RESEARCH
Sequence and structure of the mitochondrial control region of the Cuban rodent Capromys pilorides (Rodentia: Capromyidae)
Secuencia y estructura de la región control mitocondrial del roedor cubano Capromys pilorides (Rodentia: Capromyidae)
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Alejandro Silva1, Adriana Artiles2,3, William Suárez4, Gilberto Silva4
1 Grupo de Tecnología, Empresa de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, GECYT. Calle 20 e/ 41 y 47 #4110, Playa, La Habana, Cuba.
2 Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras. San Lázaro 701 esq. Belascoaín, Centro Habana, CP 10 300, La Habana, Cuba.
3 Laboratorio de Sanidad Acuícola, Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras, CIP. 5ta. Avenida y 246, Barlovento, Santa Fe, Playa, CP 19100, La Habana, Cuba.
4 Departamento de Paleogeografía y Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba, MNHNCu. Obispo 61, Plaza de Armas, Habana Vieja, CP 10100, La Habana, Cuba.
ABSTRACT
]]> The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from Capromys pilorides, an autochthon Cuban rodent, was sequenced and compared to two other species of hystricognath caviomorph rodents, in order to know patterns of variation and to explore the existence of previously described domains and other elements in rodents. The results revealed that the complete D-loop region of this species is 1336 base pairs long. Our data were compatible with the proposal of three domains [extended terminal associated sequences (ETAS), central (CD), and conserved sequence blocks (CSB)] within the control region, as well as the subsequences ETAS1, ETAS2, CSB1, CSB2, and CSB3. Likewise, a repetitive DNA region between the subsequences CSB1 and CSB2 was observed. The most conserved domain in the mitochondrial control region was the CD domain followed by ETAS and CSB domains in that order. The comparative analysis on base composition and genetic distance support the rationale of using the mitochondrial control region as a source of useful markers for population genetic studies with application to the conservation of this and other related Cuban rodent species, some of them under severe extinction risk.Keywords: Capromys pilorides, D-loop structure, rodents.
RESUMEN
Con el objetivo de explorar los patrones de variación y la presencia de los dominios y subsecuencias se secuenció la región control mitocondrial (D-loop) completa de Capromys pilorides, un roedor autóctono cubano, y se comparó con la descripción de otros dos roedores hystricognath caviomorfos. Los resultados mostraron que la región control mitocondrial completa de esta especie tiene con 1336 pares de bases, y se verificó la presencia de los dominios y las secuencias extendidas asociadas a la terminación (ETAS), central (CD), y bloque de secuencias conservadas (CSB) y las subsecuencias ETAS1, ETAS2, CSB1, CSB2, y CSB3. A su vez, se observó una región de ADN repetitivo entre las subsecuencias CSB1 y CSB2. La región más conservada resultó ser la correspondiente al dominio CD, a la que siguen los dominios ETAS y CSB. El análisis comparativo de la composición de bases entre dominios y de la distancia genética, apoya el propósito de utilizar estas secuencias como fuentes de marcadores útiles para los estudios de genética poblacional, con aplicación a la conservación de esta y otras especies de roedores cubanos afines, algunas de ellas en severo riesgo de extinción.
Palabras clave: Capromys pilorides, estructura D-loop, roedores.
]]> INTRODUCTION
The maternal inheritance pattern of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA, together with the presence of orthologous genes in single copies, an extremely low recombination rate [1], high mutation rates [2] and number of copies that facilitates its amplification, have made this biomolecule an essential tool for studies in genetics, taxonomy, systematics and evolution, as well as the ideal target for genetic research on biodiversity conservation. Mitochondrial DNA has been the most recurrent source of molecular markers during the last three decades [3].
Mammalian mitochondrial genomes are closed double-stranded circular molecules containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. Non-coding regions are circumscribed to two areas, called the control region or D-loop, involved in the replication and transcription of these molecules, and the OL region, involved in replication initiation [4]. Studies have revealed that the most rapidly evolving part of the mitochondrial genome is the control region or D-loop [5]. Research on the mammalian D-loop [6] show that can be divided into 3 domains: Extended Termination-Associated Sequences (ETAS; from the proline tRNA to the central domain), the central domain (CD), and Conserved Sequence Blocks (CSB) (from the CD to the phenylalanine tRNA). Comparative studies of the mitochondrial control region (MCR) of mammals have demonstrated that each domain has a different pattern of variation, as ETAS and CSB evolve rapidly, whereas CD is strongly conserved between species [6, 7].
