<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1726-6718</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Anestesiología y Reanimación]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev cuba anestesiol reanim]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1726-6718</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1726-67182020000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El bloqueo terapéutico de ganglio estrellado en el contexto actual]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The therapeutic block of the stellate ganglion in the current setting]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seguras Llanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Militar Universitario &#8220;Dr. Carlos J. Finlay&#8221;  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1726-67182020000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1726-67182020000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1726-67182020000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  El bloqueo terapéutico de ganglio estrellado es un procedimiento para aliviar dolores crónicos de miembros superiores, cabeza y cuello. Actualmente se realiza con anestésicos locales más adyuvantes; pero en Cuba sólo se usan anestésicos locales para este bloqueo.  Objetivo:  Cotejar información reciente sobre la pertinencia del uso de anestésicos locales con adyuvantes, para estimular la actualización de su práctica nacional acorde a las rutinas y los resultados de esta pericia en el contexto internacional.  Métodos:  Se revisaron más de 150 informes científicos en línea, referentes a esta técnica a nivel mundial, respecto al uso de drogas y resultados terapéuticos, en bases de datos en inglés, español y portugués.  Desarrollo:  El bloqueo anestésico precisa conocimientos de farmacología y habilidades prácticas para efectuarlo. La necesidad de anestésicos locales y adyuvantes varía, y depende del paciente y tipo de bloqueo. Para tratar el dolor crónico se usan también opioides, solos y con anestésicos locales. Se publican además beneficios razonables con el uso de ketamina y esteroides en combinación con anestésicos locales.  Conclusión:  Los resultados terapéuticos más intensos y duraderos que se obtienen al aplicar anestésico local más adyuvante, sugieren actualizar estas prácticas a nivel nacional.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  The therapeutic block of the stellate ganglion is a procedure for relieving chronic pain of the upper limbs, head, and neck. It is currently performed with more adjuvant local anesthetics, but in Cuba only local anesthetics are used for this block.  Objective:  To compare recent information about the relevance of using local anesthetics with adjuvants to stimulate the updating of their practice nationally, according to the routines and the outcomes of this expertise in the international setting.  Methods:  More than 150 scientific reports were reviewed online, referring to this technique worldwide, regarding drug use and therapeutic outcomes, in databases in English, Spanish, and Portuguese.  Development:  The anesthetic block requires knowledge about pharmacology and practical skills to perform it. The need for local anesthetics and adjuvants varies, and depends on the patient and type of block. Opioids are also used to treat chronic pain, alone or with local anesthetics. Reasonable benefits are also published regarding the use of ketamine and steroids in combination with local anesthetics.  Conclusion:  The most intense and lasting therapeutic outcomes obtained by applying more adjuvant local anesthetic suggest updating these practices nationally.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bloqueo nervioso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganglio estrellado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolor crónico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[distrofia simpática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[síndrome de dolor regional complejo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nerve block]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stellate ganglion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chronic pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sympathetic dystrophy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[complex regional pain syndrome]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anatomía con orientación clínica]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Panamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lassaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rioult]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabischong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalfallah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adding corticosteroids to the pudendal nerve block for pudendal neuralgia a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJOG]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>251-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hemati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahimzadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kazemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hejazian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of stellate ganglion block under fluoroscopy or ultrasound guidance in upper extremity CRPS]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Diagn Res]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>UC09-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xavier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of patients with painful blind eye using stellate ganglion block]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz J Anesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>75-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The therapeutic effect of stellate ganglion block on facial nerve palsy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Neurol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>112-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahuja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gombar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tramadol sparing effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant with lignocaine in preoperative stellate ganglion block for postoperative pain relief following upper limb surgeries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Pain]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>26-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bloqueo del ganglio estrellado en el manejo del dolor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Col. Anest]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>227-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of stellate ganglion block in chronic ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
<page-range>3193-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A lateral paracarotid approach for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block with a linear probe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Anesth]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>458-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of lung function and clinical features of the ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block with 2 different concentrations of a local anesthetic a randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1311-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YQ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of stellate ganglion block on hemodynamics and stress responses during CO2-pneumoperitoneum in elderly patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Anesth]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>149-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Summers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nevin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stellate ganglion block in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder a review of historical and recent literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Pract]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>546-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bloqueo del ganglio estrellado para el tratamiento del síndrome doloroso regional complejo tipo I en miembros superiores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cub Anest Reanim]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>145-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makharita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Bayoumy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of early stellate ganglion blockade for facial pain from acute herpes zoster and Incidence of postherpetic neuralgia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Physician]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>467-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dilli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hentz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occipital nerve block for the short-term preventive treatment of migraine