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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1608-8921</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Médica Espirituana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Méd Espirit]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1608-8921</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1608-89212013000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Debilidades en la atención a los niños con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Weaknesses in the children care with acquired pneumonia in the community]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orellana Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geovanis Alcides]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Provincial General Camilo Cienfuegos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sancti Spíritus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1608-89212013000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1608-89212013000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1608-89212013000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <DIV ALIGN="RIGHT"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><B>EDITORIAL</B></font></DIV>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p align="left"><span class="Estilo1"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Debilidades  en la atención a los niños con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad</b></font></span></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p align="left"><span class="Estilo1"><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Weaknesses  in the children care with acquired pneumonia in the community</b></font></span></p>    <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>    <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>    <p align="left"><span class="Estilo1"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>  Dr. Geovanis Alcides Orellana Meneses</b></font></span></p>    <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Especialista  de 1er grado en Medicina General Integral y 2do grado en Neumolog&iacute;a. M&aacute;ster  en atenci&oacute;n integral al ni&ntilde;o. Profesor Asistente. Hospital Provincial  General Camilo Cienfuegos. Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus. Cuba.</font></p>    <br>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La  neumon&iacute;a es la principal causa individual de mortalidad infantil en todo  el mundo. Se calcula que mata cada a&ntilde;o a unos 1,2 millones de ni&ntilde;os  menores de cinco a&ntilde;os<sup>1</sup>. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">En  Cuba la mortalidad por neumon&iacute;a ha disminuido en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os,  sin embargo al cierre del 2011 se comport&oacute; como una de las dos causas de  muerte, en todas las edades, que no decreci&oacute; y se registr&oacute; entre  las primeras cinco causas de muerte en los menores de cinco a&ntilde;os<sup>2,3</sup>.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La  Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo Internacional de las  Naciones Unidas para la ayuda a la Infancia (UNICEF) iniciaron en el a&ntilde;o  2009 el Plan de Acci&oacute;n Mundial para la Prevenci&oacute;n y el Control de  la Neumon&iacute;a , que tiene por objetivo el control de la neumon&iacute;a a  trav&eacute;s de la combinaci&oacute;n intervenciones de protecci&oacute;n, prevenci&oacute;n  y tratamiento de la enfermedad en los ni&ntilde;os<sup>1</sup>. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Los  resultados obtenidos en Cuba son consecuencias de un sistema de salud con un s&oacute;lido  enfoque en las acciones de protecci&oacute;n y prevenci&oacute;n sin embargo,  a&uacute;n existen debilidades en la atenci&oacute;n a los ni&ntilde;os con neumon&iacute;a  adquirida en la comunidad principalmente en el diagn&oacute;stico y el tratamiento.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Las  neumon&iacute;as adquiridas en la comunidad (NAC), definidas como un proceso inflamatorio  agudo del par&eacute;nquima pulmonar que afecta a pacientes inmunocompetentes  que no hayan sido hospitalizados en los 7-14 d&iacute;as previos al comienzo de  los s&iacute;ntomas o que estos comiencen en las primeras 48 horas desde su hospitalizaci&oacute;n,  han sido motivo de preocupaci&oacute;n para la comunidad cient&iacute;fica pedi&aacute;trica  debido a su elevada incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad<sup>3</sup>. