<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1729-519X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev haban cienc méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1729-519X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la Habana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1729-519X2020000600003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las grandes epidemias de la Historia. De la peste de Atenas a la COVID 19]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Major epidemics in human history. From the Plague of Athens to COVID-19]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Mesa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nibaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Llanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeannete]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanes Betancourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caridad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas &#8220;Victoria de Girón&#8221; Departamento Fisiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana Facultad de Ciencias Médicas &#8220;General Calixto García&#8221; ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1729-519X2020000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1729-519X2020000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1729-519X2020000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  Las epidemias han puesto en riesgo a nuestra especie desde la antigüedad al presente y seguramente continuarán desafiándonos en el futuro. Por ello resulta razonable hurgar en la historia de estas amenazas para encontrar las claves de su origen y desarrollo.  Objetivo:  Encontrar en las grandes epidemias del pasado las claves que ayuden a interpretarlas.  Material y Métodos:  Histórico-lógico con aplicación de criterios de pandemia a eventos documentados.  Desarrollo:  Se analizaron 10 pandemias bien documentadas siguiendo la secuencia histórica comenzando por la Peste de Atenas (430 aC) y terminando con la COVID 19. En siete de ellas se precisaron la enfermedad y el germen. En las tres restantes no hay certeza absoluta del germen. Entre los factores que facilitaron el contagio se encontraron: desastres, cambios de clima, guerras, vías comerciales, hacinamiento, hambruna y falta de higiene. Se hallaron antecedentes de las medidas de aislamiento, cuarentena e higiene cuyo no cumplimento tuvo experiencias fatales en el pasado. Todas las epidemias influyeron en cambios de la sociedad postepidemia.  Conclusiones:  El enfrentamiento racional a las epidemias conlleva a la integración de los conocimientos de la enfermedad y el contagio con otros factores. Es de utilidad el estudio del pasado para obtener antecedentes y experiencias de las medidas más eficaces y para evitar errores que se han reiterado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  Epidemics have placed our species at risk from ancient times to the present and will surely continue to challenge us in the future. Therefore, it is reasonable to look through the history of these threats to find the keys to their origin and development.  Objective:  To find the keys that help to interpret the major epidemics of the past.  Method:  Logical-historical method applying criteria related to pandemic to documented events.  Development:  A total of 10 well-documented pandemics were analyzed following the historical sequence, starting with the plague of Athens (430 BC) and ending with COVID-19. The disease and the germ were specified in seven of them. In the remaining three, there is no absolute certainty of the germ. The factors that facilitated the contagion included: disasters, climate changes, wars, trade routes, overcrowding, famine and lack of hygiene. Antecedents of isolation, quarantine and hygiene measures were found, whose non-compliance had fatal experiences in the past. All epidemics influenced on changes in post-epidemic society.  Conclusions:  Rational confrontation with epidemics encompasses the integration of knowledge of the disease and contagion with other factors. The study of the past is useful to obtain information about antecedents and experiences of the most effective measures and to avoid mistakes that have been repeated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pandemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[peste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Peste de Atenas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Peste Antonina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cocolitzli]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pandemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plague]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Plague of Athens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antonine plague]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cocoliztli]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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