<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1025-028X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1025-028X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Finlay Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1025-028X2004000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de dos métodos biológicos (Subcutáneo e Intradérmico) para detectar Toxina Diftérica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of two different Biological Methods (Subcutaneous and Intradermal) for detecting Diphtheria Toxin]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esther María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Boris]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Finlay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana. ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>21</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1025-028X2004000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1025-028X2004000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1025-028X2004000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los Requisitos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud establecen los ensayos de toxicidad específica y reversión a la toxicidad de la anatoxina diftérica purificada como controles obligatorios del proceso productivo. El método propuesto para evaluar la toxicidad específica consiste en inocular curieles por vía subcutánea (método subcutáneo) con 1 mL del producto conteniendo 500 Lf/mL; señalan como posibles el ensayo en cultivos celulares y la inoculación intradérmica (método intradérmico) de 20 Lf en curieles o conejos. Para la reversión a la toxicidad no se propone un método determinado, sólo que debe aprobarlo la Autoridad Reguladora Nacional y ser suficientemente sensible para detectar pequeñas cantidades de toxina. Por la importancia de estos ensayos que garantizan la seguridad del producto, se evaluaron ambos métodos, fundamentalmente sobre la base de su límite de detección (empleando concentraciones conocidas de una toxina diftérica de referencia), pero también con relación al cumplimiento del principio ético de las &#8220;tres Erres&#8221; (Reemplazo, Reducción, Refinamiento) y el tiempo requerido para obtener resultados. El método intradérmico resultó más sensible que el subcutáneo (límite de detección de 0,0067 x 10-4 Lf/mL vs 4,17 x 10-4 Lf/mL), requiere menos animales (2 vs 5 por muestra), su punto final es una reacción local (eritema), sin muerte (cumple con 2 &#8220;Erres&#8221;), es más corto (48 h vs 6 semanas) y por tanto, más económico. Se recomienda realizar los estudios correspondientes para introducirlo en los ensayos rutinarios de toxicidad específica y reversión a la toxicidad de la anatoxina diftérica purificada obtenida en el Instituto Finlay.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The World Health Organization Requirements establish tests to determine both specific toxicity and reversion to toxicity of the purified diphtheria anatoxin as mandatory controls for the production process. The proposed method to evaluate the specific toxicity consists in the subcutaneous inoculation (subcutaneous method) of Guinea pigs with 1 mL of the product containing 500 Lf/mL; other suggested possible methods are those using cell-cultures and the intradermal inoculation (intradermal method) of 20 Lf in Guinea pigs or rabbits. No specific method is proposed for the reversion to toxicity test; it only should be approved by the National Regulatory Authority and be sufficiently sensitive to detect small amounts of toxin. Due to the importance of those tests for supporting the safety of the product, both methods were evaluated, mainly in terms of their detection limits (by using known concentrations of a reference diphtheria toxin), but also related to the fulfilment of the ethical &#8220;3 Rs&#8221; principle (Replace,Reduction, Refinement) and the overall time required for the results. The intradermal method resulted more sensitive than the subcutaneous one (detection limit 0.0067 x 10-4 Lf/mL vs 4.17 x 10-4 Lf/mL), requires less animals (2 vs 5 per sample), its end-point is a local reaction (erythema) instead of death (meets 2 &#8220;Rs&#8221;) and it is shorter in time (48 h vs 6) weeks and therefore more economic. It is recommended to carry out the corresponding studies for its introduction in the routine specific toxicity and reversion to toxicity tests performed on the purified diphtheria anatoxin produced at Finlay Institute.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Difteria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anatoxina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Toxicidad Específica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reversión.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Diphtheria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anatoxin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Specific Toxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Reversion]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>ARTICULOS ORIGINALES</strong></font></p>     <p align="right">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right"><strong><font size="4" face="Verdana">Evaluaci&oacute;n de dos m&eacute;todos biol&oacute;gicos (Subcut&aacute;neo e   Intrad&eacute;rmico) para detectar Toxina Dift&eacute;rica.