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Los  investigadores no dejan de buscar una mayor precisi&oacute;n en el diagn&oacute;stico  y tratamiento de los pacientes con esta enfermedad no obstante, a pesar de los  resultados obtenidos y del desarrollo de nuevas t&eacute;cnicas para identificar  el agente causal de las NAC, se reconoce que el diagn&oacute;stico de esta enfermedad  puede ser basado en elementos cl&iacute;nicos<sup>4-6</sup> y que su confirmaci&oacute;n  se realiza mediante la radiograf&iacute;a tor&aacute;cica (RxT)<sup>3,7</sup>.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dis&iacute;miles  son las interrogantes referentes a las NAC, sin embargo las investigaciones han  demostrado dos aspectos muy importantes: </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1ro:  no es necesario distinguir desde el punto vista cl&iacute;nico las neumon&iacute;as  virales de las bacterianas<sup>7</sup> y     <br> 2do: el tratamiento ambulatorio  de los pacientes con neumon&iacute;as es, en principio, emp&iacute;rico<sup>5,8,9</sup>.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">De  esto se infiere como primer elemento, que lo trascendente ante un ni&ntilde;o  con sospecha de neumon&iacute;a no es la determinaci&oacute;n del germen causal  sino la capacidad que tengamos los profesionales de la salud de identificar correctamente  si el ni&ntilde;o tiene neumon&iacute;a o no; para ello existe una herramienta  conocida, pero desafortunadamente poco utilizada con la profundidad que se requiere:  el m&eacute;todo cl&iacute;nico. </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El  interrogatorio aporta datos tan importantes como son los antecedentes patol&oacute;gicos  del ni&ntilde;o, la sintomatolog&iacute;a actual, el tiempo transcurrido desde  el comienzo de la aparici&oacute;n de los s&iacute;ntomas, el orden cronol&oacute;gico  de aparici&oacute;n de los s&iacute;ntomas, los tratamientos previos y la respuesta  a los mismos, entre otros. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Una  debilidad al realizar la anamnesis es que algunos profesionales se limitan a identificar  los s&iacute;ntomas pero sin realizar el ordenamiento de aparici&oacute;n de los  mismos, lo que puede provocar, en el juicio cl&iacute;nico, la omisi&oacute;n  diagn&oacute;stica de otras enfermedades m&aacute;s probables, diferentes de la  neumon&iacute;a. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Aunque  no existe una regla u orden inequ&iacute;voco para sospechar que el ni&ntilde;o  tenga neumon&iacute;a, s&iacute; existen ejemplos de diagn&oacute;sticos err&oacute;neos  de esta enfermedad a partir de una anamnesis insuficiente: primero, si un paciente  comienza con fiebre, rinorrea, despu&eacute;s con tos y posteriormente con dificultad  “ventilatoria” (solo esfuerzo ventilatorio incrementado), sugiere pensar como  causa probable en un proceso rinusinusal con obstrucci&oacute;n nasal y descarga  posterior, secundario a infecci&oacute;n respiratoria alta, m&aacute;s que en  una neumon&iacute;a; segundo, si el paciente es asm&aacute;tico y comienza con  disnea espiratoria, obstrucci&oacute;n nasal, sibilantes y fiebre, en ese orden,  es m&aacute;s probable pensar en una exacerbaci&oacute;n asm&aacute;tica que en  una neumon&iacute;a<sup>10</sup>. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Aunque  la sintomatolog&iacute;a en los ni&ntilde;os con neumon&iacute;a puede variar  seg&uacute;n diversos criterios, entre ellos la edad, el agente etiol&oacute;gico  y la comorbilidad, la evidencia ha corroborado que solo dos s&iacute;ntomas han  sido definidos como las caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas b&aacute;sicas  para la sospecha de neumon&iacute;a: la tos y el aumento del trabajo respiratorio<sup>10</sup>;  los cuales tienen un nivel predictor por la combinaci&oacute;n de ambos y no por  la presencia aislada de cada uno. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sobre  el examen f&iacute;sico existen dos aspectos que son claves: el primero (obvio,  pero en ocasiones mal ejecutado) consiste en realizar adecuadamente las maniobras  y procederes propios del examen f&iacute;sico, y el segundo est&aacute; dado por  el razonamiento l&oacute;gico para integrar la sintomatolog&iacute;a referida  por padres o ni&ntilde;os con los signos positivos encontrados. