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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1608-8921</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Médica Espirituana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Méd Espirit]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1608-8921</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1608-89212017000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Carrera de Medicina: Estudiantes desmotivados para estudiarla o profesores poco motivados para enseñarla]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Medical Career: Unmotivated students to study it or teachers with little motivation to teach it]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puga García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="AA1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas.Sancti Spíritus.Cuba  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sancti Spíritus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front><body><![CDATA[ <p>Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas. Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus</p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>EDITORIAL</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="4" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Carrera de Medicina: Estudiantes desmotivados para estudiarla o profesores poco motivados para ense&ntilde;arla</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Medical Career: Unmotivated students to study it or teachers with little motivation to teach it</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Dr.C. Arturo Puga Garc&iacute;a<sup>I</sup>. </b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">I&nbsp;Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas.Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus.Cuba.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> </font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>EDITORIAL</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La Salud P&uacute;blica y la formaci&oacute;n de sus recursos humanos han sido una prioridad durante los a&ntilde;os de Revoluci&oacute;n en Cuba; resultado de ello es la calidad acad&eacute;mica y humanista que han tenido los m&eacute;dicos, enfermeras y dem&aacute;s profesionales de este sector en Cuba y en varios pa&iacute;ses del mundo.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La carrera de Medicina, espec&iacute;ficamente, siempre ha sido codiciada por los estudiantes que terminan los estudios preuniversitarios as&iacute; como por otras v&iacute;as que han tenido acceso a ella.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En d&eacute;cadas anteriores el &iacute;ndice acad&eacute;mico permitido para obtener la carrera estaba por encima de los 90 puntos, a lo cual se un&iacute;a una entrevista y diferentes test sicopedag&oacute;gicos, exigencias que facilitaban elaborar un diagn&oacute;stico predictor del estudiante, decidido a estudiar Medicina.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">No considero que todo este proceso selectivo hiciera de los estudios de Medicina, una carrera elitista, como algunos pensaban, porque m&eacute;dicos graduados de diferente procedencia social han demostrado todo lo contrario.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En la actualidad las matr&iacute;culas para estudiar Medicina duplican y triplican las ofertas de hace 20 a&ntilde;os, pol&iacute;ticas y estrategias del pa&iacute;s as&iacute; lo ameritan. Coinciden con esta situaci&oacute;n, bajos resultados acad&eacute;micos, lo cual se acrecienta por la flexibilidad que permite en los momentos actuales estudiar Medicina: existe falta de orientaci&oacute;n y formaci&oacute;n vocacional adecuada, no hay entrevistas ni test selectivos, se exime tener que pasar un a&ntilde;o en el Servicio Militar adem&aacute;s el &iacute;ndice de cohorte para ingresar a la carrera de Medicina se acerca a los 70 puntos, luego se les facilitan arrastres y el repetir a&ntilde;os.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Observamos en el quehacer diario del proceso docente la desmotivaci&oacute;n de un grupo de estudiantes por la carrera de Medicina &iquest;ser&aacute; solamente de los estudiantes?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Uno de los desaf&iacute;os actuales en la Educaci&oacute;n M&eacute;dica es entender los factores personales que afectan el rendimiento acad&eacute;mico del estudiante. Las investigaciones iniciales se orientaron hacia el estudio de los factores cognitivos y encontraron resultados que explicaban solo parcialmente el desempe&ntilde;o estudiantil <sup>1</sup>. Recientemente ha surgido inter&eacute;s por los factores afectivos, entre los que se encuentra la motivaci&oacute;n; este factor ha adquirido una importancia creciente en la educaci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica, dado que la carrera de Medicina tiene ciertas particularidades que la hacen diferente de otras carreras universitarias y que obligan al estudiante a dedicar un tiempo y esfuerzo considerables para lograr un desempe&ntilde;o adecuado.