<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1990-8644</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Conrado]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Conrado]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1990-8644</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Universo Sur]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1990-86442023000300476</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Indicadores de riesgos en los procesos de adquisiciones en entidades públicas en Perú mediante predicados difusos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Risk indicators in the procurement processes in public entities in Peru through fuzzy predicates]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garate Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tatiana Katiuska]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastor Picón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez Saucedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelson Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rengifo Zumaeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enoc]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Cesar Vallejo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Lima]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica Los Ángeles de Chimbote  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Pucallpa]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad nacional de Ucayali  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>92</numero>
<fpage>476</fpage>
<lpage>484</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1990-86442023000300476&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1990-86442023000300476&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1990-86442023000300476&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las entidades públicas que pertenecen al Estado son las encargadas de realizar las adquisiciones necesarias para la vida diaria de los ciudadanos del país. Una gran parte de estas adquisiciones se realizan mediante contrato con empresas privadas. Es sabido que el Estado debe velar por el funcionamiento adecuado de la sociedad y la satisfacción de las necesidades materiales y espirituales del país. Sin embargo, en algunos momentos no se cumple con esta comitiva y aparecen actos de corrupción que aprovechan las brechas legales y las contradicciones entre legislaciones, de tal manera que puede regir la impunidad allí donde debe prevalecer el ejemplo de transparencia y honestidad. La ciudadanía es la más perjudicada cuando estas irregularidades ocurren. En este artículo se proponen indicadores para medir el funcionamiento de la adquisición mediante Ingeniería del Conocimiento. Esta es la rama de la Inteligencia Artificial que se encarga del diseño e implementación de los Sistemas Expertos. Los indicadores se dan en forma de predicados difusos. La incorporación de la lógica difusa permite capturar la incertidumbre y la vaguedad del lenguaje que forman parte de toma de decisiones complejas como es esta.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Public entities that belong to the State are in charge of making the necessary acquisitions for the daily life of the country's citizens. A large part of these acquisitions are made by contract with private companies. It is known that the State must ensure the proper functioning of society and the satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of the country. However, at times this entourage is not complied with and acts of corruption appear that take advantage of legal gaps and contradictions between laws, in such a way that impunity can rule where the example of transparency and honesty should prevail. Citizens are the most harmed when these irregularities occur. In this article, indicators are proposed to measure the operation of the acquisition through Knowledge Engineering. This is the branch of Artificial Intelligence that is responsible for the design and implementation of Expert Systems. Indicators are given in the form of fuzzy predicates. The incorporation of fuzzy logic makes it possible to capture the uncertainty and vagueness of the language that are part of making complex decisions such as this one.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Compras del Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Entidades públicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ingeniería del Conocimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Lógica Difusa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sistema Experto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[State Purchases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Public entities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Knowledge Engineering]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fuzzy Logic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Expert System]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aldabbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bajahzar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alruily]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qureshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amir Latif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Google play content scraping and knowledge engineering using natural language processing techniques with the analysis of user reviews.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Intelligent Systems]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>192-208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alejos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convenios arbitrales desequilibrados en los contratos públicos bajo la ley de contrataciones del Estado]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho, PUCP]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>82</numero>
<issue>82</issue>
<page-range>347-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamberlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deloughery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bedrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meninger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hersh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detecting rare diseases in electronic health records using machine learning and knowledge engineering: case study of acute hepatic porphyria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Plos one]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diniz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassanezi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimization of fuzzy-valued functions using Zadeh's extension principle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fuzzy Sets and Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>404</volume>
<page-range>23-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrezueta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sostenibilidad ambiental: Implementación de una estrategia verde en centros de datos ecuatorianos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Serie Científica de la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>149-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Economía Social y la contratación pública: la herramienta de los contratos reservados]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>97</numero>
<issue>97</issue>
<page-range>213-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komsiyah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desvania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Traffic Lights Analysis and Simulation Using Fuzzy Inference System of Mamdani on Three-Signaled Intersections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Procedia computer science]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>268-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A context-aware diversity-oriented knowledge recommendation approach for smart engineering solution design.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Knowledge-Based Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>215</volume>
<page-range>106739</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Earl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of fuzzy AHP methods for decision-making with subjective judgements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Expert Systems with Applications]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>161</volume>
<page-range>113738</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contratación pública y colusión. Derecho de competencia frente al derecho administrativo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vniversitas]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>135</numero>
<issue>135</issue>
<page-range>377-420</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mittal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaisla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kacprzyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comprehensive review on type 2 fuzzy logic applications: Past, present and future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>103916</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ouifak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Idri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the performance and interpretability of Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang based neuro-fuzzy systems for medical diagnosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scientific African]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>20</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osnaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gruma. Un análisis microeconómico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Informa]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>386</volume>
<page-range>31-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oligopolio y estrategias de competencia en el mercado de minoristas en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Informa]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>400</volume>
<page-range>3-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Selección de proveedores priorizando criterios sostenibles para productos: un enfoque de AHP en compras públicas peruanas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial data]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>153-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. O. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gestión de los Bienes Patrimoniales en el Sistema Nacional de Abastecimiento]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>4950-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intelligent bridge management via big data knowledge engineering]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Automation in Construction]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<page-range>104118</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