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&iquest;Por  qu&eacute; el razonamiento l&oacute;gico?, algunas debilidades como la no correlaci&oacute;n  de los signos hallados con las variantes diagn&oacute;sticas que se sospechan  de acuerdo con la sintomatolog&iacute;a referida, dentro de los ejemplos a mencionar  est&aacute; la inadecuada auscultaci&oacute;n del t&oacute;rax. En muchas ocasiones  este proceder es limitado a la colocaci&oacute;n del estetoscopio en la pared  tor&aacute;cica y escuchar r&aacute;pidamente lo normal o anormal en cuanto a  los ruidos respiratorios, sin embargo en estos casos se obvia que esta “escucha”  debe hacerse en los dos tiempos de la respiraci&oacute;n, y que solo as&iacute;  se podr&aacute;n diferenciar los diferentes ruidos adventicios o extra&ntilde;os.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Entre  todos los hallazgos que podemos encontrar en ni&ntilde;os con neumon&iacute;a,  solamente la taquipnea ha demostrado una mayor especificidad (95 %) y a su vez  un mayor factor predictor negativo individual (VPN= 84,7 % en menores de 2 a&ntilde;os  y 97,4 % en menores de 5 a&ntilde;os). Otros signos con especificidad elevada  para la neumon&iacute;a son los crepitantes y la fiebre en el momento del examen  al paciente<sup>10</sup>. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">En  tres estudios internacionales que incluyeron 1322 ni&ntilde;os mayores de 2 meses  hasta 16 a&ntilde;os se obtuvieron con buena consistencia los siguientes resultados  en com&uacute;n<sup>11</sup>: </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#149;&nbsp;  la ausencia de taquipnea, fiebre y saturaci&oacute;n de ox&iacute;geno &lt;94  % hace muy improbable que el ni&ntilde;o tenga neumon&iacute;a. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#149;&nbsp;  la presencia de dos de estos signos est&aacute; asociada con un alto riesgo de  neumon&iacute;a en un ni&ntilde;o. </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Por  lo que se puede llegar a una conclusi&oacute;n relacionada con el interrogatorio  y el examen f&iacute;sico: es infrecuente que un ni&ntilde;o tenga neumon&iacute;a  si no tiene tos, fiebre y taquipnea. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Como  se ha afirmado, una vez que se sospecha que un ni&ntilde;o tiene neumon&iacute;a,  esta puede corroborarse mediante una radiograf&iacute;a de t&oacute;rax no obstante,  est&aacute; demostrado que en pacientes con buen estado cl&iacute;nico no es necesario  la confirmaci&oacute;n radiol&oacute;gica de esta enfermedad<sup>5-7</sup>.</font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El  criterio anterior depende de cada profesional, del lugar y las condiciones donde  se realice el examen del paciente, pero se recomienda que siempre que se pueda  se trate de confirmar la neumon&iacute;a mediante el estudio radiol&oacute;gico.  Precisamente, sobre este &uacute;ltimo elemento, existen tambi&eacute;n debilidades  en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica como la inadecuada interpretaci&oacute;n de  las RxT y la indicaci&oacute;n en exceso de las radiograf&iacute;as evolutivas.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">En  el primer caso existen factores objetivos como la pobre calidad de las RxT (penetrada  o blanda, rotada, espirada, y otras) y factores subjetivos generalmente relacionados  con interpretaci&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes normales (hilios pulmonares, manubrio  esternal, seudol&oacute;bulos, entre otras) como anormales, o por interpretaci&oacute;n  de im&aacute;genes normales modificadas por mala t&eacute;cnica radiol&oacute;gica  (hilios congestivos en RxT espirados, esc&aacute;pulas intrator&aacute;cicas,  y otras) como anormales. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sobre  el segundo caso han sido publicados trabajos que confirman que no se considera  necesaria la radiograf&iacute;a de control en el ni&ntilde;o con NAC no complicada  y que ha presentado una evoluci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica favorable y que, de indicarse,  parece razonable un tiempo de espera no inferior a 4 semanas, individualiz&aacute;ndose  la decisi&oacute;n<sup>5,7,12</sup>; sin embargo es frecuente la indicaci&oacute;n  de RxT evolutivas en per&iacute;odos inferiores a las 4 semanas e incluso es usual  realizarlas a los siete d&iacute;as o menos de indicada la RxT inicial, las cuales  solo se justifican para descartar una complicaci&oacute;n relacionada con la neumon&iacute;a<sup>9</sup>.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Otra  debilidad que se pudiera agregar es la no correlaci&oacute;n del hallazgo radiol&oacute;gico  con la semiog&eacute;nesis y fisiopatolog&iacute;a de los signos caracter&iacute;sticos  en las neumon&iacute;as; esta correlaci&oacute;n tiene que formar parte del programa  de habilidades a desarrollar por todo m&eacute;dico en su formaci&oacute;n, y  hacer &eacute;nfasis en el rescate del an&aacute;lisis l&oacute;gico y deductivo  que se debe aplicar en la atenci&oacute;n a los ni&ntilde;os con NAC. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La  OMS , en el tratamiento de las neumon&iacute;as, estableci&oacute; que el uso  inapropiado de antibi&oacute;ticos, incluyendo la prescripci&oacute;n a los ni&ntilde;os  con simples resfriados o tos, no solo desperdicia recursos sino que incrementa  la resistencia a los antibi&oacute;ticos<sup>10</sup>. De hecho, en la infancia  las neumon&iacute;as virales (debut gradual, s&iacute;ntomas respiratorios altos  precedentes, signos auscultatorios difusos y ausencia de apariencia t&oacute;xica  infecciosa en el ni&ntilde;o) no deben ser tratadas con antibi&oacute;ticos<sup>6</sup>;  sin embargo, mientras se buscan mejores herramientas para diferenciar entre neumon&iacute;a  viral y bacteriana, la mayor&iacute;a de los ni&ntilde;os con fiebre, tos y signos  predictores positivos de neumon&iacute;a deben ser tratados con antibi&oacute;ticos<sup>10</sup>.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tras  esta determinaci&oacute;n surgen otras interrogantes: cu&aacute;l antibi&oacute;tico  debe indicarse, qu&eacute; v&iacute;a de administraci&oacute;n debe usarse, qu&eacute;  dosis y durante qu&eacute; tiempo; a las cu&aacute;les la ciencia les ha dado  respuestas basadas en evidencias. Tal vez sea este el aspecto donde existen m&aacute;s  debilidades, m&aacute;s por calidad que por cantidad. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La  terapia oral con amoxicilina ha sido demostrada como la terapia emp&iacute;rica  de primera l&iacute;nea para todos los ni&ntilde;os entre 2 meses y 5 a&ntilde;os  con diagn&oacute;stico de neumon&iacute;a y los macr&oacute;lidos (azitromicina)  como primera l&iacute;nea del tratamiento para todos los ni&ntilde;os mayores  de 5 a&ntilde;os<sup>5,6,10</sup>; a pesar de que esta evidencia se recoge en  la literatura cient&iacute;fica desde hace m&aacute;s de 10 a&ntilde;os<sup>4,6</sup>,  se emplea con frecuencia la penicilina parenteral (intramuscular) para el tratamiento  de los ni&ntilde;os con NAC. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Las  gu&iacute;as para la atenci&oacute;n de los ni&ntilde;os con neumon&iacute;a adquirida  en la comunidad (NAC) han sido bien estudiadas y dial&eacute;cticamente modificadas,  de acuerdo con los aportes obtenidos en las investigaciones con mayor nivel de  evidencia. </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La  actualizaci&oacute;n de las gu&iacute;as cubanas o protocolos para normalizar  la atenci&oacute;n a los ni&ntilde;os con NAC ya es una realidad, sin embargo  los cambios en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica no deben estar marcados solamente  por dogmas, regulaciones o indicaciones r&iacute;gidas, sino que debe ser el resultado  de un tr&aacute;nsito l&oacute;gico, individualizado y sobre todo, concientizado  por cada uno de los profesionales, al final protagonistas en la ejecuci&oacute;n  de este protocolo. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Es  necesario que cada profesional mantenga su propio protagonismo a trav&eacute;s  de una superaci&oacute;n individual que propicie la puesta en pr&aacute;ctica  de modificaciones que han demostrado mejor&iacute;a en la atenci&oacute;n a los  ni&ntilde;os con neumon&iacute;a, en par&aacute;metros como: adecuado control  de los s&iacute;ntomas, disminuci&oacute;n del n&uacute;mero de hospitalizaciones,  disminuci&oacute;n del costo, disminuci&oacute;n de las complicaciones y una menor  agresi&oacute;n al paciente, entre otros<sup>6</sup>. </font></p>    <div align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Algunos  autores pueden asignarle al t&eacute;rmino <b>debilidad </b> el equivalente de  un error m&eacute;dico, pero como la definici&oacute;n de este &uacute;ltimo incluye  toda equivocaci&oacute;n en que no exista mala fe, ni se ponga de manifiesto una  infracci&oacute;n o imprudencia, como la negligencia, abandono, indolencia, desprecio,  incapacidad, impericia e ignorancia profesional, se prefiere usar el t&eacute;rmino  <b>debilidad </b> para llamar la atenci&oacute;n sobre los efectos en la pr&aacute;ctica  asistencial de la escasa superaci&oacute;n individual o actualizaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica  m&aacute;s all&aacute; de la impericia, la equivocaci&oacute;n o la ignorancia  profesional. </font> </div>    <p align="justify" class="Estilo1">&nbsp;</p><hr>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pneumonia  is the main individual cause of infant mortality around the world. It is estimated  that every year there are 1.2 million deaths of children under 5 years old. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In  Cuba mortality for pneumonia has decreased in the last years, however but the  end of 2011 it was one of the two death causes in all ages without any decrease  and it was recorded among the first five death causes in children under five years  old. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  WHO ( World Health Organization) and United Nations International Fund for the  help to (UNICEF) which started in 2009 the World Action Plan for the prevention  and control of pneumonia in order to control the pneumonia through the combination  of protection, prevention and treatment of the disease in children . </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  results in Cuba are consequence of a health system with a strong approach on the  actions of protection and prevention; however there are still some handicaps in  the care of health with acquired pneumonia in the community especially in the  diagnosis and treatment. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Acquired  pneumonias in the community (APC) defined as an acute inflammatory process of  the lung parenchyma which affects immunocompetent patients who have not been hospitalized  from 7-14 days before the onset of the symptoms or in the first 24 hours from  their admission in the hospital, have been a reason of concern for the paediatric  scientific community due to its high incidence morbidity and mortality. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Investigators  are still looking for a better accuracy in the diagnosis and treatment of the  patients with this disease, nevertheless, in spite of the obtained results and  the development of new techniques to identify the causal agent of CAP, it is recognized  that the diagnosis of this disease may be based on clinical elements and its confirmation  is made through a (TXr). </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">There  are different questions about the CAP; however the investigations have showed  too many important aspects: </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1st:  It is not necessary to distinguish from the clinical point of view the viral pneumonias  from the bacterial ones.     <br> 2nd: The ambulatory treatment of patients with pneumonia  is at first empirical. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">From  this, we think that the first element in a child with a suspect of pneumonia is  not a determination of a causal germ but the capacity that we have to identify  correctly if a child has pneumonia or not; for this there is a known tool but  unfortunately poorly used as it should be required: the clinical method. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  interview gives important information such as the pathological backgrounds of  the child, the symptomatology, the time from the beginning of present symptoms,  the chronological order of the onset of the symptoms, the previous treatments  and the response to them, among others. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A  problem for the anamnesis is that some professionals restrict themselves to identify  the symptoms without organizing the onset of them which may cause according to  the clinical opinion, the diagnostic omission other more probable diseases, different  from pneumonia. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Though  there is not an uncertainly rule or order to suspect that the children has pneumonia,  there are indeed examples of diagnosis of the disease departing from an insufficient  anamnesis: first, if a patient begins with fever, rhinorrhoea, after cough and  then with “ventilatory” difficulty (only increased ventilatory effort), it suggest  as a probable cause a rhynosinusal process with nasal obstruction and posterior  discharge, secondary to an upper respiratory infection, more than a pneumonia;  second, if the patient is asthmatic and he starts with respiratory dyspnea, nasal  obstruction, sibilants and fever, in that order it is more likely to think about  an asthmatic exacerbation than a pneumonia. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Though  the symptomatology in children with pneumonia may vary according to different  criteria, among them, the age, etiological agent and comorbidity, the evidence  has proved that only two symptoms have been defined as the basic clinical characteristics  for the suspicion of pneumonia: cough, and the increase of respiratory load which  have a predictor level for the combination of both and not for the presence of  each of them. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Concerning  the physical exam there are two key aspects: the first (obvious but occasionally  bad done) consists on correct procedures of the physical exam and the second is  based on the logical reasoning to the referred symptomatology from parents or  children with positive signs. Why the logical reason? There are some problems  such as the non-correlation of the signs found in the diagnostic variants which  are suspected according to the symptomatology, among these examples it is inadequate  auscultation of the thorax. In many occasions this procedure is limited to the  position of the stethoscope on the thoracic wall and listen quickly the normal  or abnormal respiratory murmurs, however in these cases it is avoided that his  listening must be done in the two-time respiration, and only like that we can  distinguish the different adventitious of foreign murmurs. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Among  all the findings we can have in children with pneumonia only tachypnia has showed  a higher specifity (95%) and at the same time a greater individual negative predictor  factor (NPF=84, 7% under two years old and 97, 4% under five years old). </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Others  signs with high specifity for pneumonia are crepitants and fever at the moment  of the exam of the patient. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In  three international studies which included 1322 children from two months old to  sixteen years old, we obtained the following common results: </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#149;&nbsp;  The absence of tachypnia and oxygen saturation &lt; 94 % makes very unlikely that  the child has pneumonia. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#149;&nbsp;  The presence of two of these signs is associated with a high risk of pneumonia  for which we can get to a conclusion related to an interview and physical exam:  it is infrequent that a child has pneumonia if there is no coughing, fever or  tachypnia . </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As  it has been stated once, there is a suspicious that a child has pneumonia, it  can be confirmed through a thorax x-ray, and nevertheless it is proved that in  patients with a good clinical condition it is not necessary a radiological confirmation  of this disease. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  previous criterion depends on every professional, the place and the conditions  where the exam of the patient is made, but it is recommended to try to confirm  the pneumonia through the radiological study. Concerning these last elements there  are always problems in the medical practice, such as inadequate interpretation  of T-x ray and the excessive of evolutive x-rays . </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In  the first case there are objective factors such as the poor quality of T-x ray  (penetrated or soft rotated) and subjective factors generally related to interpretation  of normal images (pulmonary hilum , external manubrium, pseudolobulus) as abnormal  or for the interpretation of modified normal images for a bad radiological technique  as abnormal. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Concerning  the second case some works have been published that confirm the radiography of  control in the children with non-complicated CAP as unnecessary and that has presented  a favourable clinical evolution and in case of being indicated, it seems reasonable  a waiting time not less to 4 weeks, individualizing the decision; however it is  frequent the indication of evolutive TXr in periods not less than 4 weeks and  it is even usual to carry them out 7 days or less of the initial indicated TXr  which are only justified to discard any complication related to pneumonia. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Another  weakness than can be added is the non-correlation of the radiologic finding with  the semiogenesis and physiopathology of the characteristic signs in pneumonias:  this correlation has to take part of the skills abilities to be developed by every  doctor in his formation, and to make emphasis in the rescue of the logical and  deductive analysis that can be applied in the care of children with CAP </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  WHO , in the treatments of pneumonias, established that the inappropriate use  of antibiotics, along with the prescription to children with simple colds or cough  not only waste resources but increases the resistance to antibiotics. In fact,  in childhood viral pneumonias (gradual debut, previous upper respiratory symptoms,  defuse auscultatory signs and absence of infectious toxic appearance in the child)  must not be treated with antibiotics, however while better tools are investigated  in order to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, most of the children  with fever, cough and positive predictor signs of pneumonia must be treated with  antibiotics. </font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Behind  this determination, there are other questions: which antibiotic must be indicated,  which administration must be used, which dose and for how long; which have been  answered by science based on evidence. Perhaps, this is the aspect where there  are weaknesses more for quality than quantity. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Oral  therapy with amoxicillin has showed to be the first-line empiric therapy for all  children from two months old to five years old with a diagnosis of pneumonia and  the macro lids (azithromycin) as the first line of treatment for all the children  over five years old; in spite of all this evidence which appears in the scientific  literature for more than ten years it is frequently employed parenteral penicillin  (IM) for the treatment of children with CAP. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  guides for the care of children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) have been  studied and dialectically modified, according to the obtained results in the investigations  with a higher level of evidence. </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  up-dating of the Cuban guides or protocols to normalize the care of CAP children  is already a reality, however the changes in the medical practice should not only  be marked by dogmatisms, regulations rigid indications, but it should be a result  of a logical and individualized transit and above all concertized by every one  of the professionals, who are the most important in the execution of this protocol.  </font></p>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">It  is necessary that each professional maintains his own role through an individual  improvement that makes possible the application of modifications which have improved  the care of children with pneumonia in parameters such as: a proper control of  the symptoms, a decrease in the number of hospitalizations, a cost decrease, a  decrease in the complications and a lower aggression to the patient, among others.  </font></p>    <div align="justify">     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Some  authors may assign the term of weakness to a medical mistake, but as the definition  of this latter includes all errors with no bad faith, nor an infraction or imprudence,  such as negligence, abandonment, indolence, despise, incapacity, inability, and  professional ignorance; it is preferred to use the term weakness in order to call  the attention on the effects in the practice of a low individual or scientific  up-dating beyond the inability, mistakes or professional ignorance.</font> </p>    <p>&nbsp;  </p></div>    <p align="justify" class="Estilo1">&nbsp;</p>    <p align="justify" class="Estilo1"><b><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">REFERENCIAS</font></b></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1.  Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial de la Salud. Neumon&iacute;a. Nota descriptiva N&deg;331.  Centro de prensa &#91;Internet&#93;. Ginebra: OMS; 2012. &#91;citado Nov 2012  &#93;. Disponible en: <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/es/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/es/  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2.  Cuba. Ministerio de Salud P&uacute;blica. Anuario estad&iacute;stico de salud  2011. Ed. Especial Direcci&oacute;n Nacional de Registros. La Habana: Minsap;  2012. Disponible en: <a href="http://files.sld.cu/bvscuba/files/2012/05/anuario-2011-e.pdf" target="_blank">http://files.sld.cu/bvscuba/files/2012/05/anuario-2011-e.pdf</a>  </font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">3.  Toledo Rodr&iacute;guez IM, Toledo Marrero MC. Neumon&iacute;a adquirida en la  comunidad en ni&ntilde;os y adolescentes. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 2012; Oct-dic;28(4):12-24.  Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-21252012000400014&lng=es" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0864-21252012000400014&amp;lng=es  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">4.  Thomson A, Harris M. Community-acquired pneumonia in children: what's new? Thorax.  