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En educaci&oacute;n general se observa que la motivaci&oacute;n tiene efectos sobre el rendimiento acad&eacute;mico, el aprendizaje, los h&aacute;bitos de estudio y la deserci&oacute;n estudiantil, entre otros. Sin embargo, en el contexto de la Educaci&oacute;n M&eacute;dica son escasos los trabajos que examinan la asociaci&oacute;n entre la motivaci&oacute;n y el rendimiento acad&eacute;mico y sus resultados son heterog&eacute;neos<sup>2</sup>, por lo que ser&iacute;a importante realizar estudios dirigidos al esclarecimiento de esta relaci&oacute;n.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Se plantea que la motivaci&oacute;n acad&eacute;mica como proceso que explica la fuerza y la direcci&oacute;n de la conducta estudiantil no ha sido bien estudiada <sup>3</sup>.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Asimismo, la motivaci&oacute;n acad&eacute;mica se configura como un elemento central del estudiante porque es el proceso que inicia, mantiene y controla las actitudes y comportamientos frente al estudio; por lo tanto, conocer este proceso y sus fluctuaciones durante el curso acad&eacute;mico permitir&aacute; entender al estudiante de medicina en una dimensi&oacute;n hasta ahora poco estudiada, desde la perspectiva de su propia experiencia, lo cual favorecer&aacute; en un futuro el dise&ntilde;o de estrategias de ense&ntilde;anza dirigidas hacia la promoci&oacute;n de un tipo de motivaci&oacute;n que favorezca el &eacute;xito acad&eacute;mico y profesional.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">En el contexto actual surgen diferentes preguntas: &iquest;Qu&eacute; puedo hacer para conseguir que mis alumnos se interesen y se esfuercen por aprender?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&iquest;Nuestras propuestas pedag&oacute;gico/did&aacute;cticas se orientan a promover la motivaci&oacute;n en los estudiantes?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&iquest;Alumnos desmotivados o docentes poco motivadores?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Esta &uacute;ltima interrogante plantea una contradicci&oacute;n cuya s&iacute;ntesis dial&eacute;ctica mediante un tratamiento pedag&oacute;gico, tiene que llevar al logro de mejores resultados en la ense&ntilde;anza-aprendizaje.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La motivaci&oacute;n escolar es un proceso general por el cual se inicia y dirige una conducta hacia el logro de una meta, contentiva de variables cognitivas abarcadoras de habilidades de pensamiento y conductas instrumentales para alcanzar las metas propuestas y de variables afectivas, las que comprenden elementos como la autovaloraci&oacute;n, el autoconcepto, la autoestima, el inter&eacute;s por una meta. Ambas variables interact&uacute;an, se complementan y hacen eficiente la motivaci&oacute;n, siempre mediante el aprendizaje.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La motivaci&oacute;n es la fuerza generada por las personas que se dirigen hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos, por lo tanto, la motivaci&oacute;n proporciona una direcci&oacute;n a la orientaci&oacute;n de un individuo, que genera una tendencia a persistir. La motivaci&oacute;n es un impulso interno que refleja las influencias de est&iacute;mulos internos y/o externos.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La ausencia de motivaci&oacute;n hace complicada la tarea del profesor. La falta de motivaci&oacute;n por parte del alumno queda a veces fuera del alcance del profesor.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&iquest;C&oacute;mo motivar al alumno? Explicar los objetivos educativos previstos, justificar la utilizaci&oacute;n de los conocimientos que les ense&ntilde;amos con las actividades que les vamos a plantear, orientar las actividades de forma l&oacute;gica y ordenada, proponerles actividades que les hagan utilizar distintas capacidades para su resoluci&oacute;n, tomar los errores como nuevos momentos de aprendizaje y como momentos enriquecedores, fomentar la comunicaci&oacute;n entre los alumnos y las buenas relaciones, realizando tareas de grupo, plantear el razonamiento y la comprensi&oacute;n como la mejor herramienta para la resoluci&oacute;n de actividades y conflictos, aplicar los contenidos y conocimientos adquiridos a situaciones pr&oacute;ximas y cercanas para los alumnos, son algunas de las acciones que debemos realizar.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La organizaci&oacute;n grupal de la actividad articulada al trabajo cooperativo e individual, producen mejores niveles de motivaci&oacute;n por el aprendizaje, mientras que el competitivo genera inter&eacute;s en el lucimiento o temor al fracaso.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La falta de motivaci&oacute;n se se&ntilde;ala como una de las causas primeras del deterioro y uno de los problemas m&aacute;s graves del aprendizaje. Investigaciones realizadas han mostrado la importancia de la motivaci&oacute;n en el aprendizaje, sin motivaci&oacute;n no hay aprendizaje <sup>4,5</sup></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Con frecuencia escuchamos: &ldquo;los estudiantes tienen mal rendimiento porque no est&aacute;n motivados&rdquo;; en este sentido se hace necesario focalizar en el conocimiento de por qu&eacute; los estudiantes est&aacute;n desmotivados y cu&aacute;les ser&iacute;an las herramientas &uacute;tiles para recuperar su motivaci&oacute;n?