<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1025-028X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1025-028X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Finlay Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1025-028X2024000100012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Studying the efficacy of some commercial inactivated avian influenza H5 vaccines against the currently circulating highly pathogenic H5N8 virus in broiler chickens in Egypt]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estudio de la eficacia en pollos de engorde, de vacunas comerciales inactivadas contra el virus de la influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad H5N8 que circula actualmente en Egipto]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hussein]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[El-Bagoury]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[El-Habbaa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nassif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samir A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Armed Forces Laboratories for Medical Research and Blood Bank  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cairo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Egypt</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benha university Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Virology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Egypt</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Agricultural Research Center (ARC) Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cairo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Egypt</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1025-028X2024000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1025-028X2024000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1025-028X2024000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The avian influenza H5N8 virus is a highly pathogenic virus that can cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. In Egypt, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b was reported in 2016, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of some commercial inactivated H5 vaccines from a different lineage against the challenge with HPAI H5N8 virus in broiler chickens, in Egypt. Groups of broilers vaccinated with different inactivated H5 vaccines and unvaccinated controls were challenged with HPAI H5N8 virus. Antibody titer was calculated at the first 3 weeks after vaccination and the viral shedding titer was calculated at 3-, 5-, 7- and 10-days post challenge. Mortality rates were monitored daily during the first 10 days after the challenge to provide an estimate of the protection level. According to our findings, following a challenge with the HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b virus, the inactivated vaccines offered varying degrees of efficacy, HI titer and reduction of virus shedding titer, which may be related to variations in the nucleotide sequence identity percentages of the HA genes between the challenge virus and the vaccine seeds. These findings emphasize the need for continual updating of the H5 vaccines applied in Egypt to keep up with the continual mutations that discovered in H5Nx viruses.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El virus de la gripe aviar H5N8 es un virus altamente patógeno que puede causar graves pérdidas económicas en especies avícolas de todo el mundo. En Egipto, el virus de la gripe aviar altamente patógena del subtipo H5N8 clado 2.3.4.4b se notificó en 2016 y, a pesar de los esfuerzos de vacunación, el virus se ha vuelto endémico. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de algunas vacunas comerciales inactivadas H5 de linaje diferente, contra el virus de la influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad H5N8 en pollos de engorde, en Egipto. Grupos de pollos de engorde vacunados con diferentes vacunas H5 inactivadas y controles no vacunados fueron retados con el virus de la influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad H5N8. Se calculó el título de anticuerpos a las 3 semanas de la vacunación y el título de excreción viral a los 3, 5, 7 y 10 días de la prueba. Las tasas de mortalidad se controlaron diariamente durante los 10 días siguientes al reto para obtener una estimación del nivel de protección. Según nuestros hallazgos, tras el reto con el virus de la influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad H5N8 del clado 2.3.4.4b, las vacunas inactivadas ofrecieron diferentes grados de eficacia, título de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y reducción del título de excreción del virus, lo que puede estar relacionado con las variaciones en los porcentajes de identidad de la secuencia de nucleótidos de los genes HA entre el virus del reto y las semillas de la vacuna. Estos hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de una actualización continua de las vacunas H5 aplicadas en Egipto para mantenerse al día con las continuas mutaciones que se descubren en los virus H5Nx.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[avian influenza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immune response]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quantitative Real Time PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vaccines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[influenza aviar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[respuesta inmune]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vacunas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Novel reassortant influenza A(H5N8) viruses, South Korea, 2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerg Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1087-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Susloparov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolosova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goncharova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shipovalov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durymanov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influenza A(H5N8) virus isolation in Russia, 2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Virol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>160</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2857-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental infection of mandarin duck with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8 and H5N1) viruses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vet Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<page-range>59-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kandeil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kayed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moatasim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kayali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gen Virol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1573-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naguib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Husseiny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosaad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2 3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Genet Evol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>56-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hassan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WMM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedeek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elhusseiny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Virol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>165</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1357-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Husseiny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shalaby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Analysis of Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Circulating in Egypt, 2019-2021]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Viruses]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1758</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Husseiny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Viruses]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1565</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kandeil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JSM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdelaal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Taweel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of commercial vaccines against newly emerging avian influenza H5N8 virus in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Rep]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9697</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Setta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shakak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Quwaie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Otaibi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Saadony]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in commercial broiler chicken farms from 2019 to 2022]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Poult Sci]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>102639</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yehia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makhareta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shoukry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abd Elhalem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of inactivated avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus bivalent vaccination program against newly circulated H5N8 and NDV strains]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Poult Sci]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>102952</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Organization for Animal Health</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WOAH]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vostinakova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pirchanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cernikova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dirbakova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mojzis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and evaluation of a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for universal detection of influenza A viruses from avian and mammal species Arch]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Virol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>155</volume>
<page-range>665-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of real-time RT-PCR for the quantitation and competitive replication study of H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza virus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Virol Methods]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tacken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Zoelen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dose response effects of avian influenza (H7N7) vaccination of chickens serology, clinical protection and reduction of virus excretion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vaccine]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>3592-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niqueux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[É]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flodrops]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allée]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Louboutin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of three hemagglutinin-based vaccines for the experimental control of a panzootic clade 2 3.4.4b A(H5N8) high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mule ducks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vaccine]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>145-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine (H5-Re13, H5-Re14, and H7-Re4 strains) in chickens, ducks, and geese against newly detected H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9 viruses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Integr Agric]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>2086-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nassif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fouad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abotaleb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mourad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of the recently registered inactivated Avian Influenza H5 (Re-13 &amp; Re-14) vaccine in commercial broiler chickens compared to that of Re-5 &amp; Re-6+Re-8 AI vaccines against the currently circulating HPAI H5N8 strain in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Middle East J Appl Sci]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>671-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Connie Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experimental challenge of chicken vaccinated with commercially available H5 vaccines reveals loss of protection to some highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains circulating in Hong Kong/China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vaccine]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>35</numero>
<issue>35</issue>
<page-range>3536-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kilany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hassan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Safwat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohammed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VonDobschuetz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of the effectiveness of rHVT-H5, inactivated H5 and rHVT-H5 with inactivated H5 prime/boost vaccination regimes in commercial broiler chickens carrying MDAs against HPAI H5N1 clade 2 2.1 virus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Avian Pathol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>333-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