The analysis of 25 full-length MCR sequences from 23 species of the Sciurognathi and Hystricognathi suborders of the Rodentia order, plus one of Lagomorph order [8], suggested that the only sequence elements of this region that is conserved across all rodent species is the central domain (CD), a conserved region of the ETAS domain adjacent to CD called ETAS1, and the conserved sequence block 1 (CSB1) from domain CSB. The sample used in this study, however, included only 4 species of the Hystricognathi rodent suborder.
Efforts to map world biodiversity have uncovered around 2000 species of rodents; of which, more than 40 species and 12 genera have been discovered in neotropical zones alone since 1992 [9]. This mammalian group is increasingly vulnerable, as illustrated by the extinction of 50 to 51% of its species in the last 500 years [10]. There are 388 living species of island rodents, classified into 127 genera and 10 families. The Capromyidae family, endemic to the Antilles, belongs to the hystricognath caviomorph rodents of the New World, and represents the only endemic family exclusively composed of island dwellers [11].
Capromyinae, one of the subfamilies grouped into the Capromyidae family, contains all living and extinct species of hutia. Five genera with 26 species are currently recognized in this subfamily; of them, 17 (66%) are extinct. There are 7 living species in Cuba [12], five of which currently face the risk of extinction to certain degrees [13]. In addition, the living species of hutia represent the only examples of Cuban indigenous land mammals still observable in the wild, as the rest are either extinct or have not been sighted recently, as in the case of Solenodon cubanus [12].
Capromys pilorides (CP) is the most abundant and widely distributed capromid species in the Cuban archipelago, occupying widely dissimilar habitats and exhibiting an extensive phenotypic variability [14-17]. It therefore represents a prime candidate for studies of the sequence and structure of the D-loop region that may contribute to genetic research for conservation efforts targeted at these species.
To fulfill this objective, we have sequenced and determined the structure of the D-loop region of CP, which was then compared to those of two other hystricognath caviomorph rodents: Cavia porcellus (CV) and Octodon degus (OD).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
]]> Species included in the studyTable 1 contains relevant data on the species of this study, including their taxonomic classification at the family and suborder levels within the Rodentia order, as well as the GenBank accession number for the sequences used in the comparisons.
Extraction and amplification of DNA
Total DNA from two CP specimens belonging to the collection of frozen biological materials of the National Museum of Natural History of Cuba was obtained from liver samples, using the DNeasy Tissue system (Qiagen, USA) and the protocol recommended by the manufacturer. This material was used to amplify a mitochondrial DNA fragment of approximately 2.3 kb long, containing the sequences for the 3’ end of the cytochrome b gene, threonine and proline tRNA, the MCR, phenylalanine tRNA, and a portion of the 12s gene, using primers O-009 (5’-GCCTATGCCATCCTACGCTC-3’) and O-012 (5’-GGTGTGCTTGATACCCGCTC-3’) (Figure 1). Both primers were designed based on published sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s genes from CP [18, 19], using the FastPCR software application [20] (Figure 1).
The amplification reactions (PCR) were set up in a volume of 50 µL, using the components of the GoTAQ Core system and 2.5 U of Taq polymerase, both obtained from Promega (USA). The amplification used an initial denaturation step at 94 oC for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of a denaturation step at 94 oC for 45 s, an annealing step at 58 oC for 45 s, and an extension step at 72 oC for 2.5 min, followed by a final single extension step at 72 oC for 10 min.
Amplification products were examined in 8% agarose gel in TBE buffer (Tris base 54 g/L, boric acid 27.5 g/L, 20 mL of 0.5 M EDTA pH 0.8), and the 2.3 kb product was purified with the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System from Promega (USA).