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Decir que en los alumnos hay falta de motivaci&oacute;n ser&iacute;a un poco exagerado; se podr&iacute;a pensar que los estudiantes no es que no est&eacute;n motivados, sino que lo est&aacute;n por cosas distintas a lo que les proponen sus profesores. El aprendizaje est&aacute; relacionado con la influencia motivacional que produce el desempe&ntilde;o de los profesores en los estudiantes, a partir de las pautas de actuaci&oacute;n que los docentes desarrollen<sup>6</sup>.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La escasa motivaci&oacute;n para aprender y el bajo rendimiento acad&eacute;mico con que los estudiantes puedan abordar el aprendizaje, constituyen un problema relevante que necesita de una reflexi&oacute;n e investigaciones urgentes que resulten en soluciones al problema. Como docente se debe ense&ntilde;ar desde la motivaci&oacute;n que facilite la formaci&oacute;n de alumnos motivados para aprender y de profesores motivados para ense&ntilde;ar.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Hay una respuesta posible, concreta y completa al problema de la motivaci&oacute;n, que al mismo tiempo no podemos esperar que sea sencilla, donde debemos considerar tres campos de actuaci&oacute;n; la relaci&oacute;n educativa profesor-alumno, la gesti&oacute;n de las rutinas del aula y las tareas a realizar para el desarrollo efectivo de la vida escolar.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">El profesor debe revisar la forma de actuar en el aula, dar preferencia a la ejercitaci&oacute;n personal de lo aprendido, incrementa el silencio. Se debe desarrollar el trabajo cooperativo, poniendo el &eacute;xito individual en funci&oacute;n del resultado de la tarea com&uacute;n.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Es preciso &laquo;saber moverse&raquo; en el aula sin crear tensi&oacute;n, dando seguridad y consiguiendo que se realice la misma tarea del modo m&aacute;s agradable y provechoso posible, &laquo;la organizaci&oacute;n flexible y democr&aacute;tica aumenta la motivaci&oacute;n intr&iacute;nseca&raquo; de los alumnos, hace m&aacute;s fluida su participaci&oacute;n y m&aacute;s responsable y coherente su tarea.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Nuestra relaci&oacute;n con los alumnos y la forma de gestionar el quehacer de la clase pueden, por s&iacute; mismos, no dar como resultado un buen nivel de motivaci&oacute;n si no somos capaces de secuenciar el aprendizaje y su forma pr&aacute;ctica de realizarlo de un modo af&iacute;n y adecuado.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&iquest;C&oacute;mo llegar a permear los niveles de motivaci&oacute;n de los estudiantes?</font></p>  <ul>    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Conociendo muy bien el tema a tratar.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Ense&ntilde;ando con el ejemplo.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Respetando al estudiante.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Proporcionando habilidades para resolver problemas.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Instrumentando la participaci&oacute;n.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Construyendo mecanismos de evaluaci&oacute;n v&aacute;lidos.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Mostrando entusiasmo en la labor que realizamos.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Ense&ntilde;ando a trav&eacute;s de situaciones probl&eacute;micas.</font></li>     </ul>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Es necesario realizar la recursividad en el proceso ense&ntilde;anza-aprendizaje en la formaci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica, es decir retomar desde el &aacute;rea cl&iacute;nica los contenidos impartidos en el ciclo b&aacute;sico, sustentado en el aprendizaje basado en problemas el cual estimula a ver el conjunto, saber desglosarlo en sus partes y reintegrar los conocimientos.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Las asignaturas morfol&oacute;gicas y fisiol&oacute;gicas no se aprenden de por vida en los dos primeros a&ntilde;os de la carrera.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Se sugiere que el futuro profesional al igual que el profesor, sientan la necesidad de revisitar conceptos, formaci&oacute;n y estructura celular de tejidos, funcionabilidad y componentes moleculares de &oacute;rganos y sistemas; para que no sean solamente materias sobre las que hay que pasar un examen.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Se hace productivo para lograr mayor motivaci&oacute;n en los estudiantes, recomendar la realizaci&oacute;n de un plan de estudio realista, incentivarlos a que tengan una actitud positiva ante la vida y los problemas, motivarlos a que todo lo que empieza se tiene que acabar, acentuar el concepto de responsabilidad y autonom&iacute;a en el estudio.