A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cephalalgia]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>959-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rajesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deepa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramdas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stellate ganglion block as rescue therapy in refractory ventricular tachycardia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Essays Res]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>266-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of applying nerve blocks to prevent postherpetic neuralgia in patients with acute herpes zoster a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Korean J Pain]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Andreu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manejo básico del dolor agudo y crónico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anestesia en México]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S77-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kulkarni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR1]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kadam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Namazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of stellate ganglion block with an adjuvant ketamine for peripheral vascular disease of the upper limbs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Anaesth]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>546-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gombar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahuja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analgesic efficacy of pre-operative stellate ganglion block on postoperative pain relief a randomised controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anaesthesia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>954-660</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouanounou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacotherapy for the elderly dental patient]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Can Dent Assoc]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<page-range>18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mossetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicchio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ivani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Local anesthetics and adjuvants in pediatric regional anesthesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Drug Targets]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>952-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RPE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cendón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OMM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influencia de lidocaína y clonidina sobre los requerimientos de sevoflurano, desflurano y fentanil durante anestesia general balanceada Anales Medicos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asociación Médica del Hospital ABC]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>38-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikhail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anestesiología clínica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>5ta</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manual Moderno]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wassef]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phantom pain with probable reflex sympathetic dystrophy efficacy of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reg Anesth]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>287-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Min]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of stellate ganglion block on breast cancer-related lymphedema comparison of various injectates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Physician]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>93-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparison of the effectiveness of complex decongestive physiotherapy and stellate ganglion block with triamcinolone administration in breast cancer-related lymphedema patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Support Care Cancer]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2305-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goebel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Buprenorphine injection to the stellate ganglion in the treatment of upper body chronic pain syndromes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Pain]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>266-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saeid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ismail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Badrawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound guided stellate ganglion block in postmastectomy pain syndrome: a comparison of ketamine versus morphine as adjuvant to bupivacaine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analgesic effects and pharmacokinetics of a low dose of ketamine preoperatively administered epidurally or intravenously]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin J Pain]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>317-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stotz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oehen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Histological findings after long-term infusion of intrathecal ketamine for chronic pain: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain Symptom Manage]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>223-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beggs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neural toxicity of ketamine and other NMDA antagonists]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>311-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malinovsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lepage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cozian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mussini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is ketamine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity in the rabbit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>109-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ju]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-term results of stellate ganglion block in patients with olfactory dysfunction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Korean Journal of Pain]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>57-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deniz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oguzkurt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aribogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of isolated infraorbital neuralgia by ultrasound-guided infraorbital nerve block with combination of steroid and local anesthetic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Anesth]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>146-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uyar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camgöz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aydin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraloglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ö]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bilateral greater occipital nerve block for treatment of post-dural puncture headache after caesarean operations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz J Anesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>445-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brattwall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jildenstål]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warrén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jakobsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Upper extremity nerve block: how can benefit, duration, and safety be improved?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Faculty Rev]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisotzky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ultrasound-guided intercostobrachial nerve block for intercostobrachial neuralgia in breast cancer patients a case series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>273-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[YaDeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paroli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fields]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LaSala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jules-Elysee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Addition of dexamethasone and buprenorphine to bupivacaine sciatic nerve block a randomized controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reg Anesth Pain Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>321-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elkassabany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