Cloning and sequencing
The purified fragments were ligated into pGEMT-easy, using the conditions and components of the pGEM-T and pGEM-T Easy Vector Systems (Promega, USA). XL-1 Blue competent cells [21], obtained from the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Cuba, were transformed with the ligation mixture and the positive clones were selected on LBA plates (tryptone 10 g/L, yeast extract 5 g/L, NaCl 10 g/L, pH 7.2, agar 15 g/L, ampicillin 100 µg/mL) to which 40 µL of both 100 mM IPTG and X-gal at 20 mg/mL were added to facilitate the identification of recombinant clones.
Four white colonies and one blue colony obtained from the amplification of DNA from each CP specimen were submitted to colony PCR [22] to corroborate the presence of the 2.3 kb insert. Positive plasmids were purified with the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System (Promega, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Plasmid DNA samples were shipped to Macrogen (South Korea) for sequencing both strands with universal primers, and also primers O-048 (5’-TCTGGTTCTTTCTTCAGG-3’), and O-049 (5’-GAGATGTCTTATTTAAGGG-3’), binding to a subsequence of the central domain (Figure 1). They were designed based on the MCR from CV, using the FastPCR software application [20].
]]> Sequence analysisMCR sequences from both CP specimens were aligned to their corresponding orthologs in CV and OD using Clustal X 2.0.10 [23], analyzing nucleotide composition with DAMBE v5.0.48 [24] and PAUP 4.10 beta [25]. Genetic distance values used to estimate sequence homology between the three species were calculated with MEGA 4.0 [26], using Kimura’s 2-parameter evolution model (K2P) [27].
The presence or absence of the main subsequences (ETAS, CD and CSB) reported for mammalian [5, 6] and, specifically, rodent MCR [8], was ascertained by visual inspection, since they exhibited an acceptable level of homology. The absence or presence of the ETA2 subsequence was corroborated with a separate alignment that included rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus which, unlike CV and OD, do have this subsequence previously identified.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sequence and characterization of the MCR from C. pilorides
Both CP specimens had an MCR that was 1336 bp long. As shown in previous studies of this region using mammals, and specifically rodents [5, 6, 8], it was also divided into a highly conserved central domain flanked by ETAS and CSB domains. There was also a repetitive DNA segment within the CSB domain (Figure 2). Given the high sequence identity (98%) of the two CP specimens included in this study, the results of their analysis will not be reported individually, but to the species in general.
ETAS domain
The ETAS domain is 350 bp long in CP. Two conserved subsequences have been described within this region; they are named ETAS1 and ETAS2. While ETAS2 is conserved across different mammalian species [5, 6, 28, 29], it is reportedly absent in certain rodents [8]. Using comparisons with MCR sequences from CV, OD, M. musculus, and R. norvegicus, it was possible to corroborate the presence of both subsequences in CP (Figure 1, supplementary material). Likewise, an ongoing phylogenetic study (Silva A, unpublished observations), using ETAS sequences from 20 species of hystricognath rodents, has also confirmed the presence of ETA2 subsequences. Although a previous study reported a repetitive region within this domain in rodents [8], we did not find it in CP.
Central Domain
]]> This domain is 309 bp long in CP. Subsequences A, B and C (Figure 2), involved in the binding of cytoskeletal elements associated to the mitochondria [30], were confirmed.CSB domain
The CSB domain was 676 bp long in CP, structured into the three canonical sequence blocks of this region (CSB1, CSB2 and CSB3). Additionally, CSB from CP has a 300 bp-long repetitive DNA region between CSB1 and CSB2 (Figure 2), in agreement with previously published data for other mammals and, especially, rodents [5, 6, 8, 29, 31, 32]. In CP the repetitive DNA region is composed of 50 hexamers, not all of which are identical (Table 2).
Comparison to CV and OD
The fundamental goal of this study was to determine the sequence and structure of the mitochondrial control region of a representative species of Cuban rodents from the Capromyinae subfamily to apply molecular genetic tools to future efforts for their conservation. It was therefore necessary to compare the MCR sequence from CP to that from phylogenetically close rodents to evaluate the feasibility of using our results as the basis of future population, inter-species and supra-species studies.