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Corresponde a los profesores poner en pr&aacute;ctica estrategias para mejorar la motivaci&oacute;n, entre las que se encuentran, evitar las cr&iacute;ticas negativas ante los intentos de colaboraci&oacute;n de los alumnos, estructurar la docencia en el aula de forma no excesivamente autoritaria, programar trabajos en grupo &nbsp;y el&nbsp; reconocimiento del &eacute;xito, conocer las causas del &eacute;xito o el fracaso en una tarea, el aprendizaje significativo&nbsp; durante la actividad docente, fomentar el trabajo cooperativo cuidar de que los alumnos con un bajo nivel de motivaci&oacute;n consigan peque&ntilde;os &eacute;xitos acad&eacute;micos, no exigir (dentro de lo posible) un programa que solo se puede aprobar con un alto nivel de complejidad, realizar actividades o trabajos menos complejos para los alumnos poco motivados</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Estas dos &uacute;ltimas estrategias se fundamentan en la importancia de tener en cuenta la Zona de Desarrollo Pr&oacute;ximo. Un adecuado diagn&oacute;stico inicial que permita identificar las dificultades docentes, facilitar&aacute; al profesor una atenci&oacute;n individualizada y de seguimiento personalizado al estudiante.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">La importancia de la motivaci&oacute;n en el aprendizaje es lo que mueve a la persona en una direcci&oacute;n y con una finalidad determinada; es la disposici&oacute;n al esfuerzo mantenido por conseguir una meta. Constituye, por tanto, un factor que condiciona la capacidad para aprender, al igual que los intereses, depende en parte de la historia de &eacute;xitos y fracasos anteriores de la persona pero tambi&eacute;n del hecho de que los contenidos que se ofrezcan para el aprendizaje tengan significado l&oacute;gico y sean funcionales.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Se hace necesario reformular por parte de los profesores la did&aacute;ctica del proceso ense&ntilde;anza-aprendizaje y encausarla en las nuevas transformaciones que se presentan en los momentos actuales; el binomio profesor-alumno est&aacute; encargado de responder a ello. Corresponde al claustro enfrentar el proceso docente, encontrando y aprendiendo estrategias de ense&ntilde;anza que permitan mayor motivaci&oacute;n de los alumnos y profesores.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Corresponde a los colectivos docentes, las estructuras administrativas y metodol&oacute;gicas de las Universidades de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas, la familia y especialmente a los estudiantes, enfrentar en conjunto los retos que depara el proceso de formaci&oacute;n en la carrera de Medicina, para&nbsp; que Cuba siga siendo ejemplo de la atenci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica humanista y solidaria para en el mundo.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>EDITORIAL</b></font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Public Health and the training of its human resources have been a priority during the years of Revolution in Cuba; the result of it is the academic and humanistic quality of the doctors, nurses and other professionals of this sector in Cuba and in several countries of the world.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The medical career, specifically, has always been coveted by graduated students from the pre-university as well as other ways that have had access to it.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">In previous decades the academic index allowed to obtain the career was over the 90 points, which was combined with an interview and different psycho-pedagogical tests, exigencies that allowed elaborating a predictive diagnosis of the student, determined to study Medicine.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">I do not consider that all this selective process made medical studies, an elitist career, as some people thought, because doctors graduated from different social backgrounds have shown the opposite.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Nowadays the enrollments to study Medicine double and triple the offers of 20 years ago, policies and strategies of the country so deserve it. It coincides with this situation, low academic results, which is increased by the flexibility that allows in the current moments study Medicine: there is a lack of orientation and adequate vocational training, there are no interviews or selective tests, it is exempt to spend a year in the Military service in addition the index of cohort to study the career of Medicine approaches the 70 points, then they are facilitated to begin the next&nbsp; academical year with pending subjects and to repeat years.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">We observe in the daily task of the teaching process the demotivation of a group of students for the medical career; will be only of the students?