2011; Oct; 66(10):927-8. Available from: <a href="http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/10/927.long" target="_blank">http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/10/927.long  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">5.  Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison Ch, et al. The  Management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than  3 months of age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases  Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;  53(7):e25–e76. Available from: <a href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/7/e25.full.pdf+html?sid=a0975098-130a-4aaa-b0e0-5110de6fced6" target="_blank">http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/7/e25.full.pdf+html?sid=a0975098-130a-4aaa-b0e0-5110de6fced6  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6.  Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, Fletcher P, Harnden A, McKean M, et al. British Thoracic  Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children:  update 2011. Thorax. 2011; 66 Suppl 2:ii1-23. Available from: <a href="http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/Suppl_2/ii1.full.pdf+html" target="_blank">http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/Suppl_2/ii1.full.pdf+html  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">7.  Swingler George H, Zwarenstein Merrick. Chest radiograph in acute respiratory  infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; Jan 23(1):CD001268. Available from:  <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001268.pub3/abstract" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001268.pub3/abstract  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">8.  Kabra Sushil K, Lodha Rakesh, Pandey Ravindra M. Antibiotics for community-acquired  pneumonia in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews &#91;Internet&#93;.  Cochrane Libr. 2012;12(CD004874). Available from: <a href="http://cochrane.bvsalud.org/cochrane/show.php?db=reviews&mfn=2917&id=CD004874&lang=es&dblang=&lib=COC" target="_blank">http://cochrane.bvsalud.org/cochrane/show.php?db=reviews&amp;mfn=2917&amp;id=CD004874&amp;lang=es&amp;dblang=&amp;lib=COC  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">9.  Rojo Concepci&oacute;n M, B&aacute;ez Mart&iacute;nez J, Dotres Mart&iacute;nez  C. Neumon&iacute;as infecciosas adquiridas en la comunidad: causas y tratamiento  con antibacterianos en ni&ntilde;os. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2010 Sep; 82(3):92-102.  Disponible en: <a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v82n3/ped12310.pdf" target="_blank">http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v82n3/ped12310.pdf  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">10.  Singh V, Aneja S. Pneumonia – Management in the Developing World. Paediatr Respir  Rev. 2011 Mar;12(1):52-9. Available from: <a href="http://www.prrjournal.com/article/S1526-0542%2810%2900079-5/abstract" target="_blank">http://www.prrjournal.com/article/S1526-0542%2810%2900079-5/abstract  </a></font><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">11.  Ebell MH. Clinical Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children. Am Fam Physician. 2010  Jul 15;82(2):192-3. Available from: <a href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0715/p192.html" target="_blank">http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0715/p192.html  </a></font><div align="justify">     <!-- ref --><p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">12.  Uriach BG. Es necesario realizar una radiograf&iacute;a de control despu&eacute;s  de una neumon&iacute;a? AMF. 2011; 7(6):335-7. Publicaci&oacute;n electr&oacute;nica  Junio 2011. Disponible en: <a href="http://www.amf-semfyc.com/web/revistas_ver.php?id=78" target="_blank">http://www.amf-semfyc.com/web/revistas_ver.php?id=78  </a></font><p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Recibido:  30/04/2013    <br> </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Aprobado:  06/05/2013 </font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p></div>    <p align="justify"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i><font size="2">Geovanis  Alcides Orellana Meneses</font></i><font size="2">. Especialista de 1er grado  en Medicina General Integral y 2do grado en Neumolog&iacute;a. M&aacute;ster en  atenci&oacute;n integral al ni&ntilde;o. Profesor Asistente. Hospital Provincial  General Camilo Cienfuegos. Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus. Cuba. <a href="mailto:geovanis.ssp@infomed.sld.cu">geovanis.ssp@infomed.sld.cu</a></font></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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