The species chosen for the comparison, CV and OD, are also New World hystricognath rodents. OD is evolutionarily closer to CP than CV [33-36]; it is therefore expected to cluster with CP and away from CV on the basis of sequence similarity alone. Results shown on Table 3 confirm these expectations regarding both domain length and genetic distance (homology).
When comparing domain length (Table 3), however, there is an important disparity in the case of ETAS in OD. This is not a contradictory finding in itself, however, as the length of this domain is known to vary in rodents [8], although this is clearly not a conclusive structural and functional explanation. Apart from this exception, the remaining domains have similar lengths across all three species compared.
An examination of the calculated genetic distance values (Table 3) indicates that the homologies of domains ETAS and CD (Table 3) are similar to those described for other mammalian families [37, 38]. In the specific case of domain CD in the CP/OD pair, the computed genetic distances are even close to the average for genera within the same rodent family [39], although both species belong to different families (CP to Capromyidae and OD to Octodontidae). This confirms the close phylogenetic relationship of these families, which, not coincidentally, are grouped together in superfamily Octodontoidea.
CV, on the other hand, belongs to family Caviidae belonging to the Cavioidea superfamily. Consequently, its genetic divergence (inverse of homology) is larger when compared to the other two species, because they are not so closely related from an evolutionary viewpoint [37].
The above results are confirmed on examining the alignments for domains ETAS (Figure 1, supplementary material), CD (Figure 2, supplementary material) and CSB (Figure 3, supplementary material; excluding the repetitive DNA region from each species) as well as Table 3.
]]> The three alignments demonstrate a greater similarity between domain sequences from CP and OD, evidencing that the incidence of insertions and deletions between these two species is much lower to that of these two and CV.The largest genetic distance, largest numbers of insertions and deletions, and highest proportion of insertions and deletions larger than 1 bp (parentheses in Table 3, insertions/deletions) are observed in the specific case of domain CSB, confirming the greater variability of this domain compared to ETAS and CD. This is even more evident in CV in respect to the other two species, underscoring once again the degree of evolutionary divergence between these species.
A repetitive DNA region was also observed in domain CSB for the three species, located between subsequences CSB1 and CSB2. This region, however, had inter-species differences for the number of repeats and their composition (Table 2). For instance, CV had several copies of a single repeat, whereas CP and OD were heterogeneous in repeat sequence and numbers.
The presence of repetitive DNA in mammalian CSB domains has been well documented. This repetitive region is highly variable, and may even be entirely absent [5, 6, 8]. In any case, its role within the context of the mitochondrial control region is still unknown.
The alignments for domain CSB (Figure 3, supplementary material) demonstrate the presence of sequence blocks CSB1, CSB2, and CSB3, with a high degree of sequence conservation except for small variations in CSB1 (Figure 3). These three blocks are not a conserved, general feature in rodents or in mammals, in general, since out of the 7 hystricognath with published full-length sequences of the mitochondrial control region, only those examined here have all three blocks present.
In summary, despite the availability of previous sequences from CP and other capromids published in the literature in studies of intra- and supra-species phylogenetic relationships within the Capromyidae family [18, 19, 40], this is the first published full-length D-loop sequence for a member of this taxon, and does not only enhance the knowledge on the genetic resources of our country, but it is a starting point for exploring this region in mitochondrial DNA of other Cuban capromid species.
Results indicate that the sequence and structure of the MCR in CP correspond to those published for other rodents, in complete agreement with already established phylogenetic relationships within the Hystricognathi suborder.
The strong homology between the two full-length MCR CP specimens sequences (98%), and the coherence of the values obtained from comparisons of ETAS and CD domains between species, regarding their length, genetic distance and number of insertions and deletions with those obtained for these domains in other rodents [41-43] in population genetics studies, lead to the conclusion that these sequences may be useful for population studies of Cuban capromids focused on their conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
]]> The authors wish to thank the direction of the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, its specialists and the hospital management for the use of their facilities and their constant support during the experimental stage of this study. This was a project funded by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) of Canada.
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Received in August, 2010. ]]> Accepted for publication in June, 2011.
Alejandro Silva. Grupo de Tecnología, Empresa de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, GECYT. Calle 20 e/ 41 y 47 #4110, Playa, La Habana, Cuba. E-mail: alejo@gecyt.cu.
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