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">One of the current challenges in Medical Education is to understand the personal factors that affect a student's academic performance. The initial investigations were oriented toward the study of cognitive factors and found results that only partially explained the student's performance 1. Interest for affective factors has recently arisen, among them there is the motivation; this factor has become increasingly important in medical education, because the Medical career has certain peculiarities that make it different from other university careers and that force the student to devote a considerable amount of time and effort to achieve adequate performance.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">In general education it is observed that the motivation has effects on academic performance, learning, habits of study and student desertion, among others. However, in the context of Medical Education there are few studies that examine the association between motivation and academic performance and their results are heterogeneous 2, so it would be important to carry out studies aimed at clarifying this relationship.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is argued that academic motivation as a process that explains the strength and direction of student behavior has not been well studied 3.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Also, academic motivation is configured as a central element of the student because it is the process that initiates, maintains and controls attitudes and behaviors in front of the study; therefore, knowing this process and its fluctuations during the academic year will allow the medical student to understand in a dimension so far little studied, from the perspective of his own experience, which will favor in the future the design of teaching strategies directed towards the promotion of a type of motivation that favors the academic and professional success.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">In the current context different questions arise: What can I do to get my students interested and make an effort to learn?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Are our pedagogical / didactic proposals aimed at promoting student motivation?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Unmotivated students or teachers less motivators?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">This last question raises a contradiction whose dialectical synthesis through a pedagogical treatment, has to lead to the achievement of better results in teaching-learning.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">School motivation is a general process through which a behavior is initiated and directed towards the achievement of a goal, containing cognitive variables encompassing thinking skills and instrumental behaviors to achieve the proposed goals and affective variables, which include elements such as self-worth, self-esteem, self-esteem, interest in a goal. Both variables interact, complement each other and make motivation efficient, always through learning.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Motivation is the force generated by people who are directed toward achieving goals; therefore, motivation provides direction to an individual's orientation, which generates a tendency to persist. Motivation is an internal impulse that reflects the influences of internal and / or external stimulation.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The absence of motivation complicates the teacher's task. The lack of motivation on the part of the student is sometimes beyond the reach of the teacher.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">How to motivate the student? Explain the intended educational objectives, justify the use of the knowledge we teach them with the activities that we are going to give them, orient the activities in a logical and orderly way, propose activities that make them use different capacities for their resolution, take the mistakes as new learning and enriching moments, encouraging communication between students and good relationships, performing group tasks, raising reasoning and understanding as the best tool for resolving activities and conflicts, applying content and knowledge acquired to situations close to the students, are some of the actions we must take.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The absence of motivation complicates the teacher's task. The lack of motivation on the part of the student is sometimes beyond the reach of the teacher.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">How to motivate the student? Explain the intended educational objectives, justify the use of the knowledge we teach them with the activities that we are going to give to them, orientate&nbsp; the activities in a logical and orderly way, proposing activities that make them use different capacities for their resolution, take the mistakes as new learning moment and as enriching moments, encouraging communication between students and good relationships, performing group tasks, raising reasoning and understanding as the best tool for resolving activities and conflicts, applying content and knowledge acquired to closed situations to the students, are some of the actions we must take.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The group organization of the activity articulated to the cooperative and individual work, produce better levels of motivation for the learning, whereas the competitive generates interest in the triumph or fear to the failure.