</font><font size="2" face="Verdana"><br /> </font></strong></p>     <p align="right">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right"><strong><font size="3" face="Verdana">Evaluation of two different Biological Methods (Subcutaneous and Intradermal) for   detecting Diphtheria Toxin</font></strong></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="left"><strong><font size="2" face="Verdana">Esther Mar&iacute;a Fajardo, Eduardo &Aacute;lvarez, Boris Ruiz, Pedro Mu&ntilde;oz.</font></strong><font size="2" face="Verdana"><br /> </font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Instituto Finlay. Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n-Producci&oacute;n de Vacunas y Sueros. Ciudad de La Habana. Cuba. E-mail: <a href="emailto:efajardo@finlay.edu.cu">efajardo@finlay.edu.cu</a></font></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p> <hr />     <p align="left">RESUMEN</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Los Requisitos de la Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial de la Salud establecen los ensayos de toxicidad   espec&iacute;fica y reversi&oacute;n a la toxicidad de la anatoxina dift&eacute;rica purificada como controles   obligatorios del proceso productivo. El m&eacute;todo propuesto para evaluar la toxicidad espec&iacute;fica   consiste en inocular curieles por v&iacute;a subcut&aacute;nea (m&eacute;todo subcut&aacute;neo) con 1 mL del producto   conteniendo 500 Lf/mL; se&ntilde;alan como posibles el ensayo en cultivos celulares y la inoculaci&oacute;n   intrad&eacute;rmica (m&eacute;todo intrad&eacute;rmico) de 20 Lf en curieles o conejos. Para la reversi&oacute;n a la   toxicidad no se propone un m&eacute;todo determinado, s&oacute;lo que debe aprobarlo la Autoridad   Reguladora Nacional y ser suficientemente sensible para detectar peque&ntilde;as cantidades de toxina.<br />  Por la importancia de estos ensayos que garantizan la seguridad del producto, se evaluaron   ambos m&eacute;todos, fundamentalmente sobre la base de su l&iacute;mite de detecci&oacute;n (empleando   concentraciones conocidas de una toxina dift&eacute;rica de referencia), pero tambi&eacute;n con relaci&oacute;n al   cumplimiento del principio &eacute;tico de las &ldquo;tres Erres&rdquo; (Reemplazo, Reducci&oacute;n, Refinamiento) y el   tiempo requerido para obtener resultados. El m&eacute;todo intrad&eacute;rmico result&oacute; m&aacute;s sensible que el   subcut&aacute;neo (l&iacute;mite de detecci&oacute;n de 0,0067 x 10-4 Lf/mL vs 4,17 x 10-4 Lf/mL), requiere menos   animales (2 vs 5 por muestra), su punto final es una reacci&oacute;n local (eritema), sin muerte (cumple   con 2 &ldquo;Erres&rdquo;), es m&aacute;s corto (48 h vs 6 semanas) y por tanto, m&aacute;s econ&oacute;mico. Se recomienda   realizar los estudios correspondientes para introducirlo en los ensayos rutinarios de toxicidad   espec&iacute;fica y reversi&oacute;n a la toxicidad de la anatoxina dift&eacute;rica purificada obtenida en el Instituto   Finlay.<br />  </font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>Palabras claves:</strong> Difteria, Anatoxina, Toxicidad Espec&iacute;fica, Reversi&oacute;n.</font></p> <hr />     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><br />  The World Health Organization Requirements establish tests to determine both specific toxicity and   reversion to toxicity of the purified diphtheria anatoxin as mandatory controls for the production   process. The proposed method to evaluate the specific toxicity consists in the subcutaneous inoculation   (subcutaneous method) of Guinea pigs with 1 mL of the product containing 500 Lf/mL; other suggested   possible methods are those using cell-cultures and the intradermal inoculation (intradermal method) of   20 Lf in Guinea pigs or rabbits. No specific method is proposed for the reversion to toxicity test; it only   should be approved by the National Regulatory Authority and be sufficiently sensitive to detect small   amounts of toxin. Due to the importance of those tests for supporting the safety of the product, both   methods were evaluated, mainly in terms of their detection limits (by using known concentrations of a   reference diphtheria toxin), but also related to the fulfilment of the ethical &ldquo;3 Rs&rdquo; principle (Replace,  Reduction, Refinement) and the overall time required for the results. The intradermal method resulted   more sensitive than the subcutaneous one (detection limit 0.0067 x 10-4 Lf/mL vs 4.17 x 10-4 Lf/mL),  requires less animals (2 vs 5 per sample), its end-point is a local reaction (erythema) instead of death   (meets 2 &ldquo;Rs&rdquo;) and it is shorter in time (48 h vs 6) weeks and therefore more economic. It is   recommended to carry out the corresponding studies for its introduction in the routine specific toxicity   and reversion to toxicity tests performed on the purified diphtheria anatoxin produced at Finlay Institute.</font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"> <strong>Keywords:</strong> Diphtheria, Anatoxin, Specific Toxicity, Reversion.</font></p> <hr />     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Texto completo formato PDF </font></p>     <p align="justify" class="Estilo4 Estilo15"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REFERENCIAS</strong></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1.Pappenheimer AM. Diphtheria toxin. Ann Rev Biochem, 1977; 46:69-94. </font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2.Sinkovic D. Effect of formaldehyde on diphtheria toxin protein molecule. 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</article>
