<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1815-5901</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería Energética]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Energética]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1815-5901</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana José Antonio Echeverría, Cujae]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1815-59012019000200112</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectos de los armónicos de corriente en las pérdidas de transformadores de distribución monofásicos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of Current harmonics on the distribution single-phase transformers losses]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrión González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[del Castillo Serpa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Areu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orestes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[del Cisne Carrión González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marianela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Loja  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana,José Antonio Echeverría, Cujae  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>112</fpage>
<lpage>127</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1815-59012019000200112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1815-59012019000200112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1815-59012019000200112&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El uso de dispositivos basados en electrónica de potencia, los cuales son fuentes de distorsión armónica, conducen a las redes eléctricas a convertirse en receptores de estas tensiones y/o corrientes no-sinusoidales. Entre los equipos que han sufrido un impacto considerable debido a corrientes distorsionadas están los transformadores de distribución cuyo rendimiento está estrechamente relacionado con el tipo de carga a la que suministra energía, generándose incrementos de pérdidas de transformación cuando se trata de cargas no-lineales. La distorsión de la corriente en la carga produce un calentamiento adicional del transformador y disminuye su capacidad nominal, incrementado la pérdida de vida útil del transformador. En este estudio se realiza una evaluación del impacto que generan los armónicos de corriente en los transformadores de distribución monofásicos, utilizando como caso de estudio un transformador monofásico de 25 KVA cuya composición armónica de la corriente es conocida.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The use of devices based on power electronics, which are sources of harmonic distortion, lead to electric networks to become receivers of non-sinusoidal voltages and/or currents. Among the equipment that has suffered a considerable impact due to distorted currents are the distribution transformers whose performance is strongly related to the type of load to which it supplies energy. It has been shown that the losses increase in the transformers when they work with non-linear loads. In addition, the distortion of the current in the load causes an additional heating of the transformer, decreases its nominal capacity and reduces its service life. In this study, an evaluation of the impact generated by current harmonics in single-phase distribution transformers is carried out. A 25 KVA, single-phase transformer whose initial harmonic composition is known has been taken as a case study.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Transformadores de distribución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Armónicos de corriente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pérdidas por transformación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Redes eléctricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Distribution Transformers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Current Harmonics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Losses by transformation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Electrical networks]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HERNÁNDEZ AREU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orestes]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SÁNCHEZ GLEAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALIDO ESTÉVEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reinel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¨El problema de los armónicos en los transformadores¨. Estado mundial del arte]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ingeniería Energética]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>03-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FRAGOZO DÍAZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MALAGÓN CARVAJAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CHACÓN VELASCO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ORDOÑEZ PLATA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GIRALDO PICÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¨Recomendaciones prácticas para la evaluación de la carga de un transformador sometido a corrientes no sinusoidales¨]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista INGE CUC]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>63-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghazizadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milad]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jawad]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oraee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hashem]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¨Derating of distribution transformers under non-linear loads using a combined analytical-finite elements approach¨]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IET Electr. Power Appl.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>779-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IEEE Std C57.12.90</collab>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CAZACU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maria-C&#259;t&#259;lina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PETRESCU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valentin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IONI&#354;&#258;]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PETRESCU]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¨ Nonsinusoidal Load Current Effect on the Electrical and Thermal Operating Parameters of Oil Filled Power Distribution Transformers¨]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2018 18thInternational Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Ljubljana </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STAHLHUT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEYDT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerald. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SELOVER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¨A Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of Ambient Temperature Rise on Distribution Transformer Loss of Life¨]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>2000-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radu Godina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João C. O. Matias]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catalão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João P. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¨Effect of Loads and Other Key Factors on Oil-Transformer Ageing: Sustainability Benefits and Challenges¨]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>12147-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cazacu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ioni&#355;&#259;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Losses and temperature rise within power transformers subjected to distorted currents,"]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Sofia </conf-loc>
<page-range>362-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghazizadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oraee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["Derating of transformers under non-linear load current and non-sinusoidal voltage - an overview,"]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IET Electric Power Applications]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>486-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cazacu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ioni&#355;&#259;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Derating of power distribution transformers serving nonlinear industrial loads,"]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM) &amp; 2017 Intl Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Brasov </conf-loc>
<page-range>90-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA["IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems,"]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IEEE Std 519-2014]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IEEE Std. C57.110-1998</collab>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McBee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Transformer Aging due to High Penetrations of PV, EV Charging, and Energy Storage Applications,"]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE 9th Annual Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Denver, CO </conf-loc>
<page-range>163-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deokar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waghmare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Impact of power system harmonics on insulation failure of distribution transformer and its remedial measures,"]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Kanyakumari </conf-loc>
<page-range>136-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Priyo Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bhaba]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radakovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zoran]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["¿Es la reducción de kVA del transformador siempre se requiere según los armónicos? Una perspectiva del fabricante"]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transacciones IEEE de entrega de potencia]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2693-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GÓMEZ SARDUY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[QUISPE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REYES CALVO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Royd]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOUSA SANTOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vladimir]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PERCY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Viego Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Influencia de los armónicos de corriente sobre las pérdidas en los transformadores de distribución monofásicos con derivación central. El Hombre y la Máquina]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>33-43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cali, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sm&#259;r&#259;ndescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Considerations on a MV/LV Transformer which Supplies a Distorting Load,"]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Varna </conf-loc>
<page-range>354-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ELMOUDI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEHTONEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NORDMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Corrected winding eddy-current harmonic loss factor for transformers subject to non-sinusoidal load currents". Power Teach]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>1-6</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Russia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IEEE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thinh Dao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdull Halim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BT Phung]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Voltaje de efecto armónico sobre pérdidas en transformadores de distribución"]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Conferencia internacional sobre tecnología inteligente verde en sistemas eléctricos y de información (ICSGTEIS)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Bali </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leonida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["The effect of using isolation transformers to supply small nonlinear loads,"]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 16th IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Bucharest </conf-loc>
<page-range>337-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["K-Factor and transformer losses calculations under harmonics,"]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE 18th Intert. Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON)]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Cairo </conf-loc>
<page-range>753-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghazizadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oraee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["Reducción de la capacidad de los transformadores de distribución bajo cargas no lineales utilizando un enfoque combinado de elementos analítico-finitos"]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IET Electric Power Applications]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>779-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