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Lack of motivation is identified as one of the primary causes of impairment and one of the most serious problems of learning. Research has shown the importance of motivation in learning, without motivation there is no learning <sup>4, 5</sup></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">We hear often: "students have poorly development because they are not motivated"; in this sense it becomes necessary to focus on the knowledge of why the students are unmotivated and what would be the useful tools to rescue their motivation?</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Saying that the students&acute; lack of motivation would be a bit exaggerated; you might think that students are not that they are not motivated, but that they are for different things to what their teachers propose them. The learning is related to the motivational influence that produces the performance of the teachers in the students, based on the guidelines of action that the teachers develop<sup>6</sup><b>.</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The lack of motivation to learn and the low academic performance with which students can approach learning are a relevant problem that requires reflection and urgent research that result in solutions to the problem. As a teacher it should be taught from the motivation that facilitates the formation of motivated students to learn and motivated teachers to teach.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">There is a possible, concrete and complete answer to the problem of motivation, which at the same time cannot be expected to be simple, where we must consider three fields of action; the teacher-student educational relationship, the management of classroom routines and the tasks to be performed for the effective development of school life.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The teacher should find out a way of acting in the classroom, give preference to the personal exercise of what is learned, increase the silence. Cooperative work must be developed, putting individual success in function of the result of the common task.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is necessary "knowing how to move" in the classroom without creating tension, giving security and getting the same task done in the most pleasant and profitable way possible, "flexible and democratic organization increases students' personal motivation&raquo;, making their participation more fluid and more responsible and consistent task.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Our relationship with the students and how to manage the work of the class may, by themselves, not result in a good level of motivation if we are not able to sequence the learning and its practical way of doing it in a related and adequate way.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">How to get to permeate the levels of motivation of the students?</font></p>  <ul>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Knowing very well the subject.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Teaching by the own example.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Respecting the student.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Providing skills to solve the problem.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Implementing participation.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Building valid evaluation mechanisms.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Showing enthusiasm in the work we do.</font></li> 	    <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">&nbsp;Teaching through problemic situations<b>.</b></font></li>     </ul>    <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is necessary to perform recursion in the teaching-learning process in medical training, it means to take back from the clinical area the contents taught in the basic cycle, based on problem-based learning which stimulates to see the whole, know how to break it into their parties and reintegrate knowledge.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Morphological and physiological subjects are not learned for life in the first two years of the course.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is suggested that the future professional as well as the teacher, feel the need to revisit concepts, formation and cellular structure of tissues, functionality and molecular components of organs and systems; so that they are not just subjects that need to pass an exam.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is productive to achieve greater motivation in students, to recommend the realization of a realistic study plan, to encourage them to have a positive attitude towards life and problems, to motivate them so that everything that begins must end, to emphasize the concept of responsibility and autonomy in the study.