo de alto contraste, sino que presentan diferentes niveles de contraste y tamaño, lo cual puede ser determinado con el estudio de la sensibilidad al contraste, ya sea a través de cartillas de bajo contraste o de las pruebas que evalúan las frecuencias espaciales, que serán utilizadas según la edad del paciente pediátrico. Con este trabajo se pretende mostrar los diferentes criterios relacionados con la sensibilidad al contraste en edades pediátricas, para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes publicaciones y textos de la especialidad. Existe controversia relacionada con la edad pediátrica en la cual se alcanza la sensibilidad al contraste al nivel del adulto, así como los valores normativos en la infancia con las diferentes pruebas empleadas. La valoración de la sensibilidad al contraste constituye una herramienta más para evaluar la función visual conjuntamente con la determinación de la agudeza visual y la visión de colores. Se necesitan más estudios sobre este tema para unificar criterios con el fin de perfeccionar la atención a la población pediátrica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Contrast sensitivity is the ability to distinguish differences in luminance between adjacent areas. Its threshold is estimated as the smallest amount of contrast needed to achieve such a distinction. Visual acuity measurement quantifies high contrast vision. However, the objects around us are not only characterized by high contrast: they display different levels of contrast and size, which may be determined through the study of contrast sensitivity, either with low contrast charts or spatial frequency tests, to be used according to the pediatric patient's age. The purpose of the study was to present various criteria about contrast sensitivity in pediatric ages. To achieve this end, a search was conducted in different publications and texts from the specialty. A debate is currently in progress about the pediatric age in which adult contrast sensitivity is achieved and the standard values to be verified with the different tests applied in childhood. Contrast sensitivity assessment is one more tool to evaluate visual function and determine visual acuity and color vision. Further studies are required about the subject aimed at unifying criteria so as to improve the care of the pediatric population.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sensibilidad de contraste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función de la sensibilidad al contraste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prueba de sensibilidad al contraste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Contrast sensitivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contrast sensitivity function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contrast sensitivity test]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Importancia de la valoración de sensibilidad al contraste en la práctica optométrica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agudelo Guevara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estrada Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intervalos de referencia de agudeza visual y sensibilidad al contraste en una población escolar de Pereira, Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>39-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izquierdo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinación de los cambios en la función de sensibilidad al contraste posterior a la terapia visual en pacientes con diagnóstico de ambliopía refractiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cien Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saucedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Retina y Vítreo]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Manual Moderno Saucedo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Opokua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stenger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neonatal contrast sensitivity and visual acuity: basic psychophysics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trans Vis Sci Tech]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mäntyjärvi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laitinen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Normal values for the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cataract Refract Surg]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>261-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vecilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de Optometría]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Médica Panamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudio comparativo de la sensibilidad al contraste pre y post uso de dispositivos móviles en jóvenes de 13 a 17 años del colegio fiscal "Miguel Angel Zambrano", de la ciudad de Quito en el período 2016- 2017]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto tecnológico Cordillera]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Valores de normalidad de sensibilidad al contraste en niños entre cuatro y siete años de la localidad de Chapinero, Bogotá]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cien Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>87-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wegmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical Testing of Contrast sensitivity in Children Age-Related norms and Validity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Optom Vis Sci]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>245-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O´Connor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newsham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The importance of contrast sensitivity testing in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Ir Orthopt J]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>9-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arditi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Improving the design of the Letter Contrast Sensitivity Test]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2225-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rydberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmstrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contrast sensitivity in 10 year old preterm and full term children: a population based study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>87-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krasny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunnerova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pruhova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treslova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dittertová]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vosahlo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The contrast sensitivity test in early detection of ocular changes in children, teenagers, and young adults with diabetes mellitus type]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ces Slov Oftalmol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>381-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Curva normal de sensibilidad al contraste (FACT) en niños entre 6 y 12 años en el Instituto de Investigaciones Optométricas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>1</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The design of a new letter contrast chart for measuring contrast sensitivity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Vis Sci]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>187-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gidlewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distance and near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual fields of 10-year-old children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Marsperceptrix</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Mars letter contrast sensitivity test user manual]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Marsperceptrix]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boxer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krueger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Normalized Contrast Sensitivity Values]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Refract Surg]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>463-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elgohary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abuelela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eldin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity measured by Lea tests in the first three years of life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1150-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostadimoghaddam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fotouhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yekta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heravian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdolahinia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Range of Cambridge Low Contrast Test; a Population Based Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Ophthalmic Vis Res]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>65-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Sala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Somazzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nimmo-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Age-related norms for the Cambridge Low Contrast Gratings, including details concerning their design and use]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Vis Sci]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>201-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación de la sensibilidad al contraste en niños]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cien Vis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thakur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ichhpujani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of contrast sensitivity by Spaeth Richman Contrast Sensitivity Test and Pelli Robson Chart Test in patients with varying severity of glaucoma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>1392-400</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cvintal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delvadia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zangalli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SPARCS and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity testing in normal controls and patients with cataract]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eye]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>753-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schiano-Lomoriello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barboni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Precision and normative values of a New Computerized Chart for Contrast Sensitivity Testing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>16537</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habtamu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastawrous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tadesse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gashaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and validation of a smartphone-based contrast sensitivity test]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trans Vis Sci Tech]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Renjie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bavelier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enhancing the contrast sensitivity function through action video game training]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Neurosc]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>549-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