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is up to the teachers putting into practice strategies to improve their motivation, among which are: avoiding negative criticism of attempts to collaborate with students, structuring teaching in the classroom in a non-authoritarian way, scheduling group work and recognition of success, knowing the causes of success or failure in a task, meaningful learning during the teaching activity, encouraging cooperative work to ensure that students with a low level of motivation achieve small academic successes, do not require (within possible) a program that can only be approved with a high level of complexity, perform activities or work less complex for students with low motivation</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">These last two strategies are based on the importance of taking into account the Immediate Development Zone. An adequate initial diagnosis that allows to identify the teaching difficulties, will facilitate to the teacher an individualized attention and of personalized follow-up to the student</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">The importance of motivation in learning is what moves the person in a particular direction and purpose; is the willingness to strive for a goal. It is, therefore, a factor that determines the ability to learn, as well as interests, depends in part on the history of past successes and failures of the person but also on the fact that the contents offered for learning have a logical and functional meaning. It is necessary to reformulate on the part of the teachers the didactics of the teaching-learning process and to direct it in the new transformations that are presented nowadays; the binomial teacher-student is responsible for responding to it. It is up to the faculty to confront the teaching process, finding and learning teaching strategies that allow greater motivation of students and teachers.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">It is the responsibility of the teaching groups, the administrative and methodological structures of the Universities of Medical Sciences, the family and especially the students, to face together the challenges faced by the training process in Medicine career, so that Cuba continues to be an example of humanistic and caring medical care for the world.</font></p>       <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">1.&nbsp;Artino A, La Rochelle J, Durning S. Second-year medical students&rsquo; motivational beliefs, emotions, and achievement. Med Educ [Internet]. 2010 [cited: 2017/04/15]; 44(12):1203&ndash;12. Available from: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03712.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+unavailable+on+Saturday+12th+August+at+3%3A00+EDT+%2F+8%3A00+BST+%2F+12%3A30+IST+%2F+15%3A00+SGT+for+4+hours+for+essential+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience." target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03712.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+unavailable+on+Saturday+12th+August+at+3%3A00+EDT+%2F+8%3A00+BST+%2F+12%3A30+IST+%2F+15%3A00+SGT+for+4+hours+for+essential+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">2.&nbsp;Kusurkar R, ten Cate O, Van-Asperen M, Croiset G. Motivation as an independent and a dependent variable in medical education: a review of the literature. Med Teach [Internet]. 2011 [cited: 2017/04/15];33(5):e242-62. Available from: <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2011.558539" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2011.558539</a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">3.&nbsp;Deci E, Ryan R. The &ldquo;what&rdquo; and &ldquo;why&rdquo; of goal pursuits: human needs and the selfdetermination ofbehavior. PsycholInq [Internet]. 2000 [cited: 2017/04/15]; 11(4):227&ndash;68. Available from: <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01</a></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">4.&nbsp;Huertas JA. Motivaci&oacute;n. Querer aprender. 1ra ed. Buenos Aires: Aique; 1997.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">5.&nbsp;M&iacute;guez Palermo M. El n&uacute;cleo de una estrategia did&aacute;ctica universitaria: motivaci&oacute;n y comprensi&oacute;n. Revista ieRed[Internet]. 2005[cited: 2017/04/15];1(3). Disponible en: <a href="http://revista.iered.org/v1n3/pdf/mmiguez.pdf" target="_blank">http://revista.iered.org/v1n3/pdf/mmiguez.pdf</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">6.&nbsp;Bono A. Los docentes como engranajes fundamentales en la promoci&oacute;n de la motivaci&oacute;n de sus estudiantes. Revista Iberoamericana de Educaci&oacute;n [Internet]. 2010[cited: 2017/04/15]; 54(2). Disponible en: <a href="http://rieoei.org/3273.html" target="_blank">http://rieoei.org/3273.html</a></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif">Recibido: 2017-06-26    <br>Aprobado: 2017-08-23</font></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>Dr.C.Arturo Puga Garc&iacute;a.</i> Universidad de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas. Sancti Sp&iacute;ritus. Cuba.</font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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<source><![CDATA[Med Educ]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<month>20</month>
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<volume>44</volume>
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